Tour Operations Management

This report discusses the roles and functions of tour operators, the scale and structure of the tour operating industry, and the stages of creating a package holiday. It also explores strategic and tactical decision-making in tour operations. The report focuses on TUI AG, a multinational travel and tourism company, and includes a review of package tour programmes.

Tour Operations
Management

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
PART 1............................................................................................................................................3
Roles and functions of a range of tour operators....................................................................3
Scale and structure of tour operating industry........................................................................5
Evaluation of impact of integration........................................................................................5
PART 2............................................................................................................................................6
Different stages and components for creating package holiday.............................................6
Holiday package for educational tour.....................................................................................8
PART 3............................................................................................................................................9
Review of a range of package tour programmes....................................................................9
Comparison and contrast of package tour programmes.......................................................12
Evaluation of a range of package tour programmes.............................................................14
PART 4..........................................................................................................................................14
Exploration of strategic and tactical decision-making in tour operations............................14
Assessment of external factors affecting decisions..............................................................16
Evaluation of strategic and tactical decisions made by TUI................................................17
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................17
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................19

INTRODUCTION
A tour operator combines tour and travel components so as to create a holiday package.
Tour operator management is related to managing the operations related to travel and tourism so
that customers can be given quality services meeting all of their requirements (Dodaro and et. al.,
2015). Tour operators play an important role in strengthening the travel and tourism industry by
attracting customers through their captivating packages. In this report TUI AG which is an
Anglo-German multinational travel and tourism company headquartered in Hannover, Germany
is taken to understand aspects of tour operation management. It is one of the largest company
which deals in travel and tourism and it owns various travel agencies, hotels, airlines, cruise
ships etc. so that its customers can have a world class experience of travelling. In this report
details about the roles and functions of a range of tour operators, scale and structure of tour-
operator-industry, stages of developing holiday package etc. will be discussed. Further strategic
and tactical decisions taken by tour operators will also be discussed. There will also a be a
review about a package tour programmes so that the decisions that are made while making
decisions regarding deciding price of tour package can be analysed.
PART 1
'Exploring the tour operating sector'
Roles and functions of a range of tour operators
Tour operators are businesses who combines tour and travel components so that a holiday
package can be created. These types of businesses organise tours for people by giving them an
organised itinerary and making arrangements for them related to accommodation, conveyance,
food and beverages etc. so that a complete holiday packager can be formed. TUI is a tour
operating company which plan holidays for its customers and give them quality services so that
high value can be created (Ghaderi, Mat Som and Henderson, 2015). Tour operators also advice
customers different travel destinations, transportation facility available, best season of visiting a
place etc.
Types of tour operators: Mass market operators: These operators design holiday packages for a group of people
at a time which involves a good knowledge about the tourism industry so that tours can
be designed at most affordable prices. For example TUI which is well known for

designing tour packages for mass population at a time, at affordable prices and with
highest quality of services (Goffi, Masiero and Pencarelli, 2018). Independent operators: These are the operators who work in their individual capacity to
organise tour packages for people and making arrangements regarding travelling,
accommodation, food etc. They make customer specific tour packages which are in
accordance with affordability of customers. Domestic operators: These are the tour operators who manage holiday packages within
national boundaries which means that they play an important role in promotion of local
tourism. Incoming operators: These are the operators who make arrangements for travellers who
travel from different locations. The services given by them includes car rentals, tourist
guides, sightseeing etc.
 Outbound operators: These operators make travel packages for customers so that they
can travel from one country to another of their choice. They help in promotion of
international tourism (Ivanova, Klimova and Rozanova, 2018).
Roles of tour operators
The various roles that are performed by tour operators in the context of TUI are: Product development: This function is related to developing the products in accordance
with their needs an wants of travellers so that their services can be customised as per their
budget and their preference. TUI develops the products and services as per the needs of
its customers so that maximum value can be created for its customers. Marketing and sales: It is also the role of tour operators to market the services and
products related to travel and tourism so that their sales can be increased. TUI markets its
packages and travelling services through advertising on social media, print media,
through internet etc. so as to attract customers and increase its sales. Advising customers: Tour operators also advise customers regarding places to visit,
seasons that are suitable to visit a location, budget that will be required etc. so that
detailed information can be given to customers (Manente, Minghetti and Mingotto,
2015).

 Travel information: Tour operators gives information to customers regarding the
itinerary, destinations, accommodations, travelling modes etc. so that customers can
travel safely and happily to their desired destinations.
 Operations support: Various operations are also handled by the tour operators like
accommodation, hospitality, travel and transportation etc. so that the these supporting
services can help customers in having a comfortable travel experience.
Scale and structure of tour operating industry
With the increase in scope of travel and tourism industry, role of tour operators is
increasing and there can be seen an annual growth of 2.3% in the number of tour operator
businesses in UK. The estimated worth of tour operator industry is about £14.9bn with the
increase in holiday packages that are purchased by travellers in UK. The number of employees
working in the industry are 29,038 (How is the Industry Trending in the UK? .2020). There are
various tour operators which provide services related to tourism like Thomas Cook, TUI, AITO
etc. which operate in UK. A comparison of mass market and independent specialist operators:
TUI company: TUI is a well known mass market tour operator which form holiday
packages for a group of people at a time and is able to provide holiday packages at low costs as
all the products and services are bought in bulk. The company has an operating income of more
than £297 million and the products offered by it range from passenger transport, travel agency,
accommodation etc. so that travel of customers can be made highly convenient and comfortable.
Tourism Information Board is the authority that operates the structure of tourism industry. TUI
employs more than 70000 employees and operates in more than 100 nations.
AITO: Association of Independent Tour Operators is a trade group which represents
around 120 specialist and independent tour operators and its members operates in more than 170
countries. AITO agents provide specialist products to their customers tailor made as per their
needs and budget so that their experience can be enhanced. The main focus of this group of
independent and specialist travel agents is to promote choice and quality by giving customers a
variety of choices of travel destinations and giving them special services with their knowledge,
experience and expertise.
Evaluation of impact of integration
The scale and structure of specialist tour operators and large mass-market tour operators
are governed by the tourism information board which determine the way in which they work

ethically and legally. Specialist tour operators cater for niche market holidays and specialise in
particular destinations or particular product. Mass market tour operators on the other hand cater
to the needs of a group of people at a time so that a holiday package can be made at best prices
giving the best quality of services. Integration of mass market and specialist tour operators can
help in increasing the scope of tourism and also best quality of services can be provided to
customers (Snyman, 2015). It can also help in expanding the tourism market in UK which will
also help in economic development of the country with increased employment opportunities.
PART 2
Different stages and components for creating package holiday
Creation of holiday package involves following steps so that customers can be given
satisfactory services and products and high value can be created for them:
 Market research: Market research is done so that the requirement of tour package can be
determined along with understanding the key elements associated with tourist
destinations and markets. This stage help in analysing the requirement that are to be
fulfilled by tour operator like tour for students, couples, pilgrimage etc. will have
different requirements (Allahyari, Salari and Vigo, 2015) Tour itinerary development: It includes the sequences of various activities during the trip
from point of assembling to the point of departure so that a well planned tour can be
designed. This itinerary will help customers in getting informed about the places they will
visit and time required. Contracting suppliers: Negotiation of prices is done with many vendors depending on
the nature and size of tour like airlines, lodging facilities, car rentals, hotel etc. This stage
will determine the total cost of tour package which will be different depending on their
requirements. Costing of tour package: It is the cost of all the individual ingredients involved in tour
package after adding profit margins by company. This help in determining the total cost
of tour package so that customers can purchase them based on their affordability. Brochure production: After finalising the cost of tour package brochures are formed that
help in marketing the brochures to target customers. The brochure will help in making
tour package look attractive so that sales can be increased.

 Marketing and sale: With the help of advertisements and other marketing strategies
target customers are attracted to purchase tour packages so that sales can increase. This
will help in attracting a large number of customers and increasing company profits.
 Critical path analysis: It involves identification of time for finishing all activities along
with their dependencies on each other. This help in determining the time required to
complete each of the stage so that best services are offered to customers.
Timescale of each of the above activities is given below:
Activities 1 to 10
Day
10 to
14
Day
15 to
30 Day
30 to
38 Day
39 to
52Day
52 to
65 Day
65 to
78 Day
78 to
90 Day
Market research
Capacities
Contracting supplier
and pricing
Brochure production
and marketing with sales
Critical path analysis
Forecasting change in customer demand
With the changing market conditions the needs and wants of customers change over the
course of time. It is important that the needs and wants of customers are well traced so that a
demand forecast can be done which will help in satisfying the needs of customers in an efficient
manner. Forecasting can be done based on a close study of the past patterns of customers needs
so that their future needs can be predicted. Following are factors which can change customer
demands: Economic factors: These are the changing economic conditions of nations which also
affect the purchasing power of customers which create an affect on the travel and tourism
business. If the economic conditions are strong then people can afford to travel to various
destinations which help in the growth of tour operator businesses. It also help in
determining the cost of holiday package which the company must offer to its customers.

The companies must monitor the economic conditions prevailing in the country so that
profitable holiday packages can be designed (Bazargan, 2016).
 Social factors: These factors are related with the demographics of a country like age, sex,
caste etc. which also determine their standard of living and affect their preference to
spend their money on leisure and tourism activities. The increasing trend of travel and
tourism can create a positive impact on the sales of tour operators as many people are
spending on getting leisure and tourism activities. These trends must be closely followed
by TUI so that the demand of tourism can be forecasted.
The other ways in which customer demand can change depends on the following factors:
 Capacity and contracting: The ability of tour operator to manage contracts with suppliers
so that best quality of services can be provided to customers based on their budget and
requirement affects the demand of customer. Also the capacity of making arrangements
for a group of travellers also affects the demand of customers for tour operators.
 Pricing: It is important that the tour packages are priced based on the quality of services,
number of days for which tour is planned, number of people etc. so that they can be given
with services which can help in enhancing the satisfaction and also building their trust in
the company (Guo and He, 2012).
Holiday package for educational tour
Package name: Educational tour package
Target audience: Adult student market (over 18 age group)
Target places: Students from London, UK to Belgium
Number of students targeted: 50
Inclusions: Tour for 7 nights in Ghent at Van der Valk Hotel, Nazareth-Ghent
Price:
Particulars Cost
Luxury coach (includes cost of two drivers, a
tour manager, fuel and ferry taxes) £7,600
Visitor attraction charges £2500
Cost of local tour guide £860

Total £10960
Profit margin of 25%
Total £13700
Marketing and sales: The marketing will be done by company on social media websites, in
schools and colleges through brochures and through advertisements on TV and radio.
PART 3
Review of a range of package tour programmes
Package tours are holidays which are a combination of variety of services that are offered
during the tour to the customers like accommodation, transport, food and beverages etc. These
package tours are a combination of all the components related with travel and tour so that
complete holidays of customers can be well planned and organized. These tour packages are
formed based on the requirements of the customers that are involved in tour and are tailor made
so as to suite to the needs and requirements of customers (B. DiPietro, Cao and Partlow, 2013).
TUI is a mass market tour operator which means that it makes holiday packages for a group of
people at a time so that customers can be given quality products and services during their tour.
Following are the ways in which TUI can focus on the same target market i.e. a group of students
above 18 years of age and the package tour programme is for educational tour: Traditional brochures: A brochure is a printed document which is designed in such a
way that it can help in attracting customers towards the information that is contained in
the brochures. These are designed in such a way that they can be folded and kept in
pocket sized folders. These are distributed by the company at various locations free of
cost by the way of newspaper inserts, distributed manually at high traffic locations etc.
so that a large number of people can be reached. A brochure contains summary of the
information which can be written in an attractive style by highlighting the main content

so that customers attention can be gained. TUI can use traditional brochures and
distribute them manually outside colleges so that their target audience i.e. students above
18 years of age can be reached (Luis, Dolinskaya and Smilowitz, 2012). E-brochures: These are digital version of traditional brochures which can be made more
attractive and can be circulated to a large number of target customers with the use of
internet. These are more interactive and can be made more creative so as to seek the
attention of target customers by the way of 3D printing and usage of multimedia. These
brochures are more effective as they are both time and cost effective and can reach to a
large number of prospects who can further be converted into actual customers. TUI can
use e-brochures so as to attract students who are more involved in usage of internet and
can be attracted easily towards the tour package programme of company regarding
educational tour.

The above brochure is designed to attract students above 18 years of age by TUI by
forming a tour package programme which will help in giving information to them about the
activities that will be involved during tour. The above brochure is a 4 page leaflet which give
detailed information top students so that they can know about the activities that will be done
while tour, the places which will be visited along with the costing of tour to students. This
brochure has a detailed content relating to the complete time that will be involved in completing
the tour. This brochure is though expensive as it involves costing of paper and designing which
can increase the advertising cost of company (Naji-Azimi and et. al., 2012). However, TUI can
attract students to buy its holiday package as detailed information is included along with utilising
the space of brochure in an attractive manner.

The above brochure is a 3-fold brochure which is circulated by Trailfinders which is a
British travel company based in UK and Ireland. In its brochure most of the space is covered by
images which wastes the space of brochure and also makes the brochure unnecessarily big. This
brochure although is attractive and interactive by the use of images it can affect the quality of
message that is to be delivered to students. The students might not take the package tour
seriously which might affect the sales of company and will also waste the number of brochures
created. However it contains almost all the information that are required by students it lacks the
information about the cost that will be involved in complete tour. This might affect the decision-
making of students. Also as the target market is students above 18 years of age the brochure must
be made in a way that is more serious in nature.
Comparison and contrast of package tour programmes
It can be seen from the above tour packages that when they are created to attract a similar
target market there are many similarities in the tour packages. As the above brochures are created

so as to provide luxury holiday experience for students who are above 18 years of age. These
brochures aim at providing tour to students so that their knowledge related to placers they will
visit can be enhanced. Also the accommodation facilities and transportation that are included are
of high quality so that luxurious experience of travel and tourism can be provided to the students.
It can also be seen from the brochures that they target at students belonging to high income
families who can afford luxurious educational tours so that their comfort and experience can be
enhanced. These brochures also indicate that the companies which are organising these tours
work on a large scale and have tour budget so that their customers can be provided with best
quality of services and products (Moutinho, 2011).
However, there also exist many differences in the brochures of companies which target
same group of customers i.e. students above 18 years of age. The brochures target on tour
programmes which are suitable for educational tours so that their trip can be made
knowledgeable. The brochures have many differences like:
 The brochure of TUI is more informative as it is 3-folded and all the leaves of brochure
contains detailed information regarding the places that will be visited, cost of visiting
each place, accommodation services etc. In case of other brochure of Travelfinders which
is also 3 folded but out of the 3 leaves only 1 leaf is informative and the 2 others are full
of images which is wasting the space of brochure.
 The brochure of TUI is more informative than attractive but in the case of Travelfinders
the brochure is more attractive than informative.
 TUI circulates its brochure both in the form of traditional brochures which are physically
distributed and also it circulates e-brochures which can help it in reaching to a large
number of its target customers. Travelfinders only sell its brochures in the traditional
form which can affect its sales ratio as compared to TUI.
 The brochure of TUI will help it in attracting a large number of customers due to the
strong brand image of company ion organising mass tours which means that the
brochures will help in gaining company objectives more quickly. In the case of
Travelfinders it will find it difficult to attract customers just based on its brochures which
means that it will have to include other marketing practices so as to attract customers.

Evaluation of a range of package tour programmes
From the above comparison and contrast of two company's brochures which give details
about the tour packages aiming at conducting an educational tour for students above 18 years of
age it can be concluded that the package tour programme of TUI is more attractive than
Travelfinders. The brochures of TUI are more informative which give detailed information to
students regarding the tour that they will become part of. This will help them in taking better
decisions in purchasing the tour programme package. TUI is a well known mass market tour
operator which organises tour for a group of people at a time by purchasing components of travel
and tourism from suppliers and combining them to form affordable tour packages. The brochure
of TUI can attract a large number of students as the information that is contained in brochure
gives detail about transportation, accommodation, car rentals etc. which will give luxurious
experience to the students. This will help in achieving the trust of customers and increasing the
sales of company by providing them with high quality of service (Cook, Hsu and Marqua, 2014).
Thus it can be said that apart from the attractiveness of brochure the content written in it
also help in determining its usefulness in attracting customers. It is important that brochure is
made in such a way that it can deliver a brief summary of the package tour and also attract the
attention of customers by including essential information related to package.
PART 4
Exploration of strategic and tactical decision-making in tour operations
Strategic decisions are made by companies by evaluating the environment in which
company functions so that a competitive advantage can be gained in the market by changing the
overall scope and direction of the company. These decisions are made to achieve long-term
objectives of company so that it can survive sustainably in the market with changing market
conditions and can optimise its profitability, sales, performance, customer satisfaction etc. Tactic
decisions are made by company so as to achieve short-term objectives of company which will
help it in dealing with momentary situations. These tactical decisions are made so that strategic
goals of company can be achieved. Following are the strategic decisions that are made in tour
operator company: Distribution decision: It is related with providing customer with services which can help
in satisfying their demands by supplying them with goods and services on time during the

tour so that high value can be created for customers. This can be done by managing
efficiently the supply chain of company so that negotiation can be done with suppliers
and prices can be negotiated so that services are provided to customers on time (Hoyos,
Morales and Akhavan-Tabatabaei, 2015). Promotional strategy: It is related with promotion of travel and tourism package
programmes which it has developed for customers so that various requirements of
customers can be well satisfied. It involves many channels such as social media
advertising, TV and radio, printed brochures etc. which can help in strengthening the
brand image of company. Also it will help in attracting a large number of customers so
that company sales can increase. Consumer relation: It is related with maintaining good and long-term relations with
customers by providing them with services which can help in enhancing their experience.
Also the company must keep in touch with customers so that offers and discounts on
tours can be regularly conveyed to them (Robinso, Heitmann and Dieke, 2011).
 Pricing strategy: These are the decisions related to costing the tour package based on the
number of suppliers involved along with the quality of services given to customers. The
pricing of package must be done on reasonable basis so that high customer satisfaction
can be achieved.
 Image of tour operator: Also it is important that company focus on building strong brand
image by giving high quality of services to customers as brand image can help it in
gaining a competitive advantage in the market and also attracting a large number of
customers.
Tactical decisions on the other hand are the decisions which are made by company on a daily
basis so that day-to-day operations and functions can be efficiently carried out. These decisions
help company in dealing with situations like competition, price wars, fuel pricing, yield
management, maximizing occupancy of contracted beds etc. Also they help in dealing with
change in situations in an efficient manner so that change in market conditions cannot affect
company in a negative manner. Following are the decisions made by TUI on a regular basis:
 Competition: In order to deal with competition in market tactical decisions that are made
by TUI are improving their quality of services, discounting the prices, giving seasonal

offers, extra facilities and services given to customers etc. These strategies help in
dealing with competition in an efficient manner on a regular basis.
 Tactical marketing: These decisions relate to promotion of tour packages by TUI so that
customer attraction can be gained which can help in increasing the sales of company. It
also help in improving the brand image of company.
 Price wars: These decisions are related with reducing the price of tour products and
holiday packages by improving the operations of company so that cost of company can
be decreased which can help in lowering its prices. Tactical decisions can help the
company in becoming price leader in the market so that customers can be attracted.
 Optimum utilisation of seats: These decisions are related with utilising the limited
number of seats in transportation, accommodation etc. can be utilised in the most
efficient manner. This involves taking timely decisions which can help in making
bookings based on the number of customers who have availed for tour package.
 Yield management: These decisions are related with maximising the yield of company
which is possible when the profits are more than investment involved. It also include
efforts in maximising the usage of available resources in the most efficient manner so that
profits can be maximised (Scherrer, Smith and Dowling, 2011).
Assessment of external factors affecting decisions
There are various external factors which affect the strategic and tactical decisions of
company so that the decisions can be made in accordance with the effect they create on
business. Following are some factors which affect company decisions:
 Political: These factors are related with political situation of a country which affect
the decisions of company so that the rules and regulations of government can be
followed. The political factors affect the tax system, trade tariffs etc. which affect
business of company and decisions are made in such a way that fluctuation in these
factors does not affect company. UK is politically stable country which means that
the rules and regulations of country remain stable which help TUI in taking stable
decisions so that company profits can increase.
 Natural and man-made disaster: These are the factors which affect decisions of
company due to occurrence of natural or man-made disasters like landslides,
earthquakes, road accidents etc. which affect the business of tour operator in a

country. It is important that TUI make decisions which help in making profits even
when there are occurrence of disasters where company is located like shifting of
business from one location to the other.
 Currency fluctuation: These factors also affect decisions of company as the
fluctuation in exchange rates can affect the international business of company and
can make the tour packages expensive. This can affect company sales and so it is
important that such decisions are made which help in taking advantage of fluctuating
currency rates and maximising company profits like promotion of domestic tourism
by company.
 Peak season: The seasons also affect customer demand to make tour to destinations
so it is important that TUI make decisions which can help it in gaining a large
number of customers in all the seasons. The tactical decisions are made in such a
way that peak seasons can help in taking company sales to maximum.
Evaluation of strategic and tactical decisions made by TUI
TUI Group consistently pursue growth by managing all its business segments so that better
decisions can be made and a strong brand image can be created in market. The company
has an access to tourism value chain which makes its services high in quality. Also the
company is present in almost all the destinations of world so that they can meet customer
demands based on their needs and wants. The company is present in almost 100 countries
so that it can achieve a competitive edge in the market by increasing its market size so that
a strong brand image can be created.
It is however recommended that company focus more on promoting domestic
tourism which will help in economic development of domestic area and also help in
increasing employment opportunities in local market. This will help it in gaining high
support domestically which is important so that government can help in providing further
support for business expansion.
CONCLUSION
From the above report it can be concluded that travel and tourism industry is increasing at a
faster rate and also the importance of tour operator is increasing. Tour operators play an
important in tailoring tour packages as per the requirements of customers so that high

customer satisfaction can be achieved. There are various stages that are involved in creating
a package holiday so that tour of customers can be made comfortable and also they can be
provided with various information related to tour package. It also help in forecasting the
demand of customers in the future. There are various ways which customers are attracted
towards buying tour package like brochures, advertisements etc. The success of tour
operator depend on strategic and tactical decisions of company so that changing market
situations so not negatively affect company profits and brand image.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Dodaro, C. and et. al., 2015, August. Allotment problem in travel industry: A solution based on
ASP. In International Conference on Web Reasoning and Rule Systems (pp. 77-92).
Springer, Cham.
Ghaderi, Z., Mat Som, A.P. and Henderson, J.C., 2015. When disaster strikes: The Thai floods
of 2011 and tourism industry response and resilience. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism
Research .20(4). pp.399-415.
Goffi, G., Masiero, L. and Pencarelli, T., 2018. Rethinking sustainability in the tour-operating
industry: Worldwide survey of current attitudes and behaviors. Journal of cleaner
production .183. pp.172-182.
Ivanova, S., Klimova, I. and Rozanova, T., 2018, June. Regulatory issues facing tourism
industry in contemporary Russia. In Financial and Economic Tools Used in the World
Hospitality Industry-Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Management
and Technology in Knowledge, Service, Tourism and Hospitality, SERVE (Vol. 2017,
pp. 115-119).
Manente, M., Minghetti, V. and Mingotto, E., 2015. Corporate social responsibility in the
tourism industry: How to improve CSR through reporting systems. In Tourism and
Leisure (pp. 307-322). Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden.
Mukhametzyanova, F.G. And et. al., 2018. Research on Information Technologies in the
Tourism Industry. Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores .6.
Snyman, J.A., 2015. Hotel industry: forming a strategic alliance with tourism service providers.
Collaboration in tourism businesses and destinations: a handbook, Emerald, Bingley,
UK, pp.111-121.
Winter, J., 2017. Spatial division of competencies and local upgrading in the automotive
industry: Conceptual considerations and empirical findings from Poland. In Globalising
Worlds and New Economic Configurations (pp. 113-124). Routledge.
Allahyari, S., Salari, M. and Vigo, D., 2015. A hybrid metaheuristic algorithm for the multi-
depot covering tour vehicle routing problem. European Journal of Operational Research.
242(3). pp.756-768.
Bazargan, M., 2016. Airline operations and scheduling. Routledge.
Guo, X. and He, L., 2012. Tourism
supply-chain coordination: The cooperation between tourism hotel and tour operator. Tourism
Economics. 18(6). pp.1361-1376.
B. DiPietro, R., Cao, Y. and Partlow, C., 2013. Green practices in upscale foodservice
operations: Customer perceptions and purchase intentions. International Journal of
Contemporary Hospitality Management. 25(5). pp.779-796.
Luis, E., Dolinskaya, I. S. and Smilowitz, K. R., 2012. Disaster relief routing: Integrating
research and practice. Socio-economic planning sciences. 46(1). pp.88-97.
Naji-Azimi, Z. and et. al., 2012. A covering tour approach to the location of satellite distribution
centers to supply humanitarian aid. European Journal of Operational Research. 222(3).
pp.596-605.
Moutinho, L. ed., 2011. Strategic management in tourism. Cabi.
Ţigu, G. and Călăreţu, B., 2013. Supply chain management performance in tourism. Continental
hotels chain case. Amfiteatru Economic Journal. 15(33). pp.103-115.

Cook, R. A., Hsu, C. H. and Marqua, J. J., 2014. Tourism: the business of hospitality and travel.
USA: Pearson.
Hoyos, M. C., Morales, R. S. and Akhavan-Tabatabaei, R., 2015. OR models with stochastic
components in disaster operations management: A literature survey. Computers &
Industrial Engineering. 82. pp.183-197.
Robinson, P., Heitmann, S. and Dieke, P. U. eds., 2011. Research themes for tourism. CABI.
Scherrer, P., Smith, A. J. and Dowling, R. K., 2011. Visitor management practices and
operational sustainability: Expedition cruising in the Kimberley, Australia. Tourism
Management. 32(5). pp.1218-1222.
Online
How is the Industry Trending in the UK? .2020. [Online]. Available through:
<https://www.ibisworld.com/united-kingdom/market-research-reports/tour-operators-industry/>