The Role of Public Health in Health and Social Care

This document explores the role of public health in improving the condition of health and wellbeing of the public in the UK. It analyzes various strategies and approaches used to measure, review, and control diseases in different communities. It also examines the implications of diseases and illness in various communities for health care services' provision. Additionally, it analyzes factors that affect the well-being and health of individuals.

THE ROLE OF PUBLIC HEALTH IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL
CARE

Table of Contents
Introduction............................................................................................................................ 3
Task 1.................................................................................................................................... 3
Analysing various strategies and approaches that are used to measure, review and control
diseases in different communities...........................................................................................3
1.1 Describing the roles of various agencies that are used to identify different levels of
disease and health in communities.........................................................................................3
1.2 Understanding infectious and non-infectious diseases of the UK diseases with the help of
statistical data........................................................................................................................ 4
1.3 Analysing effectiveness of various strategies and approaches to managing incidence of
disease in various communities..............................................................................................8
Task 2.................................................................................................................................... 9
Understanding implications of diseases and illness in various communities for health care
services’ provision.................................................................................................................. 9
2.1 Utilising relevant research to understand approaches and priorities for providing health
care support to people............................................................................................................9
2.2 Analysing the relationship of prevalence of diseases and needs of health services to
provide support to people.....................................................................................................10
2.3 Evaluating the effect of choices of lifestyle on the future needs for health care services 11
Analysing factors that affect the well-being and health of individuals...................................11
3.1 Evaluating the well-being and health priorities of people in healthcare...........................11
3.2 Analysing effectiveness of systems, policies and strategies in Barchester Healthcare...14
3.3 Changes required improving the service provided by health organisations....................14
3.4 The service professionals in health organisation must adopt behavioural change..........15
Conclusion........................................................................................................................... 16
Reference List...................................................................................................................... 17

Introduction
Public health refers to a large area of health care and it includes protection of public from
dangerous diseases, handling inequalities of health in various communities and giving
support to people to make healthy choices. In the UK, healthcare centres, the government
and people of different communities need to work with each other effectively in order to
improve the condition of health and wellbeing of public. Proper health care services should
be provided to common people to eliminate different types of infectious and non-infectious
diseases properly. The aim of the study is to understand the role of public health in health
care in the UK. In the first section, various techniques and strategies are evaluated that are
used to measure and control diseases in different communities, in the second section,
various implications of different diseases and illness of communities are understood and in
the last section, different factors have analysed that influence the well-being and health of
the public. In Public Health England, I work as an epidemiologist and I have the
responsibility of creating a report based on the epidemiology of various diseases of the UK.
Task 1
Analysing various strategies and approaches that are used to
measure, review and control diseases in different communities
1.1 Describing the roles of various agencies that are used to
identify different levels of disease and health in communities
In the UK, various agencies such as local authorities, health trusts, the government,
commissioning groups, third sector, Public Health England, World Health Organisation play
important roles in health care services. The authority that is responsible for implementing
health activities is called National Health Service. The chief governor has the responsibility
of taking decisions related to health care activities in the UK. He is the Secretary of state
regarding all issues of health. Every governing body and department come under the
responsibility of the Secretary. He creates guidelines and gives orders to all the authorities
regarding new researches, procedures, policies related to management of disease and drug
management. The health department has the responsibility to set the action plan and
implement health policies and to work for the betterment of public health (Brett et al. 2014,
p.640). One category of National Health Service is primary care unit that takes care of public

health in case of emergency. There are many health professionals including opticians,
dentist, general practitioners and dentists who play significant roles in providing health
services to the public. Another one is the secondary care unit, which is considered a
significant sector of health service.
The role of the UK government is extremely important as well. They take initiatives and
conduct programmes in order to make people aware of negative aspects of various
dangerous diseases. If people visit official health websites of the government, they will be
able to gather enough information related various diseases and treatment.
World Health Organisation is a well-known international organisation, which is concerning
with public health of different countries. The role of WHO is to monitor health trends and
health situation of various countries including the UK (Biehl and Petryna, 2013, p.40). It also
gives leadership in certain matters that are crucial to health and gets involved in partnership
if joint action is required. WHO also determines standards, norms and promote
implementation.
In the UK, Public Health England is a health care agency, which is concerned with the public
health of that country. The role of the agency is to improve the health of the public by
promoting discussions related to health care and providing support to the action of NHS, the
UK government and other health organisations. It also provides health assistance to the
public, so that they can improve and protect their condition of health. The agency
researches, analyses and collects data in order to make improvement related to the
understanding of healthcare.
The agencies do have the surveillance for the timely investigation and the identification of
the data required for managing the public health response to the outbreak or terrorist event.
Surveillance uses health related data, which signal the sufficient probability of case or the
outbreak, which warrants further public health response.
1.2 Understanding infectious and non-infectious diseases of the UK
diseases with the help of statistical data
As an epidemiologist of a health care centre, I have the responsibility of creating a report
based on determinants, distribution of various diseases and methods of controlling those
diseases. Epidemiology refers to the study and evaluation of different patterns, reasons and
effects of the condition of health and disease of people. It helps in the study design,
evaluation and collection of data and interpretation of results. Different areas of
epidemiology include transmission, disease causation, outbreak investigation, forensic
epidemiology, disease surveillance, bio-monitoring, comparisons of various effects of
treatment and screening.

In the UK, 107,800 people were suffering from the disease of AIDS in 2013. Then almost
6,000 people of the country were diagnosed. According to Eggleston and Finkelstein (2014,
p.800), almost 26,000 people or 24% of total affected people were not aware of the AIDS
infection in that year. Approx. 42% of affected people were diagnosed with their disease late.
It indicates they were living their lives with that virus for four years. Then almost 1% of
affected people died who were diagnosed with infection of AIDS. In the report of 2016,
Public Health England concentrated on the diverse group of people who are suffering from
AIDS in the country. In case of 2015, it is seen that HIV has been spread 73% more than
that of 2006. 67% males are suffering whereas, 33 females are suffering in HIV.
Ethnicity
White
people
Black
African
Black
Caribbean
Black otherAsianMixed/other
55.2%31%3.00%2.01%.54%4.50%
(Source: Nat.org.uk, 2017)
Ages based
Under 15Aged
between (15-
24)
Aged
between (25-
34)
Aged
between (35-
49)
Aged
between (50-
64)
65 and
above
0.35%2.72%14.7%48.5%29%4.82%
(Source: Nat.org.uk, 2017)
UK distribution
England91.3%
Wales2.10%
Northern Ireland1.04&
Scotland4.70%
(Source: Nat.org.uk, 2017)
In the UK, diabetes is one of the most well known health threats and it is affecting many
people all over the country. In 1996, diabetic people’s number doubled and it was estimated
five million citizens of the country would suffer from the disease. In 2016, approx. 3.6 million
citizens of the UK were diagnosed with the dangerous disease in the country. There are
almost 1 million citizens who have Type 2 diabetes and they do not have any idea about it.
This type of problems occurs because their disease was not diagnosed properly (Rosen and

Imperato, 2015, p.44). If the condition of these people is properly managed, they will be able
live longer. The report of 2016, State of the Nation takes evidence from audit reports related
to national diabetes that cover areas of treatment targets, care processes, pregnancy, foot
care and inpatient care. The report also determines some actions that are required to
improve healthcare essentials delivery for adults and enhance care for young people and
children in the UK. Since in the year 1996, the figure has been raised to 3.5 million. The
figure shows that this number may reach to 5million by the end of 2025. More than 4 million
people have been diagnosed with diabetes in the UK.
England2,913510
Northern Ireland84,860
Wales271,310
Scotland183,340
(Source: Diabetes.co.uk, 2017)

Factsheet: Epidemiology of infectious and non-infectious diseases
Infectious disease: HIV Aids
In the UK, 107,800 people were suffering from the disease of
AIDS in 2013. Then almost 6,000 people of the country were
diagnosed Almost 26,000 people or 24% of total affected
people were not aware of the AIDS infection in that year.
Approx. 42% of affected people were diagnosed of their
disease late. It indicates they were living their lives with that
virus for four years. Then almost 1% of affected people died
who were diagnosed with infection of AIDS. In the report of
2016, Public Health England concentrated on the diverse
group of people who are suffering from AIDS in the country.
England 91.3%
Wales 2.10%
Northern
Ireland
1.04&
Scotland 4.70%
White
people
Black
African
Black
Caribbean
Black
other
Asian Mixed/other
55.2% 31% 3.00% 2.01% .54% 4.50%
Age based
Under
15
Aged
between
(15-24)
Aged
between
(25-34)
Aged
between
(35-49)
Aged
between
(50-64)
65 and
above
0.35% 2.72% 14.7% 48.5% 29% 4.82%
Non-infectious diseases: Diabetes
In the UK, diabetes is one of the most well-known health threats and it
is affecting many people all over the country. In 2016, approx. 3.6
million citizen of the UK were diagnosed with the dangerous disease in
the country.
England 91.3%
Wales 2.10%
Northern Ireland 1.04&
Scotland 4.70%
Reference List
Krachler, N. and Greer, I., (2015). When does
marketisation lead to privatisation? Profit-making in
English health services after the 2012 Health and Social
Care Act. Social Science & Medicine, 124, pp.215-223.
Diabetes.co.uk. (2017). How Many People Have
Diabetes - Diabetes Prevalence Numbers. [online]
Available at: http://www.diabetes.co.uk/diabetes-
prevalence.html [Accessed on: 30 Mar. 2017].
Nat.org.uk. (2017). UK HIV Statistics | National AIDS
Trust - NAT. Available at: http://www.nat.org.uk/we-
inform/HIV-statistics/UK-statistics [Accessed on: 30 Mar.
2017].
The report of 2016, State of the Nation takes evidence from
audit reports related to national diabetes that cover areas of
treatment targets, care processes, pregnancy, foot care and
inpatient care. The report also determines some actions that
are required to improve healthcare essentials delivery for
adults and enhance care for young people and children in the
UK. Since in the year 1996, the figure has been raised to 3.5
million. The figure shows that this number may reach to
5million by the end of 2025. More than 4 million people has
been diagnosed with diabetes in the UK.

1.3 Analysing effectiveness of various strategies and approaches
to managing incidence of disease in various communities
Various types of strategies and approaches are taken by health care centres in order to
prevent dangerous diseases such as AIDS, diabetes, obesity, health diseases. There are
mainly four types of strategies and approaches, which include surveillance, screening,
isolation and immunisation.
Moreover, isolation is a process to separate the people who are sick with contagious
diseases, in an aim not to spread to public. Moreover, as opined by (Glasby, 2017, p.41),
quarantine is a process to restricts and separate the people’s movement who might bear
contagious diseases.
Immunisation is most effective way to prevent the disease and it helps to promote good
health to public. In this reference, childhood vaccination can be a social help. In addition,
screening can be considered as a public health service that identifies the public who are
suffering from fatal diseases. The team asks questions related to the diseases and ask
about complication. This helps in not spreading of the diseases further.
Public health agencies can do surveillance in a systematic way that is the analysis and
collection of health-related information. When the surveillance is done, the interpretation of
data helps in implementing the required practices in community. Health care centres conduct
educational health care campaigns or programmes in order to make common people aware
of the negative aspects of the diseases. Social activities and educational campaigns
promote healthy lifestyles, proper health behaviours and good environments. In these
campaigns, health professionals do get opportunities to interact with people who are
suffering from various types of dangerous diseases. The government sometimes implement
certain laws, legislations and policies related to health care services. In newspapers and
televisions, advertisements of those educational campaigns are shown, so that people come
to know about all those health care campaigns and attend them. Sometimes, short films are
also shown on the television and the internet that provide adequate amount of knowledge
regarding different types of diseases (Bowling, 2014, p.46). In social media, in the official
pages of health pages, interesting and informative articles are also often posted to make
common people aware of negative effects of diseases. People also visit official blogs of
health centres where engaging stories are posted in order to increase the awareness of
health problems.

Task 2
Understanding implications of diseases and illness in various
communities for health care services’ provision
2.1 Utilising relevant research to understand approaches and
priorities for providing health care support to people
There are several approaches and priorities regarding the health services that are provided
to people of various communities.
Disease prevention:
Medication’s division concentrates on providing health care services to people and avoiding
infectious health problems. Prevention is most affordable and effective method for reducing
severity and risk of common people. Disease promotion campaigns make people aware of
negative aspects of diseases and it helps individuals and communities to improve their
lifestyles. Various communication strategies concentrate on different kinds of prevention
strategies to decrease the risk of diseases (Gulliford and Morgan, 2013, p. 44). These
strategies include newsletters, health fairs, announcements, leaflets, posters and so on.
Educational strategies include training, courses, and other types of health support groups.
Many organisations regulate activities, which promote healthy behaviours and healthy
lifestyles. The effectiveness if the disease prevention have the benefit of maximizing the
health benefit within the public health decision- makers and available resources that are
required for the information on the effectiveness’s and the social impact as well as economic
impact of the disease and the injury strategies.
Treatment:
Treatment focuses on operative treatments, antiretroviral treatment and medicine courses,
which recover importance of lifetime for common people. If people get proper treatment at
appropriate time for their diseases, they will recover their diseases faster. According to
Carman et al. (2016, p.600), treatment of a disease is given by health professionals after the
beginning of a medical or health problem. There are different types of treatment, which are
given to people for different health conditions. These treatments include active treatment,
causal treatment, empiric treatment, conservative treatment, expectant treatment, fever
treatment, extraordinary treatment and so on. The treatment does have the effectiveness,
which comply with the cure and health benefit. Treatment cures the disease and illness and
this helps to live painlessly.
Palliative care:

Palliative care focuses on inhibiting and releasing the suffering of service users. A type of
multidisciplinary approach related to special medical care for the service users who have life-
limiting diseases. Palliative care concentrates on giving service users relief from pain,
symptoms mental stress, physical stress of terminal diagnosis (Anhang Price et al. 2014,
p.524). The purpose of this approach is to make the standard of life better for the service
user and the family members. A group of physicians, health professionals, occupational
therapists, physiotherapists and some specialists gives this therapy. This has the
effectiveness to improve the experience of any patients with the terminal illness at end
portion of the life by better control of the system.
Remedial care:
Remedial care is a part of healthcare therapy that helps the public in using therapy to get
prevention from dreadful diseases. Independent remedial therapists are providing remedial
therapy in the UK. This remedial care provides assistance in having complementary
approaches in chronic pain, pain management (Boivin et al. 2014, p.320). The WHO also
provides guidelines in having remedial care with regulation. Remedial care does help
struggling the learners shore up basic skills of them. This support can help to catch up to
their peers. Sometimes, it does eliminate the requirements for referral to the special
education.
2.2 Analysing the relationship of prevalence of diseases and needs
of health services to provide support to people
Prevalence refers to a number of all types of circumstances of incidences or suffering of a
particular event in a period. Prevalence is measured by dividing health meter’s occurrences’
sum through the specific gap of time by population proportions. Individual prevalence is
considered extremely important that provides health service to common people. It also helps
in requirement of facility and planning in health care services. Prevalence is considered
more appropriate than occurrence at the time of measuring the influence of any disease.
Prevalence provides more benefits to measure requirements of health services. With the
help of prevalence, one can find out areas in which special attention should be given
(Tulchinsky et al. 2014, p.42). Therefore, prevalence helps in improving the performance of
service users and effectiveness of health care services. The prevalence is used to prioritise
the service provision by various ways. The services are prioritised with the priority
requirements of the health issue. The people with critical issues are given treatment at the
priority level and the people with less issue are given treatment with importance however not
at thre priority level of prevalence.

2.3 Evaluating the effect of choices of lifestyle on the future needs
for health care services
Many people’s lifestyle choices and behaviours affect their condition of health severely. If
people do not take care of their health properly and engage in bad habits, it will have a
negative impact on their health. Cigarette smoking is considered a dangerous health issue
because of that the people of current generation are suffering greatly. Smoking is dangerous
for health as it causes cancer. Excessive alcohol consumption is also considered another
bad habit that affects the condition of health greatly as well. When children see their parents
are addicted to alcohol and tobacco, they also follow the path of their parents. Nowadays,
many people particularly youngsters prefer eating tasty, delicious fast food products over
healthy foods such nuts, salads and super foods. Therefore, people are becoming victims of
serious health problem like obesity and gastritis. As opined by Antheunis et al. (2013, p.430),
it is reported that 46% increase of obesity is caused mainly because of excessive busy
schedules and restless lifestyles. Therefore, health care centres promote several campaigns
to promote cancer awareness in different localities and provide interesting articles in order
decrease the habit of common people. Health centres can also offer e-cigarettes to smokers
because they have lesser amount of nicotine. As far as alcohol consumption is concerned,
the UK government must impose more taxes on alcohol, so that customers will prevent from
purchasing those products.
Task 3
Analysing factors that affect the well-being and health of
individuals
3.1 Evaluating the well-being and health priorities of people in
healthcare
Different types of well-being and health priorities, which the health centres use in order to
make those centres more efficient for the service users. Barchester Healthcare is a popular
health care organisation, which understands the importance of promoting well-being and
health priorities for public health. They promote healthy and better diets so that the services
users become healthier. They also provide a sense of security and safety to the service
users. To improve the safety and security of people, the health centre promotes better
hygiene qualities for that centre. Barchester Healthcare promotes and encourages service

users to do exercises in their houses. It is a good habit for service users, which must follow.
As many people do not get the opportunity to visit gyms frequently, it is a great idea for them
to start exercises in their houses (Krachler and Greer, 2015, p.220). The health centre also
gives required facilities and actions in order to promote all these priorities. In the health
organisation, service users get the opportunity to decide whether they want to receive
treatment from health professionals or not. Health service providers regularly deal with
different types of service users. At the time of handling different service users who come
from various cultures, health professionals show respect to their cultures, ethnic group and
customers. Health service providers keep in minds that the procedure of treatment does not
hurt the sentiments of service users.
There are various types of well being and these comprise of physical well being, economic
well being, social well being, development and activity well being, emotional well being,
psychological well being, life satisfaction well being, domain specific satisfaction. The well-
being are of two types and these are characterised as the cognitive and affective.

Different types of well-being and health
priorities, which the health centres use
in order to make those centres more
efficient for the service users.
Barchester Healthcare is a popular
health care organisation, which
understands the importance of
promoting well-being and health
priorities for public health. They promote
healthy and better diets so that the
services users become healthier.
They also provide a sense of security
and safety to the service users. To
improve the safety and security of
people, the health centre promotes better
hygiene qualities for that centre.
Barchester Healthcare promotes and
encourages service users to do
exercises in their houses. They also
provide a sense of security and safety to
the service users. To improve the safety
and security of people, the health centre
promotes better hygiene qualities for that
centre.
Barchester Healthcare promotes and
encourages service users to do exercises
in their houses.The health centre also
gives required facilities and actions in
order to promote all these priorities. In the
health organisation, service users get the
opportunity to decide whether they want to
receive treatment from health
professionals or not. Health service
providers regularly deal with different types
of service users.
Factsheet: Evaluating the well-being and health priorities of people

3.2 Analysing effectiveness of systems, policies and strategies in
Barchester Healthcare
In Barchester Healthcare, several strategies are implemented to improve the lifestyles of
people, so that service users adopt good habits and make their health condition better.
Health professionals do get proper training and guidance so that they deliver health care
services effectively. Health service users do get the opportunity to make decisions whether
they want to receive health care service or not. Health professionals interact with service
users’ family members and friends in order to understand the severity of service users’
diseases. They ask important questions regarding the several aspects of the diseases and
other significant areas such as income, culture, values and family structure. Service users
and their family members do get the opportunity to report complaints if they have any. Health
professionals alway ensure safety and security of health support users are properly
maintained. Health service users also show respect to the culture and ethnic background of
health support users. They always keep in their minds that the sentiments of support users
and their family members do not get hurt. They provide health care services of good quality
so that health service users always receive treatment from the organisation.
3.3 Changes required improving the service provided by health
organisations
In Barchester Healthcare is needed to make the changes in healthcare for the wellbeing of
the people. In this case, the management of the healthcare needs to adopt the rules of
maintaining healthy lifestyles of the service users. In the modern world where people are
suffering from more and more health hazards, the need of getting better health care service
is increasing at very high pace. However, unfortunately, the health care health organisations
are not able to provide the service to the service due to lack of infrastructure. There are
many factors included which should be taken seriously at immediate notice. The health
organisation should provide a transparent service to the user.
The service users must have a clear vision of the workplace. The service user should be
clearly informed about the cost will be charged by the health organisations. The service
users must go for physical activeness with taking economic independence. The health
organisations should not prescribe only medicine but the service user must be guided to
visualise proper definition of maintaining a healthy life (Benson, 2016, p.28). The service
user should understand that the health professionals cannot do everything. The user must
also cooperate with the professionals as well. The health organisation must pave the path for

easy entry and exit for their users. The local authority can organise health education to the
communities in making them aware of the hazards. The authority of Barchester Healthcare
should improve the attitude towards vulnerable service users like small children pregnant
women or elderly people. Attitudes like care affection patience are highly admired by the
services users. Improving the infrastructure of the organisation will not be enough until
mentality of employees of the Barchester Healthcare does not change towards the service
users. Often the service users complain about the quality of diet they are provided with. To
maintain a healthy body proper and healthy diet is required. Health promotion can be
organised for the people of communities that makes them aware of the consultation of health
professionals.
3.4 The service professionals in health organisation must adopt
behavioural change
The primary concern of any health organisation is to care for well being of any of their
service users. Barchester Healthcare can apply the quality of the health organisation is
stricken the mind the first thing comes is proper infrastructure which, includes state of the
operation theatres intensive care units and various other facilities provided with a reasonable
price (Holloway et al. 2016, p.13). However, the most overlooked aspect of improving the
structure of the organisation lies in attitude mentality and behaviour of the health
professionals and service providers towards the service users. The following behaviour and
mentality of the service providers and professionals are always appreciated. Behaviour of
the community near the Barchester can be changed through making them conscious from
the primary school or nursery group of the people. Behaviour of the service users may
change in keeping them in residential home.
Respect for the Service user: the service professionals must follow a strict schedule in order
to meet their service user on the given time rather them standing in a long queue and
making them wait. This is a sign of disrespect and should be avoided as much as possible.
The service professionals must handle the problems of their service user with care and
should be gentle with them. The professionals should discuss the treatment suggest any
alternative if it possible the cost of the treatment with the service user in-group behaviour
therapy. .
The Barchester Healthcare must provide their service users with health professionals with
service provider and professionals who are always available for them. Get involved with the
user: the employees of the health organisation should try to develop not professional but the
personal relation with their service users. This boosts up the users to a good extent

(Bowling, 2014, p.21). These are few of much behavioural changes that can alter the health
hazards and well be of a person, which they hope, will get from the health organisation when
an individual knocks their door.
Conclusion
In the study, the role of public health in health care services is understood properly. Various
aspects of health services are analysed thoroughly in the assignment. Public health refers to
an area health and social care and it involves protection of common people from health
problems and giving health care support to the public in health centres. Different techniques
of strategies and approaches are analysed that are used for control diseases, implications of
well-being and diseases are discussed and several factors that influence the good condition
of health are evaluated in the study.

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