Physiological Principles

This document discusses the main anatomical features of the human body, how body systems interact to ensure body functions and growth, and how the body coordinates its internal activities. It also explains the recording and use of routine measures in health and social care. Subject: Physiological Principles

12: Physiological
Principles

Contents
L O1.................................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Outline the main anatomical features of the human body.....................................................1
1.2 Discuss how body systems interact to ensure the body functions and grow.........................1
L O2.................................................................................................................................................2
2.1 Explain how the body responds to everyday activities..........................................................2
2.2 Discuss how body responses are explained in cells, tissues and physiology........................3
2.3 Explain how the body coordinated its internal activities.......................................................4
L O3.................................................................................................................................................4
3.1 Explain the recording and use of routine measures in health and social care.......................4
3.2 Assess how routine measures provide information about body functioning.........................5
3.3 Examine how information about body functioning may inform care planning for
individuals....................................................................................................................................6
LO 4.................................................................................................................................................7
4.1 explain how age may affect body structure and functioning.................................................7
4.2 Assess the impact of common disorders on body functioning..............................................8
4.3 Relate the effects of common disorders and infections to the care routinely given to
individuals affected by them........................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

L O1
1.1 Outline the main anatomical features of the human body
Humans have the main five organs which are really essential for the survival. The features
consist of brain, heart, kidneys, liver and lungs. Brain controls the majority of the functions in
body. It receives and send signal to the other parts of human body with the help of nervous
system. This part also consists of secreted hormones. There are various biological systems which
is been used in order to carry out the various functions. The main task of circulatory system is to
transfer blood and nutrients in the whole human body. The human digestive system has so many
organs which has been connected together and it also allows the body to break and absorb waste
so that the waste can be removed from the body (Schwaiberger and et.al., 2018). There are
various features of the human body and all the features and organs have different body functions.
All these functions performed by the human body is really important. The nervous and endocrine
system works together to maintain the homeostatic. It assists in secreting the hormones and also
help in regulating these activities. The nervous system is responsible for the coordination and
controlling of all the body parts. It has also been analysed that the muscular system provides
support to the body and helps in movement of the bones. The lymphatic system in body fights
with the disease and act as a defending mechanism. The nervous system is also responsible for
the thoughts and feelings which is been developed inside the human body.
1.2 Discuss how body systems interact to ensure the body functions and grow.
It has been analysed from the research that body functions interact with each other so that
they can grow (Boyles and et.al., 2019). The nervous system is being involved in maintaining all
the activities of body. The activities like this can be maintained by endocrine system by secreting
hormones. Both nervous and endocrine system functions together the organ systems supply body
cells with all the substances they need and eliminate their wastes. The cardio-vascular, urinary
and lymphatic functions also work together and it assists the body in controlling the water
balance. It has been analysed that cardiovascular and lymphatic system has been provided with
the transferring of fluids in the human body and also it assists in sensing both solute and water
levels which helps in regulating pressure. There are two systems in the human body which works
closely with one another it is respiratory and cardio-vascular system. In this the heart and blood
vessels remove the deoxygenated blood from and also transfer the oxygenated blood. The
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nervous and endocrine system also works together. They are both engaged in controlling the
movements during the time of rest and exercise. There are various physiological processes which
are been involved in controlling the movement. The nervous and endocrine system works
together to maintain the homeostatic. It assists in secreting the hormones and also help in
regulating these activities. It supports in eliminating the body waste.
L O2
2.1 Explain how the body responds to everyday activities
The body responds to everyday activities such as breathing, eating and physical activity.
When any individual eats, it has been analysed that the human body starts keeping insulin. It is
known as the hormone which can be used so that the blood sugar level be in control. It has also
been evaluated that insulin is created with the help of pancreas. The body when starts eating, the
more insulin is being released and it is being done in lieu of carbohydrates which are been
presented in the meal. When the body digests the carbohydrates they got into the blood streams
just as glucose so that the blood sugar level can be kept in control. The cells in the body can use
some of the glucose even for energy (Basile, Russo and Leone, 2018). It has been analysed that
the body responds in various ways when the physical activity is being done by the body. It has
been evaluated that exercise also assists in making the blood vessels and capillaries to expand.
This can help in maximising the volume of blood which is been pumped by the heart. The body
responds in positive way when engaged in doing the physical exercise. The strength of muscle is
also being increases this is how body respond when doing or engaging in doing the physical
exercise. The principle of filtration is being used by the kidneys. They have been engaged in
filtering out the waste particles from the human body. The principle of filtration in human body
assists in controlling the blood pressure which is most important in the human body. The red
blood cell count is also being kept under controlled when the function of filtration is being done.
Selective reabsorption is that procedure which consists of the molecules so that capillaries are
been filtered out and also the nitrogenous waste inside the body is been carried out. This function
is really essential in the human body and also the waste is being carried out through urea. These
are the defined ways in which the body relates to the day to day activities. It has also been
analysed that the human body is also been engaged in performing the gaseous exchange in lungs.
Carbon dioxide from the lungs and blood stream is been carried outside the human body. It is
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really important for the body to be engaged in gaseous exchange as it helps in gaining energy
from the organic molecules. It is really important.
2.2 Discuss how body responses are explained in cells, tissues and physiology
Epithelial and connective tissues replace damaged or dead cells from a supply of adult stem
cells. It has also been analysed that body response in various ways to the muscles and bones. The
muscles in human body are basically been controlled by the nervous system or even by the brain.
The cerebellum in the human body is been provided with the responsibility for the movement of
muscles that has been ordered by the motor cortex (Pauly and Cheung, 2018). The gaseous
exchange consists of the activities like they are been involved in transferring the oxygen from the
lungs to the bloodstream and the carbon dioxide is also being eliminated from the bloodstream
and is been carried to lungs. It occurs between alveoli and tiny vessels of bloods. The bone
cellular structure is being made up of osteons and it is being located in the space which is known
as lacunae. Bone in the human body also perform various functions such as protection of tissues,
calcium and phosphate storage. The outer shield of bone is being covered with the fibrous
membrane. This provides protection to the inner surface of the bone. It is one of the most
important organ in human body which assists the movement in the human body. The bones also
act as a storage area for the minerals and calcium. It supports the body to move from one
position to the other. It also has the other function which consist of harbouring of bone marrow.
Bones basically have their own blood vessels and are been created with the help of living cells.
There are minerals and vitamins because of which the bones are been made (Grände and
Reinstrup, 2020). It has been analysed that one of the main function of the small intestine is the
absorption of the nutrients. Special cells are being made inside the body which assists in
absorbing the nutrients. They help in crossing the special lining in the blood stream. It is really
important to absorb the nutrient as it enters the blood stream and also it assists in entering the
blood stream, so that they can be transferred to different part of brain and other organ. It is
responsible for better functioning of these organs. It assists body in fighting the deficiency and
disease. Bone in the human body also perform various functions such as protection of tissues,
calcium and phosphate storage. This provides protection to the inner surface of the bone. It is one
of the most important organ in human body which assists the movement in the human body.
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2.3 Explain how the body coordinated its internal activities
The human body coordinates its internal activities for the proper functioning of the body.
The coordination with the heart rate is been done by nervous system. The endocrine system is
mainly responsible for having coordination with the functions performed by internal organs.
Hormones has the main function of controlling the blood cells. The hormones which are been
released by the blood is basically been controlled by stimulus. The internal body temperature is
being regulated by the small part in brain basically known as hypothalamus. This part has the
function of measuring the body temperature of human (Walker, Scamell and Parker, 2016). It
also compares the temperature of body with the normal one. This part has the basic responsibility
that body remains and maintain the temperature. The medulla oblongata is the primary
respiratory control center. One of the main function of this organ is to send signals so that the
rate of respiration can be in control. This function assist in saving individual from various type of
respiratory disease. Its main function is to send signals so that the oxygen can be send and also it
can help in keeping the breathing in control. It has also been analyzed that heart rate in human
body is been control by the two branches. It has been controlled by the sympathetic nervous
system and para sympathetic nervous system. It releases the hormones so that the heart rate can
be controlled. It is really necessary to control the heart rate as it assists in saving the patient from
development of various type of heart disease. The sympathetic nerve can also increase the heart
beat in human body. The parasympathetic nerve can control the rate of heart when the body is in
resting position. This is the way because of which the heart rate is been controlled. The human
body is also been engaged in controlling the blood sugar level. In this the blood sugar level is
mainly been controlled by pancreas, insulin and glucagon. These assists in coordinating the
activities in human body. It is also responsible for various other functions. This part has the
function of measuring the body temperature of human. It also compares the temperature of body
with the normal one.
L O3
3.1 Explain the recording and use of routine measures in health and social care.
There is various use of routine measures such as visual observation, measurement of heart,
respiratory rate done by health care professionals. The heart rate is being checked and recorded
by health care professionals in order to check the pulse rate of patients. It assists health care
professionals in analysing whether the patient is not being suffering from any type of severe
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heart related problem or cardiovascular problem (Hopkins and Wagner, 2017). The respiratory
rate is being recorded by the health care professionals to know about the number of breathes
which has been taken per minute. This rate can be increased because of the fever or illness. It can
severely affect the health condition of patient. The visual recording is being done to have idea
about the disease of patient. There are tremendous use of measuring and recording respiratory
rate, heart rate, food and fluid intake. These measurements can assist the health care
professionals in providing high quality of treatment to them. The urine test can assist the nurses
in knowing about whether the patient is being suffering from urinary tract information. In this
they will be able to know about the chronic kidney disease. It can also assist them in knowing
about the renal disease and also it can assist them in analysing the urine at abnormal levels. Thus,
the routine monitoring and measures are really essential in analysing the exact condition of
patients. The measurement of respiratory rate can assist in knowing about and identifying the
high risk patients. This assessment can assist in reducing down the risk of death in patients. It
will also help health care professional in enhancing the health outcome of patients. The
respiratory rate is really important to be measured as it helps in helping the human body to
maintain the oxygen level. The measurement of fluid and food intake is also being done by the
health care professionals. It will assist to maintain the oxygen delivery to the tissue. RR can be
measured quickly with the help of instruments.
3.2 Assess how routine measures provide information about body functioning
The routine measures provide in-depth information about the functioning related to the
body. It has bene analysed that health care professionals have provided the details that there are
various benefits of measuring the respiratory rate (Ihdayhid and et.al., 2019). It helps in knowing
about the detreating conditions of patients and it will support health care professionals in
providing best treatment to patient so that their health outcome can be enhanced and improved.
The measurement of respiratory rate also helps in identifying the high risk patients and the
patients who are at chances of getting the cardiac arrest. This information’s are really useful for
health care professionals. By this they can get engaged in providing the evidence based treatment
to patients so that their health outcome improves. It can be said that routine measures are really
necessary in order to know about the patients exact health care conditions. There are also various
advantages related to when blood pressure is being measured. It can assist health care
professionals in knowing about whether the patient is being suffering from any type of heart
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disease or not. The further treatment of health care professional is based on these routine
measures. They provide the exact information of health conditions of patients. These are the
benefits of routine measure done to the patients. Dietary intake can be assessed by objective
observation using a duplicate diet. The fluid intake assessment is really important as it provides
nurses with adequate information which can be used for the further treatment of patients. It is
really significant as it helps in knowing about the type of malnutrition which has been faced by
the patient. It can also help health care professional in knowing whether the patient or individual
is been suffering from diabetes. It has been analysed that suitable diet will help patient in saving
themselves from developing further life threatening disease. The urine test can also be taken by
the health care professionals and it assist them in analysing about whether the patient is been
suffering from urinary tract infection or not.
3.3 Examine how information about body functioning may inform care planning for individuals
Health care professionals must be engaged in making care plans for the patients so that
better treatment can be provided to them. It has been analysed that health care professionals
needs to be engaged in following the ethical consideration. In this they must make sure that
treatment is been provided to patients after taking consent from them (Onoda and Wright, 2018).
They also need to make sure that the privacy of patient is been maintained. The health care
professionals must not be engaged in sharing patient’s personal information to others. If the
patients are in critical condition multi-disciplinary team can also be involved so that evidence
based treatment can be provided to patient. This will assist them in enhancing the health outcome
of patients. The care plan described the health care professional is being based on the body
functioning. Nurses will be engaged in monitoring and analysing the needs of patients and based
on their conditions, the treatment will be provided to them. It has also been analysed that while
providing treatment the health care professional will be engaged in following the ethical
considerations. The routine check-up can be done by nurses and by this they can analyse whether
there has been a need for emergency or not. When providing the treatment to patients, it has bene
evaluated that health care professionals must also be engaged in maintaining the dignity of
patients and the individual rights needs to be followed. Nurses needs to be transparent and share
true information with the patients as they have all right to know about their condition and also
about what disease they are facing. They should also be engaged in sharing the information to
the patient’s family members. All these measures needs to be taken by the nurses and health care
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professionals when dealing with the patient. The information related to respiratory rate, heart rate
can also be taken by the health care professional. This will assist them in procedure of planning
and also it will assist them in providing with better care and treatment process. This will also
assist them in enhancing the health outcome of patients who are suffering from various type of
diseases. In the care planning, health care professionals also need to take care about the various
infection control measures when they have been treating patients. In this they can make sure that
one injection is been given to only single patient. This will assist them in reducing the chances of
having infectious disease in future. It will assist in enhancing the health outcome of patients.
LO 4
4.1 explain how age may affect body structure and functioning
Increasing age has been shown to negatively affect the cellular and molecular processes
throughout the different stages of bone fracture healing. In this the patient faces the situation of
the inflammatory regulation. It has been analysed from the research that age has serious effect on
the structure of body and also on their functioning process. The impact of aging can be seen in
cells, tissues and organs (Panov and et.al., 2017). It has been analysed that during the time of old
age the cells become larger and they are less able to divide and multiply. It has also been
analysed that aging severely affects the working of joints and bones. There are also changes
which can be seen in connective tissues. They become more stiff. It has also been analysed that
so many of the cells has lost their strength to function properly during the time of aging. During
the time of aging the tissue also lose mass. They can also become lumpy (St Clair Gibson, Swart
and Tucker, 2018). There is various age related changes which can be faced by patient when they
are growing older. The cells in whole body changes when the person is of old age. During the old
age there is also the decrease in production of natural and the old age person can face problem of
skin becoming dry and dark. These are the basic problems which can be faced when the person
starts becoming old. The skin of the person can also be becoming lumpy when they are growing
old. It has also been analysed that with the old age the body become weak and also patient can
face problem related to breathing. In the old age the wrinkles and skin tag can also be seen and
these are really normal. During the old age connective tissues supports the other tissues and they
also bind them together. All these chances can be seen with the increase in age. There are also
various physical signs which are been related to the ageing. The ageing occurs in all type of body
cells, tissues and organs and all these changes can also affect the functioning of body system.
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The body starts detonating when the person is above the age of forty. There are also various
physiological changes which appears when the old age comes. There are chances that output of
cardiac reduces in body. In this the blood pressure can also increase, these are all physiological
changes which can be seen when the body starts aging. The lung can also show impaired and
exchange and there can be a problem in breathing and respiration which can be faced by the
people of older age. A lot more care of body is been required in the older age. It can also show
slower exploratory flow rates.
4.2 Assess the impact of common disorders on body functioning
The common disorder which has been selected is cardio-vascular disorder. It has severe
impact on the functioning of the human body. The disease in heart can have social, physical and
psychological impact on the patient who has been suffering from it (Brusasco and
Barisione,2019). It has been analysed that because of this disease, the physical ability of patient
is lost. They are also not being able to perform day to day life properly. The patient can become
depressed and stressed. They are also not being allowed to consumer more liquor or cigars. It has
also been analysed that the coronary heart disease has severely affected the society as by
increasing the overall depression rate and also reducing down the overall soundness of people
who have been suffering from this disease. The physiological body functions are also being
affected when the patient is being going through the heart disease. It has been evaluated that
Heart disease affects the respiratory system by causing irregularities in the way fluid is carried
away from the lungs. The patients suffering from the problem of heart disease can also go
through the problem of personality changes. They can face issues like anxiety and depression. In
UK it has can be said that about 50% of the patients who have been suffering from the coronary
heart disease has some symptoms related to depression and it has also been said that up to 20%
of these patients has develop the major depressing symptoms. These are the social, physical and
psychological factors which can be faced by patient when they are developing these type of
disease. In this disease the fatty deposits inside the arteries increases the risk of blood clot. This
can affect the functioning of body severely. It can also reduce the health outcome of patient who
have been suffering from the problem of coronary heart disease. This can also produce the
damage to other human organ such as the kidneys, eyes and brain.
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4.3 Relate the effects of common disorders and infections to the care routinely given to
individuals affected by them
During the time of treating cardio vascular disease the health care professional must be
engaged in taking care of the infection control. Health care professionals must be engaged in
making sure that proper hygiene is been maintained so that health condition of patient is being
improved. They also need to make sure that utensils and syringe are separately been used for the
different patients so that no infection arises in patient’s body. For this the health care
professionals must be engaged in doing proper care planning. This will assist them in reducing
the effects of cardio-vascular disease in patient’s body. The coronary heart disease can also be
treated by providing proper drugs and medicines (Sharma, 2018). The medicines must be
prescribed the health care professionals as certain medicines also have the negative and the side
effect. There is various type of drugs which can be provided by health care professionals like for
example they can provide patients suffering from heart disease with cholesterol modifying
medications. These medications can help the patients in controlling the amount of cholesterol in
their body so that the risk related to facing heart attack can be reduced. The health care
professionals can also be engaged in providing the patient with Beta blockers. This drug can be
used to treat the heart related problems. This drug can be used to opening the veins and arteries
so that the blood flow increases. This will assist the patient in overcoming the problem related to
heart and enhance their health outcome.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Hopkins, S.R. and Wagner, P.D., 2017. MIGET: Basic Physiological Principles. In The Multiple
Inert Gas Elimination Technique (MIGET) (pp. 13-52). Springer, Boston, MA.
Brusasco, V. and Barisione, G., 2019. Tests of Lung Function: Physiological Principles and
Interpretation. In Exercise and Sports Pulmonology (pp. 37-53). Springer, Cham.
Boyles, J.G. and et.al., 2019. An oversimplification of physiological principles leads to flawed
macroecological analyses. Ecology and Evolution, 9(21), pp.12020-12025.
Pauly, D. and Cheung, W.W., 2018. Sound physiological knowledge and principles in modeling
shrinking of fishes under climate change. Global change biology, 24(1), pp.e15-e26.
Ihdayhid, A. and et.al., 2019. Validation of Physiological Principles of Non-Invasive Fractional
Flow Reserve. Heart, Lung and Circulation, 28, p.S437.
St Clair Gibson, A., Swart, J. and Tucker, R., 2018. The interaction of psychological and
physiological homeostatic drives and role of general control principles in the regulation
of physiological systems, exercise and the fatigue process–The Integrative Governor
theory. European journal of sport science, 18(1), pp.25-36.
Sharma, H., 2018. Correlation of physiological principles of Ayurveda with spin types of
quantum physics. Annals Ayurvedic Med, 7(3-4), pp.72-74.
Panov, F. and et.al., 2017. Intraoperative electrocorticography for physiological research in
movement disorders: principles and experience in 200 cases. Journal of
neurosurgery, 126(1), pp.122-131.
Onoda, Y. and Wright, I.J., 2018. The leaf economics spectrum and its underlying physiological
and anatomical principles. In The leaf: a platform for performing photosynthesis (pp.
451-471). Springer, Cham.
Walker, S., Scamell, M. and Parker, P., 2016. Principles of physiological breech birth practice: a
Delphi study. Midwifery, 43, pp.1-6.
Schwaiberger, D. and et.al., 2018. Closed-loop mechanical ventilation for lung injury: a novel
physiological-feedback mode following the principles of the open lung
concept. Journal of clinical monitoring and computing, 32(3), pp.493-502.
Basile, E., Russo, G. and Leone, A.M., 2018. Principles of hemodynamics for mechanical
circulatory support: patho-physiological key aspects of assisted PCI. Minerva
cardioangiologica, 66(5), pp.600-605.
Grände, P.O. and Reinstrup, P., 2020. The Lund Therapy: A Physiological Approach.
In Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury (pp. 403-408). Springer, Cham.
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