Leadership and Organizational Behavior

This assignment delves into the relationship between leadership and organizational behavior. It analyzes various leadership theories and examines how different leadership styles influence middle manager exchange behaviors. The focus is on understanding the connection between CEO values, leadership practices, and the outcomes for middle managers within an organization.

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Management and Operations

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Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
Task 1 (LO1 and LO2)....................................................................................................................3
LO1..................................................................................................................................................3
P1. Comparison of different role and characteristics of a leader and a manager in M & S............3
LO2..................................................................................................................................................5
P2. Examination of the role of leader and function of a manager in a situational context..............5
P3. Applying several models and theories of approach including systems leadership, situational
leadership along with contingency..................................................................................................6
Task 2...............................................................................................................................................7
LO3..................................................................................................................................................7
P4. Key approaches by the managers and the leaders of the management of M & S Ltd...............7
P5. Importance and the value of the operations management in an organisation............................8
P6. Assessment of the business environment that affect the operation of the organisational
management.....................................................................................................................................9
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................12
References......................................................................................................................................13

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Introduction
The operation of an organisation is better managed and better operated by the smooth operation
of the managers and the organisation. The leaders and the other path showing people also
provide that marks the rise in the organisation. The coordination among the managers and the
leaders of the organisation brings in the smooth success of the organisation. The support of the
assignment deals with the better understanding of the roles and job role of the managers and the
leaders. The managers and the leaders of the organisation are supported by the proper managing
of the rules and the regulation of the organisation. The assignment here deals with the roles and
the characteristics of the managers and the leaders of the organisation. It also describes the
smooth operation of the M & S through the proper implementation of the approaches and the
models.
Task 1 (LO1 and LO2)
LO1
P1. Comparison of different role and characteristics of a leader and a manager in M & S
The leaders in the organisation are the person who have authority in their work and support every
work with the better participation of the management workers. As supported by Admi and Eilon-
Moshe (2016, 55), the leaders of the organisation helps in the better management of the
organisational goal. The support of the organisational leader helps in the better understanding of
the goal and making of the situation favourable in terms of the organisation. The managers on
the other hand as supported by Javidan et al. (2016, p.72), managers are the people in the
organisation who manages all the work in terms of the administration. The managing of the
administration helps in the better support of understanding the goal of the organisation. The
achievement of the support and the better understanding of the organisational goal are better
managed by the support of the leaders and the managers of the organisation.
In the case of the M & S Ltd., the managers and the leaders work on a combined basis for the
better achieving support of the organisation. Below is the comparison between the roles and the
characteristics of the leaders and the managers.

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Basis Leaders Managers
Role As mentioned by Montalbán-López
and Kuipers (2016, p.318), the prime
skills and role of a leader in an
organisation is the managing of the
workers with the skill of
communication. The better
communication helps in the better
support of the organisational goal. It is
evident that the rise in the leader's role
also demands in being a thinker. A
thinker thinks in making more
advantages out of the situation or
makes alternative ways which allow
the success of the organisation come
near. A leader also needs to be the
decision maker, who manages and
support the organisation in gaining
opportunity over a situation through
the decision on the situation.
As stated by Shipton et al. (2016,
p.44) an effective manager sets the
objective for the fellow workers of
the organisation. The setting of the
objective and the making the
workers of the organisation follow
the set path is one of the roles of
manager. Being a monitor and
spokesperson are also the role of the
managers in an organisation. Being a
disturbance handler also forms the
skill and the role of an organisational
manager. The support of the
managers through the role of the
leader also helps the organisational
workers in making priority for the
reaching of the goal.
Characteristics The leaders of an organisation need to
be empathic in nature. The support of
the empathy nature helps in the better
managing of the mental condition of
the workers. The leaders are generally
honest, regarding the smooth
understanding of the job roles of the
organisation. The achievement of the
As supported by Zhang et al. (2017,
p.e016), an effective managers of an
organisation need to have a clear
knowledge in the professional world.
The Support of the clear knowledge
helps in the better understanding of
the problems and the mitigation of
the issues. The better management

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organisational goal gets easier with the
better support of the organisational
leaders, as they make the goal of the
organisation clear to the workers of an
organisation. A leader needs to have a
clear form of communication skill as
they support in managing the problems
in the organisation and also helps in
the better mitigation of the issues
faced by the workers. As supported by
Spreitzer, (1996, p.500), a leader
needs to be flexible in nature. The
flexible nature marks the power to
adapt to changes of the society and the
market.
by a manager also requires
commitment. The commitment of
managers also helps in gaining the
edge over reaching the objective of
the organisation. The better
achievement of the organisational
goal is also marked by the versatility
of the managers of the organisation.
The flexibility and the versatility of
the managers help in the better
adapting to changes. As inferred by
Gomes et al. (2016, p.21), the
managers have intuition which helps
in the better gaining of the edge in
the completion of the job in
stipulated time. The proper
achievement of the goal is also
marked by the discipline and focus.
Being focused in an organisational
goal helps in the better support of
the workers to obtain the goal in
time with efficiency.
Table 1: Roles and Characteristics of leaders and managers
(Source: learner)
LO2
P2. Examination of the role of leader and function of a manager in a situational context
The smooth operation of the organisation demands the proper execution of the skills and jobs of
the organisation which helps in the reaching of the organisational goal. In M & S Ltd the leaders
and the managers of the organisation go through steps that mark the dealing of the situation with
the proper efficiency and support.

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A leader in a particular situation of primarily identifies the leader member’s relation. The leader
when identifies that the leader-member relation is high they consider the situation and the
favourable ones in the organisation. The roles and the structure are next determined by the
leaders of the organisation. As supported by Chuang et al. (2016, p.553), the leader generally
finds that the LPC leaders are more effective than the others and work best in the stress
condition. The leader allocates the work in accordance with the situation and in accordance to the
skills of the organisational workers of the organisation. The support of the leaders in the
organisation also deals with the resource allocation in the organisation. However as argued by
Maloney et al. (2016, p.25), the low power of the leaders in the organisation, faces issues in
making work done by the organisational workers.
As mentioned by Ren and Chadee (2017, p.110), the managers of the of the organisation on
facing issues and problems in the organisation help in the proper identification of the situation
then makes plans for the tackling of the problems in the organisation. The next stage initiated by
the managers of the organisation is the finding of the alternative ideas, for the better support of
the organisational goal and the mitigation of the problems. The managers then implement the
ideas and the objective in the organisation. The support of the organisation managers also
includes the job of following up. The following suggest the understanding of the success rate of
the implemented objective and the mitigation policy.
P3. Applying several models and theories of approach including systems leadership,
situational leadership along with contingency
Systems leadership could be considered as the environment which persists under this leadership
approach where the operation of the public service leaders has been changing and is still
changing rapidly presenting unprecedented and extraordinary opportunities and challenges for
the leaders.
To consider the role of leaders and managers in an organsiation it can be said that the leaders and
the managers play more or less same role within an organisation. Leaders are a n important part
of an organisation who are involved in making plans for the organisation. The plans involve
various strategies that are required for proper functioning of an organisation. Therefore, there are
certain ways that needs to be followed such as preparation of time framework so that there is
planned implementation of strategies.

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Situational leadership can be regarded as the leadership approach which had been developed by
Kenneth Blanchard along with Paul Hersey. It basically refers to the manager or the leader of
any organisation which is supposed to adjust and fit with the development level ass influenced
by the manager or the leader.
Contingency theory was introduced by Fiedler which is a type of theory to be stated in the
general state in terms of the effectiveness of the leadership that depends upon situation as well as
ample factors such as personality of the leader, make up of team being led as well as the nature
of the task.
Corporate Social
Responsibility
Lean production Just in Time
Stakeholders Engagement Total Quality Management Management by Objectives
Leadership Continuous Improvement Pull versus Push system
Evaluation of jobs Incineration Accurate Forecasting
Task 2
LO3
P4. Key approaches by the managers and the leaders of the management of M & S Ltd
As mentioned by Mitchell et al. (2016, p.116), for the better management of the organisation and
for the better allocation of the powers in the organisation, there is strict need in the proper use of
the organisation and the smooth operation approaches used by the managers of the organisation,
with the sole purpose of making the organisation successful enough in reaching most set goals.
This approaches put stress on the knowledge of the workers of the organisation and the better
management of the human resources in the society. Bureaucratic approach put importance on the
structure of the authority and the description of the organisation. The use of the bureaucratic
approach helps in the bringing out proper innovative techniques with respect to the past
experiences. The past experience s guide the best out of the preset operation. The use of the
Bureaucratic approach helps in the better providing of the management practices, that guarantees
the success of the organisation with the proper management of the operation. This approach
helps in the better using of the framework convenient enough to make the objective clear to the
workers of the organisation. However, as argued by Eisenhardt et al. (2016, p.1122), the
Bureaucratic approach underpins the importance of the human resource factor. The gaining of

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experience from the past issue is good but relying upon the past in regular basis is much hectic
and affects the smooth operation of the organisation. The scientific management is generally
used for the better understanding of the real reason behind the operation of an organisation and
findings of the most economical way for completion of the work. As supported by Xing et al.
(2016, p.40), the use of the scientific management helps in the better balancing of the jobs and
the decorum of the organisation. With the implementation of the scientific approach the best way
out of many is described very well.
The M & S Ltd. has very high quality implementation of lean production. They follow a good
supply chain system so as to ensure that there is minimal waste production during production of
the products. Furthermore, the organisation uses its wastes to produce by-products that can be a
good way of earning revenue.
On the other hand, the M & S Ltd. uses total quality management for organisational production.
It signifies that the organisation values each of the members associated with the organisation.
This is done in order to make the employee feel their value in the organization. Such a step
further helps in motivating the employees to perform well and produce high quality products.
There remains a risk of high shortage costs if there is delay of supply of components of
production in a firm. The M & S Ltd. has taken the strategy of Just-in-time to minimise such
costs. As a result of this, the organisation achieves continuous development. Therefore, it has
been found that M & S Ltd. has made proper use of the theories to maximize profit.
The operation of the M & S is better managed by the approaches of the leaders in the
organisation. Leadership approaches are of 3 types. The autocratic, democratic and laissez-faire
are the three types of the approaches for the better management of the organisation. The
Autocratic leaders are the leader who takes the decision in their own hands and decision along
with other views and ideas does not mind in the operation of the organisation. The achievement
of the organisational goal depends upon the decision of the leader only in the autocratic
leadership. The autocratic leadership helps in the taking of decision in a quick manner. However,
the use of the autocratic leadership skills marks the fall in the confidence of the organisational
workers.
As supported by Liden et al. (2016, p.18), the making of decision with the inclusion of the
decision made by the organisational workers is called the democratic leadership approach. The
support of the management workers in the making of the decision helps in the better support of

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the organisation. The democratic style includes the creativity of the workers in the organisation,
which helps in the thickening of the reputation of the organisation in the society. The M & S uses
the democratic style of leadership for the better management of the organisation. The
achievement of the success and the management stability is made clear by the smooth operation
of the organisation with the inclusion of the decision made by the organisational workers.
As mentioned by Ren and Chadee (2017, p.109), the leadership which has the mentality of
letting the workers do whatever they feel to do in terms of the organisational work is called the
laissez-faire. The achievement of this leadership style is nothing but the satisfaction of the
workers of the organisation. The improper achievement of the employees in the organisation is
also attracted and closed with the help of the laissez-faire.
P5. Importance and the value of the operations management in an organisation
The management of the organisation with the controlling of the production process in a most
efficient manner gives rise to the operation management. As supported by Admi and Eilon-
Moshe (2016, p.49), the management interests of the operation deal with involving of
responsibilities and working efficiently.
The use of the operation management is of prime importance in the proper development of the
organisation. The support of the organisation is better seen through the application of the
operational management. The operational management and the better use of the situation help in
the proper supporting of the organisation in dealing with problems. The implementation of the
operational management helps in the bringing of the awareness among the workers of the
organisation regarding the problems generally faced by the organisation. The support of the
organisation in terms of providing the better option for the dealing with the problems is also
provided by the organisation. The organisation also deduces the benefits of the operational
management in form of identification of the problem and the construction of the models.
The support of the organisation and the management of the problems depend on through the
proper issuance of the structure that determines the achievement of the organisation through the
better understanding of the cause of the situation. The situation caused by the issue and the
problems are well mitigated using the operational management. As supported by Balmer and
Wang (2016, p.20), the management of the organisation and the smooth mitigation of the
problem marks the rise in better identification of the problems. The use of the operational
management helps in the better support for the identification of the alternative ideas in mitigation

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of a problem. The mitigation of problems is better understood by the smooth application of the
alternative ways if the prime method does not work. The achievement of the organisation and the
support of the alternative route help in the proper achieving of the support and the reaching of
the organisational goal in the organisation. As inferred by Swanwick and Butler (2017, p.81), the
success of the organisation also depends upon the better support of the organisational work and
the better understanding of the situation and the managing of the problems within stipulated time
period.
The last benefit that the operation management have is the better management of the decision
taken for the mitigation of the problems in the society. The achievement of the organisation is
determined by the proper implementation of the ideas and the thoughts for the smooth
overcoming of the problems. The smooth overcoming of the problems leads to the smooth
development of the organisation. The success rate of the organisation is better understood
through the understanding of the proper measurement of the success that is provided by the
operational management in case of solving an issue in the organisation.
Furthermore, few policies like lean production, just in time, total quality management has added
value to the production of the organisation. Following of such strategies have increased the
quality of the products they produce, which on the other hand has helped to gain loyal customers
in the market.
P6. Assessment of the business environment that affect the operation of the organisational
management
As supported by Roigé et al. (2016, p.121), the management of an organisation depends on the
aspect other than the operation of the organisational workers. The support and the change of the
business environmental condition also mark the changes in the management policy of the
organisation. The change in the business environment can be easily accessed by the use of the
PESTLE analysis. Below is the PESTLE analysis of the M & S.
PESTLE Description
P - Political The political factors set the regulations which are to be followed by the M & S.
The organisation properly follows the Health and Safety Standards, set by the
British standards, through planning for the identification of hazardous effects.
The organisation also maintains a proper nature of risk assessment. The support

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of the organisation also deals with fair trade route, which marks the proper
following of the rules and the regulation set by the government of UK.
E- Economical As mentioned b y Ward, (2016, p.80), the changes in the economical aspect in
the society of UK, have highly affected the flow of income of M & S. Due to
falling, in the income level of the society in the UK have resulted in forcing the
organisation to close many stores in UK. To deal with the situation of low
demographic income have led M & S to give discount days every week up to
20%. The organisation has also included the sale of wine and Champagne with
the discount of 20% every two days in a week for the better support of the
revenue inflow in the organisation.
S- Social Sociological factors in the society of UK generally mark the changes in the
taste and the preferences of the consumers. Since the need and the demand of
the customers in the society are unlimited; there is always a need for the
organisation to maintain the smooth pricing strategy. The M & S have placed
proper pricing strategy to make the organisational product more attractive to
the workers of the organisation. The trendy styles and the innovation of the
organisational products in the society have helped in the better achieving of the
support of the taste and the preferences of the customers.
T-
Technological
As suggested by Shipton et al. (2016, p.30), development of an organisation is
better understood from the changes in the technological support. The
technological support of the organisation helps in the better availing of the
benefits that brings the success of the organisation really close. The
advancement in the technological factors has led to the introduction of the
online customer service unit, which solves the problems of the customers. The
implementations of the technological advancement in the field of marketing
have helped the organisation gaining the competitive edge in the society.

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L- Legal The laws and the regulation provided by the government of UK are closely
maintained by the small and the start-up organisation. The M & S being one of
the known organisation in the world and the society follows the proper legal
prescription. The National Health and safety provides rules and regulation for
the health and the safety of the customer. The M & S proper adheres by the
rules and the regulation provided. In terms of the rules and the regulation of the
UK, the M & S maintains the proper parity in the production of products along
with legal constraints.
E-
Environmental
With the rise in the awareness among the common people in the society
regarding the safety of the environment, there have been changes in the smooth
development of the production process. The M & S uses the non chemical
product for the production of the dress and other items. Fabric with
environment degradable product is used by the M & S for the sustainable
growth in the environment.
Table 2: PESTLE Analysis
(Source: learner)
It has been found in further studies that the M & S Ltd. has various other polices that involve
proper following of certain areas such as corporate social responsibility and business ethics while
functioning in the market. As a part of corporate social responsibility, M & S Ltd. has taken up
the provision of producing less waste as a part of their production process. Moreover, the
organisation has engaged itself in various acts of philanthropy and social works. In order to
maintain business ethics M & S Ltd. has produced a good brand image in the market that is very
helpful to retain loyal customers in the organisation. They have gained the trust of general public
with providence of higher quality products to them. In this way, the organisation has
differentiated themselves among a large number of producers in the market. Moreover, the
organisation has taken certain steps to mitigate unethical payments in order to achieve personal
gains. The mangers as well as other executives are informed about any unethical use of company
benefits both in case of the customers and the employees.
Conclusion

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From the above discussion, it can be evidently deduced that the presence of the managers and the
leaders in an organisation with their proper functioning nature helps an organisation in gaining
the optimum success marking their smooth operation. The achievement of the success and the
providing of opportunity is dependent upon the functioning of the organisation. The achievement
of the organisation and the smooth operation of the organisation is also based on the
characteristics of the leaders and the managers. In addition to the above it can be evidently
deduced that the rise in the operation of the organisation's success is also dependent upon the
business environment that is evidently understood through the application of the PESTLE
analysis.

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