Research Proposal: Female Leadership and its Impact on Organisational Performance
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This research proposal explores the impact of female leadership on organisational performance. It discusses the problem statement, motivation, methodology, expected findings, contribution, limitations, and ethical issues.
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1 Research Proposal: Female Leadership and its Impact on Organisational Performance
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4 1.0 Introduction The following section discusses in great detail a proposal on the research topic “Female LeadershipanditsImpactonOrganisationalPerformance”.Theresearchreportthereby enlightens on the primary factors that has resulted in the selection of the research topic along with the methods to be used for the successful accomplishment of the problem statement identified for the purpose. 1.1 Problem Statement The rapid advancements made in the global business context has witnessed some of the phenomenon changes, one of them being women taking up organisational leadership roles. The widespread transition observed in relation to women coming out of their traditional barriers to occupying distinctive positions in corporate sector is a significant factor to be enlightened upon (Murrell, 2018). Therefore, the problem statement identified in relation to the research study is to gain immense information as to how the diversified female leadership style is critical to helping organisations in accomplishing high performance standards. 1.2 Motivation The primary motivational factor underling the selection of the research topic is that a large number of organisations operating in the modern-day context are found to rely more on female leaders for experiencing increased performance effectiveness. For instance, the United States based automobile manufacturer Tesla broke all stereotypes with the appointment of a female chairmanRobynDenholm(McKinley,2018).Thefemaleleaderwasentitledwiththe responsibility of handling the security fraud issues experienced by the organisation in due course of its operational activities. Tesla is one of the few examples where women has come forward to take the front role in leadership and management. The same has been experienced in a large number of operational sectors, retail, FMCG and information technology all over the world. The widespread emergence of female leaders all across the globe is thereby identified as one of the motivational factors to go ahead with the research work on the topic. 1.3 Methodology The research study will go ahead in accordance to the principles of a mixed method. In this regard, both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the study will be done. Primary data will be
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5 used so that information gained for the study are up to data, fresh and appropriate in terms of enlightening on the relative impact generated by female leaders on the performance capability of organisations. 1.4 Expected Findings The expected findings of the research study comprise of the role played by female as leaders in theoperationalcontextofmodern-daybusinessenvironment.Thetypicalandunique characteristics possessed by female leaders as well as its relationship with the widespread theories of leadership are likely to be established. Additionally, the research report is looked forwardtoenlighteningontheprimaryfactorsoforganisationaloperationalaswellas performance that the female leaders tends to impact on. 1.5 Contribution The research study will go ahead with overcoming the gap existing in the present literature scope of female leadership and its effectiveness on performance capability of organisations. The research findings are critical to providing valuable insights onto the importance of female leaders as well as their leadership style. 1.6 Limitations Due to the severe constraints in time, the research study has been limited only to England and the selected sample respondents are comparatively less to gain widespread insight into the research topic. The consideration of a larger sample ranging across different organisations operating in England could have provided valuableyet meaningfulinsight into the problem are thus identified. 1.7 Ethical Issues The research study is likely to suffer from ethical issues in relation to collecting secondary data for literature review as well as the final mixed analysis to be conducted upon primary data. The information collected from research work conducted by other authors and journals used for the purpose of preparing literature review must be properly acknowledged and referenced to avoid any form of ethical issues (Wester, 2011). Furthermore, the study must ensure protecting the anonymity and confidentiality of the respondents who have shared valuable feedback for accomplishing the research study. The feedback and information obtained in the process must not be used for nay purpose other than this particular research study (Roberts and Allen, 2015). It
6 also requires avoiding the ethical issues relating to gaining prior permission of the respondents before involving them for the data collection process. 2.0 Background The position of women in present male dominated corporate sector is identified to experience high degree of biasness. It is mainly observed in situations when women are not provided with job roles suited to their skills and competencies. According to Alimo-Metcalfe (2010), women are primarily looked forward to suitable for organisational positions that are less stressful and does not involve application of technological excellence and skills. However, the present business environment is found to have witnessed a completely different scenario. Females are found to successfully overcome typical gender stereotypes in organisational setting followed by occupation of positions and job roles that were initially perceived to be suitable for men. Furthermore, women are also exhibiting immense effectiveness in competing with men in same operational platform followed by exhibition of increased effectiveness in generating increased motivation and high performing capability among subordinate employees (Murrell, 2018). As a result, the study has gone ahead with consideration of determining the effectiveness of female leadership in shaping performance capability of organisations. In this regard, a critical analysis of the existing literatures available in this context has been taken into consideration. The following section provides a detailed background study of the selected research topic by taking into consideration previous studies, journals and information relating to female leadership style and its effectiveness in organisational performance. 2.1 Critical Literature Review The leadership style of an organisation depicts its overall effectiveness in accomplishing business goals by taking into consideration the skills and knowledge set of the over workforce. In this regard, the role played by a leader is of immense significance in motivating and encouraging subordinates to work towards organisational goals (Salahuddin, 2010). On the other hand, leadership is also perceived as the process by which an organisation goes ahead with instilling the strategic vision among employees, in lieu of their dedication and encouragement towards accomplishing organisational goals (Oberfield, 2012). The existing literature context is found to be enriched with widespread theories relating to leadership, notable being transformational and transactional leaders. One of the primary factors underlying the consideration of the mentioned
7 leadership styles is that female leadership style is perceived to held resemblance to both transformational and transactional leadership attributes. The role played by a female individual as a leader within an organisational context is largely described in the literature in terms of gender orientation. The Full Range Theory of Leadership in this regard is found to be highly significant. Men and women differ vastly in terms of their behaviouralcharacteristicsandeventuallyintheirapproachofleadinganorganisation. According to Singh, Nadim and Ezzedeen(2012) women leadership is identified as exhibition of a soft, rational, compassionate, warm, and expressible attitude in dealing with organisational activities. Furthermore, women are largely known for their communal through process and outlook when it comes to dealing with organisational operational activities. In this regard, the significant behavioural characteristics of female leaders are identified to be helpful, sympathetic, nurturing,gentle,king andaffectionate(Coderand Spiller,2013). Basedon thetypical characteristics of women in the position of leader thereby resulted in its consideration to be an effective combination of both transactional and transformation roles (Stempel, Rigotti and Mohr, 2015). The gender stereotypes predominantly significant in relation to female leadership is found to have strong association as well as significance with that of transformational leadership style. Women are perceived to be highly motivational and influencing when it comes to managing employee. Furthermore, female leadership also exhibit sin great detail high degree of affinity towardsinnovation,creativityaswellasself-recognitiontobeprimaryfactorsinan organisational context (Vinkenburget al., 2011). On the other hand, Bellou (2011) ahs stated that thenotabletransformationalleadershipstyleobservedamongafemaleleaseristhat consideration of a contingent based reward policy when it comes to motivate and encourage employees to accomplish organisational tasks. The effectiveness of female leadership in relation to impacting the performance standards of an organisation seems to be highly significant. The primary role played by women in this regard is found to developing a positive work environment, where employees experience high degree of motivation as well as satisfaction to the present job role (Peachey and Burton, 2011). On the other hand, Duff (2013) stated that the application scope of female leadership in terms of witnessing high performance standards is not only restricted to employee motivation, instead the
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8 impact is much deeper rooted and significant. Women leaders are found to exhibit increased effectiveness in enhancing the knowledge capability of the employees through undertaking o strategies looking forward to effectively managing them within an organisational context. According to Rahim and Malik (2010), a primary significance of female leaders is that their primary objectives lies in helping the organisation to successfully reach the highest performance standards. The existing literature context in this regard has also enlightened in great detail both the positive and negative sides of female leadership within an organisational setting. Women leaders are looked forward to help organisations in experiencing positive results even in the most uncertain and toughest of situations (Peachey and Burton, 2011). It is mainly due to the fact that the innovative and compassionate outlook of women looks forward to helping them in dealing with the organisational problems in a comparatively easier manner. This along with the diversified thought process of the customers seems to help women leaders in perceiving organisations operationalprocessfrommultipleangles.Thisresultsinwomenleaderstoexperience widespread success in delivering high performance standards. According to Rosette and Toast (2010), women leaders are perceived as highly ethical in their work approach along with adherence to high degree of sustainability in each of the business processes. On the other hand, the disadvantages associated with women leaders seems to be significant in situations where it requires taking upon the responsibility of a job role signifying adequate degree of male characteristics. In such a situation, the soft and kind-hearted nature of women leaders fails significantlyin relationto exercising necessary power and controlover the subordinates (Peachey and Burton, 2011). This along with the high degree of biasness existing within the business operational environment of an organisation goes ahead with enlightening on the negative side of women leadership. The non-cooperation experienced by female employees in a business environmental setting also results in signifying the negative side of women leadership in an organisational context. 2.2 Summary of Existing Empirical Findings Based on the literature review conducted in the above section, it can be largely said that female leadership is gradually gaining increased attention in the business environmental context. The women leaders are found to be highly competent in dealing with organisational issues with high
9 degree of sympathetic, kind and passionate attitude. It has also elaborated in great detail that there exists huge difference in between the leadership style of men and women significantly. The roleplayedbywomenleadersinrelationtomanagingemployeesanddeliveringhigh performance standards is found to be largely associated with leadership theories. To be precise, thetransformationalandtransactionaltheoriesofleadershiparefoundtoconstitutethe characteristics and skills of an effective leader. Furthermore, the critical literature review thereby conducted ensured that the primary organisational performance factors impacted by female leaders are also identified in great detail. In this regard, the notable factors comprise of motivation and positive work environment, two of the striking factors relating to experiencing high degree of employee dedication as well as management. The differential and innovative operational outlook of women leaders is critical to helping employees experience high degree of positivity as well as satisfaction in their present job role. This along with the king, caring and loving attitude of the female leaders seems to be highly significant in generating high degree of operational effectiveness. The empirical findings from the literature review further went ahead with highlighting in great detail the relative advantages as well as disadvantages of women leadership in an organisational setting. The innovative and unique thought process of female leaders helps organisations in successfullyaccomplishingnewoperationalstandards.Furthermore,thehighdegreeof adherence to ethical operational processes is identified to be one of the potential benefits associated with female leaders in an organisational context. The organisations are found to operate in a completely new direction and at the same time experience high performance standards. On the other hand, women leaders are found to experience immense difficulty in dealing with responsibilities that are perceived to be highly complex and masculine in nature. In such a situation, women leaders are found to fail considerably. This along with the biased attitude of present male dominated workforce results in signifying one of notable loopholes of female leadership and its operational effectiveness. 2.3 Conceptual Framework The following conceptual framework has been developed for the purpose of going ahead with the study based on the information as well as notable factors to be considered for the purpose has been identified.
Leadership Transformational Leadership Theory Transactional Leadership Theory Female Leadership Factors Impacting Organisational Performance AdvantagesDisadvantages Positive work environment Employee motivation Job satisfaction 10 3.0 Research Questions and Objectives The aim of this present research work is to go ahead and find the effectiveness as well as capability of female leaders in impacting the overall performance level of an organisation. The primary focus of the research study in this regard is to gain information on the present competitive business landscape. In this regard, it can be largely said that the questions and objectives to be developed must be capable of signifying, validating as well as justifying the research problem statement in great detail. Furthermore, the study has aimed to enrich the exiting literature studies conducted till date on female leadership and performance abilities of an
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11 organisation. It is mainly due to the fact that a widespread gap has been determined in terms of providing the impact of business competitiveness and operational effectiveness in the backdrop of female leadership. As a result, the present research study has emphasised on conducting the studyinreal-lifepresentcompetitiveandglobalisedbusinessenvironment,whichhas specifically witnessed a large number of women occupying top leadership positions. In this regard, the effectiveness of female leaders to strengthen as well as impact the operational effectiveness of an organisation seems to be highly significant. It is mainly due to the fact that women leaders are generally perceived as individuals who possess immense capability in helping organisations to exhibit adherence to ethical principles, effectively handle risks as well develop suitable strategies to gradually proceed further. Primarily, the research study has focussed on effectiveness of female leaders in helping an organisation to gradually procced further by overcoming the obstructions that is likely to come in due course of operation in the present business environmental context. 3.1 Research Question The research questions developed for the study focussing on female leadership and its impact on performance level of an organisation is as follows: What is the role played by female leaders in helping an organisation to exhibit high operational performance standards? What are the distinctive characteristics of female leaders identified within the present organisational scenario? Whatareprimaryfactorsthatfemaleleaderstendtoimpactwhenitcomesto determining organisational performance? What are the relative advantages and disadvantages experienced by organisations in relation to a female leader? How female leaders tends to handle work roles that are traditionally considered beyond the scope of female stereotypes? 3.2 Research Objective Based on the research aim and the objective thus defined, the following set of objectives has been framed for the study:
12 To determine the role played by female leaders in enhancing performance capability of organisations. To study the typical characteristics of female leaders. Toidentifythefactorsthatfemaleleaders’impactinrelationtoorganisational performance. Toidentifytheadvantagesanddisadvantagesoffemaleleadersinhandling organisational responsibility. To determine the effectiveness of female leaders in handling organisational situations that are considered to be far beyond typical female stereotypes. 4.0 Methods The methods in the context of a research goes ahead with defining the pathway to be used for the purpose of identifying the processes associated with gaining information relating to the identified problem statement. Each of the diversified process relating to data identification, selection, collection, analysis, interpretation and processing is being done with the help of selection of suitable research methods (Hughes and Sharrock, 2016). It is also integral to signifying in great detail the validity and reliability of each of the processes used for the purpose of data collection followed by its analysis. Furthermore, a significant factor relating to methods in the context of research study is that the process goes head with selection of appropriate data collection as well as analysis process based on the information and data obtained during the literature review process (Flick, 2015). The methods in the context of a research study comprises of a large number of sub parts, notably being philosophy, strategy, methods, sampling, data collection and analysis process. The subparts of each of these different factors encompassing the methods are selected based on the relevance of data obtained from literature review. The methods to be used by the present research study on effectiveness of women leadership on performance of an organisation are described in great detail in the following section. It has also ensured that the method thus selected for the purpose has been justified in accordance to the present needs and demands relating to the study. 4.1 Research Philosophy The nature of information as well as the source from which data is likely to be collected for the study is defined with the help of research philosophy (Jonker and Pennink, 2010). The primary
13 significance of the process lies in the fact that it comprises a huge range of strategies that governs the data collection and analysis in the context of research study to be thus conducted. It also ensures that out of the four different types of research philosophy, the one selected for the purpose ensures high degree of adherence to its underlying belief and assumption. Research philosophy can be segregated into realism, positivism, pragmatism and interpretivism (Padilla- Díaz, 2015). The process governing the selection of appropriate research philosophy largely taken into consideration for the study is done in accordance to the thought process and belief held by each of the four research philosophies. The research study looking forward to determining effectiveness of female leaders in delivering organisational performance standards has taken into consideration a positivism philosophy. The high degree of structured and detailed consideration of a large number of operational aspects is the primary factor behind the consideration of positivism philosophy for the study (Leitch, Hill and Harrison, 2010). Furthermore, the multiple data collection allowed by positivism research philosophypossessimmensesignificanceinensuringthattheresearchstudyonwomen leadership is largely able to access a large set of data for the purpose of analysis in the near future. 4.2 Research Strategy The research strategy comprises of the step by step process to be used for the purpose of giving a proper shape and direction to the thoughts relating to how the study is likely to proceed. In this regard, the primary effectiveness of the process lies in the fact that it helps research studies to develop a systematic and effective method of detailed reporting in relation to data collection and analysis (Gliner, Morgan and Leech, 2011). The research strategy thereby considered most suitable for the present research study is collection of primary data using questionnaire survey process and interview method. The consideration of both the processes in this regard goes ahead with ensuring that the individual loopholes of both the processes are balanced (Mackey and Gas, 2015). In such a situation, the final data obtained from the process is of immense significance in providing effective conclusion to problem are thus identified. 4.3 Research Methods There are primarily two types of research methods, qualitative and quantitative in the context of research study. Each of the methods looks forward to going ahead with identification of
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14 processes based on which data will be analysed in the future course of action (Bernard, 2017). Qualitative method looks forward to conducting subjective interpretation of the data collected from selected sample respondents (Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault, 2015). It mainly focuses on studying in great detail the thought process, perception, ideas and values of respondents who took part in the data collection process. On the other hand, the quantitative method comprises of collected data undergoing numerical analysis using statistical processes so that high degree of reliable and valid set of data is obtained for further consideration (J.W.Creswell and J.D. Creswell, 2017). However, these two research methods are often combined to form a mixed method. The present study has undertaken the use of both the qualitative and quantitative methods for the purpose of analysing the collected set of data. 4.4 Sampling Sampling is the process used for the purpose of dividing a large population into smaller segments so that the overall process associated with data collection and analysis becomes easier and convenient (Fuller, 2011). In relation to the present research study, simple random sampling is being used. It is mainly due to the fact that the process exhibits likely chances of selecting samples that possess immense significance in exhibition of similar characteristics, that is likely to be exhibited by entire population segment. One of the striking features associated with sampling process is that the in spite of selection a smaller sample size, the collected data possess immense significance in providing valuable data relating to accomplishing each of the research objectives (Levy and Lemeshow, 2013). The total number of samples used for the study focussing on women leaders and its effectiveness in organisational performance is 105, out of which 5 people were interviewed and 100 people went ahead with questionnaire survey. 4.5 Data Collection The research study has used primary data for accomplishing each of the research objectives developed for the research study focussing on female leadership and organisational performance effectiveness. The data collection part has been primarily segregated into two parts, interview and questionnaire survey. Data for the interview has been collected from people who are presently serving the position of a leader in organisations. The interview respondents were both male and female, with the aim of obtaining a diversified viewpoint relating to the objectives thereby framed for the research. On the other hand, the questionnaire survey was conducted
15 across 100 people who are presently associated with organisations and have some experience of working under a female leader. 4.6 Triangulation The research study has considered a triangulation value of two since the data for the purpose of analysis has been collected from two different sources. The interview process comprised of 5 to 6openendedquestionsrelatingtoeffectivenessofwomenasaleaderinenhancing organisational performance. On the other hand, questionnaire survey comprising of 10 to 15 questions (demographic and Likert scale) are used for the purpose of data collection. 4.7 Method of Data Analysis The data collected for the study will undergo mixed analysis since it has taken into consideration two different types of sources. Firstly, the interview data will undergo qualitative analysis. In this regard, the process is largely going to undertake the use of thematic analysis, a process used to identify themes from the collected set of data (Joffe, 2012). Furthermore, the collected set of data seeks to analyse the data in accordance to the themes followed by highlighting the degree of relevance with the identified research objectives. The data obtained from questionnaire survey will undergo statistical analysis. In this regard, SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) will be used. SPSS comprises of a set of tools that goes ahead with performing statistical analysis so as to validate the research objectives framed for the study (Field, 2013). The collected data will undergo both inferential and descriptiveanalysissoastoensurethattheresultstherebyobtainedpossessimmense significance in providing definite conclusion to the research study. Based on the information as well as the results thereby obtained, the process seeks to provide suitable conclusion to the selected research topic. 5.0 Timeline The detailed breakdown of the entire research timeline into time specifying periods is of immense significance in following an effective pathway relating to successful accomplishment of the reach study. The timeline is usually developed with the help of Gantt chart that provides detailedbreakdownofthetasksencompassingtheresearchwork.Thetimelinethereby developed for the research study using Gantt chart is as follows:
16 TASKS6thJune9thJune19th June 25th June 16th July 19th July 22nd July Introductionand background Literature review Research Methodology Data collection and analysis Discussion Conclusionand recommendations 6.0 Resources The following section provides detailed insights into the different types of resources that has been used for the purpose of going ahead with the research work. To be precise, the overall research study has gone ahead with use of secondary rescores, books journals, articles so as to obtain data that holds immense significance to the present problem area being focussed upon. 6.1 Types A wide range of secondary information sources is taken into consideration for the purpose of developing research objectives as well as processes that helped in development of suitable methodology to data collection. In this regard, peer reviewed journal of prominent authors, books as well as web articles are used in great detail. The information surfaced from each of these information sources are thereby considered to be a critical aspect in going ahead with the research work based on the pathway thus selected. 6.2 Availability The secondary sources used for the purpose of the study can be easily available in the internet. With the help of keyword search in the search engine platforms, like Google information relating
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17 topresentresearchtopic,impactoffemaleleadershipinorganisationalperformance effectiveness. Other credible sources identified in this regard are Google Scholar and library database of university, so as to ensure that a large set of diversified and innovative data is identified in great detail.
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19 Leitch, C.M., Hill, F.M. and Harrison, R.T., 2010. The philosophy and practice of interpretivist researchinentrepreneurship:Quality,validation,andtrust.OrganizationalResearch Methods,13(1), pp.67-84. Levy, P.S. and Lemeshow, S., 2013.Sampling of populations: methods and applications. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. Mackey,A.andGass,S.M.,2015.Secondlanguageresearch:Methodologyanddesign. Abingdon: Routledge. McKinley, E., 2018.New Tesla chairwoman Robyn Denholm’s tallest order: Shareholders want a more ‘boring’ Musk.[online] Available at: <https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/09/how-the-new- tesla-chairman-robyn-denholm-thinks-about-leadership.html>[Accessed 12 May 2019]. Murrell, A., 2018.The new wave of women leaders: Breaking the glass ceiling or facing the glasscliff?[online]Forbes.Availableat: <https://www.forbes.com/sites/audreymurrell/2018/12/03/the-new-wave-of-women-leaders- breaking-the-glass-ceiling-or-facing-the-glass-cliff/#54c1c7c231dd> [Accessed 12 May 2019]. Murrell, A., 2018.The new wave of women leaders: Breaking the glass ceiling or facing the glasscliff?[online]Forbes.Availableat: <https://www.forbes.com/sites/audreymurrell/2018/12/03/the-new-wave-of-women-leaders- breaking-the-glass-ceiling-or-facing-the-glass-cliff/#54c1c7c231dd> [Accessed 12 May 2019]. Oberfield, Z.W., 2012. Public management in time: A longitudinal examination of the full range of leadership theory.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory,24(2), pp.407-429. Padilla-Díaz, M., 2015. Phenomenology in educational qualitative research: Philosophy as science or philosophical science.International Journal of Educational Excellence,1(2), pp.101- 110. Peachey, J.W. and Burton, L.J., 2011. Male or female athletic director? Exploring perceptions of leader effectiveness and a (potential) female leadership advantage with intercollegiate athletic directors.Sex Roles,64(5-6), pp.416-425
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20 Rahim, S.H. and Malik, M.I., 2010. Emotional intelligence & organizational performance: (A casestudyofbankingsectorinPakistan).InternationalJournalofBusinessand Management,5(10), p.191. Roberts, L.D. and Allen, P.J., 2015. Exploring ethical issues associated with using online surveys in educational research.Educational Research and Evaluation,21(2), pp.95-108. Rosette, A.S. and Tost, L.P., 2010. Agentic women and communal leadership: How role prescriptions confer advantage to top women leaders.Journal of Applied Psychology,95(2), p.221. Salahuddin, M.M., 2010. Generational differences impact on leadership style and organizational success.Journal of Diversity Management,5(2). Singh,P.,Nadim,A.andEzzedeen,S.R.,2012.Leadershipstylesandgender:An extension.Journal of Leadership Studies,5(4), pp.6-19. Stempel,C.R.,Rigotti,T.andMohr,G.,2015.Thinktransformationalleadership–Think female?Leadership,11(3), pp.259-280. Taylor, S.J., Bogdan, R. and DeVault, M., 2015.Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. Vinkenburg, C.J., Van Engen, M.L., Eagly, A.H. and Johannesen-Schmidt, M.C., 2011. An exploration of stereotypical beliefs about leadership styles: Is transformational leadership a route to women's promotion?The Leadership Quarterly,22(1), pp.10-21. Wester, K.L., 2011. Publishing ethical research: A step‐by‐step overview.Journal of Counseling & Development,89(3), pp.301-307.