Exploring the Complexities of Kindergarten Teacher-Student Relationships

The provided content includes research articles and studies on various topics related to early childhood education, including teacher-student relationships, kindergarten readiness, preschool philosophies, and teacher stress. The texts explore the perspectives of teachers, students, and parents, and examine the impact of different factors such as socioeconomic environment, professional identity, and workplace stress on their experiences. The articles also discuss research methodology and the importance of person-centered approaches in early childhood education.

A STUDY ON WORK PRESSURE AND
TURNOVER INTENTION OF
KINDERGARTEN TEACHERS IN HONG
KONG

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW..............................................................................1
2.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................1
2.2 Definition of terms...................................................................................................1
2.2.1.1Stimulating orientation pressure perspective.....................................................1
2.2.1.2(2) The pressure points of reaction orientation..................................................2
2.2.1.3 (3) The pressure points of interaction orientation.............................................3
2.2.2.1 Workload.......................................................................................................... 3
2.2.2.2 Teaching Effectiveness.................................................................................... 4
2.2.2.3 Pressure on Interpersonal Relationships..........................................................4
2.2.2.4 Pressure of Unfair Acquisition..........................................................................5
2.2.3 Definition of Turnover Intention............................................................................5
2.3Kindergarten Teachers' Sources of Work Pressure.................................................6
2.4The Relationship between Work Pressure and Turnover Intention of Kindergarten
Teachers.......................................................................................................................7
2.5 Conclusion..............................................................................................................8
2.6 research gap...........................................................................................................8
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..................................................................9
3.1 Methods..................................................................................................................9
3.2 Research target......................................................................................................9
3.3 Sampling...............................................................................................................10
3.4 Research tools......................................................................................................11
Survey and interview pls refer to the ethical form.......................................................11
The content of the questionnaire................................................................................12
3.5 Research procedure.............................................................................................16

3.6 Ethical issues........................................................................................................17
3.7 Analysis method................................................................................................... 18
3.8 Conclusion............................................................................................................18
REFERENCES...............................................................................................................19

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
A literature review is being regarded as the process of evaluating different
secondary sources with an aim to get an answer to the research questions (Sandilos
and et al., 2018). In other words, it can also be said that literature review is the scholarly
papers that possess knowledge and information concerning the specific topic in an
effectual way. Here, with regard to the current study different secondary sources will be
reviewed. These are books, journals, and online articles, etc.
2.2 Definition of terms
In this part, views and opinions of different authors are being reviewed. Here, all
the basic terms that are associated with the given study has been defined.
2.2.1Definition of Pressure
According to the viewpoint of Yang and et al. (2018), the pressure is being
defined as the burden of both physical as well as mental distress. On the other hand,
Suhonen and et al. (2018) have depicted that pressure is being defined as the amount
of force that is being put up by an individual in some specific area. Pressure is work
always causes a direct impact on the physical as well as the mental condition of an
individual. Thus, due to this, a specific person will be affected by a high level of stress.
Thus, the given thing will have a direct impact on the type of work that is being
performed by them. On the other hand, it has also been seen that in high pressuring
situation an individual will not be able to give its best in relation to the task that is being
assigned to it.
2.2.1.1Stimulating orientation pressure perspective
As per the viewpoint of Coste (2017), it has been analyzed that academic
pressure in preschool has been repeatedly which is shown to be insufficient for lasting
educational success. The academic instruction is presumed which inhibit the intellectual
development by directly fostering the superficial learning of simple responses instead of
real understanding along with the ability of problem-solving which having a negative
impact on social-motivational variables which have an impact on learning-related
behaviors such as persistence of efforts. Additional pressure on Kindergarten programs
1

comes from the primary teachers, which assist in facing the requirements for more
effective instruction along with higher pupil achievement. A growing number of states
along with the localities which have raised the age of Kindergarten eligibility as it offers
the change expectations for the education and Kindergarten children
According to Coste (2017), it has been examined that the issue is not whether in
keeping the children with age-mates and may stimulate with the support children
development. It assists in continuing to uphold the pictures along with the program
which is predicated on failure. It may not foster the success of any students. Decreasing
the class size, making the curriculum which is less abstract and it is associated with the
conceptual development of children. Along with this, the child-oriented teachers who are
placed in the Kindergarten programs as well as assuring the child access to high-quality
programs to attain the educational goal of success for all students.
2.2.1.2(2) The pressure points of reaction orientation
As per the viewpoint of Goulden (2012), it has been examined that student-
teacher relationship is a function of both teacher’s reaction to the student along with the
student’s reaction to the teacher. This result is neither teacher, nor student behaviors
operate in a vacuum and also assist in playing an important role in an overall
relationship. The rationale of using the particular measure is that it is recognized as a
reliable measure for the self-reported reactions to the stressful events as well as assist
in explaining another dimension of a child’s life. If a child or family is experiencing
stressful life events at home, the level of stress has an impact on the performance of the
child at the school.
As per the viewpoint of Goulden (2012), it has been analyzed that the teachers of
Kindergarten using the social learning theory emphasizes the importance of observing
as well as modeling the behaviors, attitudes along with the emotional reactions of
others. Students of Kindergarten assist in observing the behaviors of the other students
along with the responses of teachers to these behaviors, and this could be motivating a
child to behave differently across the classrooms and over time.
2

2.2.1.3 (3) The pressure points of interaction orientation
According to Booren et al. (2012), it has been analyzed that Kindergarten
teachers in Hong Kong have been criticized for not incorporating the perspective into
their practice. This failure is justified by the pressure of external constraints such as
demand of academic curriculum, the expectation of parents related to success along
with the emphasis on discipline with the Chinese culture. In the Kindergarten, the
characteristics of the classroom, pupil-teacher interaction along with the classroom
management have been examined which is an attempt so that they can understand the
diversified stages of the development or improvement of teachers. According to…, the
interactive decision making of the effective teachers help in conducting the effective
research on expert differences as well as it is postulated in involving the rapid judgment,
classification of information and data as well as differentiation of important from the
unimportant information and data. The work of teaching concern with the interaction of
children and teachers, whether the teacher teaches the class as a whole, groups or
individuals. This assist in maintaining the setting for the interaction between teacher and
pupils which is held to lie at the heart of learning along with the teaching process as well
as aid in determining the pattern and character.
2.2.2.1 Workload
According to the viewpoint of von Suchodoletz and et al. (2019) workload is
being defined as the amount of work that needs to be performed by an individual during
the specific time frame. In addition to this, the Jeon, Buettner, and Grant (2018) have
also depicted that workload includes the number of obligations as well as tasks that
need to be performed by the person in the specific time frame. For example, if an
individual is given more work than its capacity, then the given type of circumstances are
called as the workload. Here, McDonald (2018) has depicted that it is very important for
the organization that it should always make efforts in terms of avoiding the workload
type of situation. This is because; if it is not done then in this situation the impact of the
same will be seen on the sales and profitability related situation of the firm. Thus, it is
very significant for the firm that it should take measures in terms of segregating the work
among different individuals so that pressure cannot be created on the one single person
3

in an effectual manner. Višnjić Jevtić and Halavuk (2018) have entailed that this will also
ensure the betterment of the firm and it will lead the firm in the right direction.
2.2.2.2 Teaching Effectiveness
As per the opinion of Ouellette and et al. (2018), teaching effectiveness basically
defines the preparedness level of the teacher in relation to the subject that they are
going to teach to their respective students. Besides this, the Skinner (2018) has defined
that a teacher will be considered as effective if its students score goods in an exam. In
this regard, it can be said that the type of score that students get in class is being
regarded as the one and only way with an aim to assess the teaching effectiveness of
the teacher. Here, if the teacher will not work then in this situation, he/she will have to
leave the job. Herein, Bolton (2018) has entailed that it is very important for the teachers
that it should always horn their teaching skills. This is because; it is by complying with
the given type of activity only they will be able to give their best services to the students.
The given thing will also improve the brand name of the school where the specific
teacher is studying the students in an effectual way. However, Johannessen and et al.
(2018) have defined that it is important for the teachers that they should always follow
different principles of teaching. It is through this way only they should improve their
teaching effectiveness.
2.2.2.3 Pressure on Interpersonal Relationships
Interpersonal relationship is basically the bond that is being identified between
two or more people. In kindergarten school, the teacher develops a relationship with
different individuals. These individuals consist of their colleagues, students, and office
helpers, etc. Herein, the Pilarz (2018) has defined in their study that the work pressure
tends to have a direct impact on the interpersonal relationships between individuals.
This happens because pressure always reduces the individual capability of thinking
logically and effectively.
On the other hand, work pressure also influences the behavior of an individual.
Thus, it will make a person more aggressive in nature. As a result of this, an individual
misbehaves with another person. Thus, the given type of thing will tend to affect the
relationship between two people. However, its significant effect will also have an impact
4

on the goals and objectives of the firm. This is because; goals of the firm can be
achieved if all individual work in a collaborative manner. But, in case the high amount of
work pressure will be there then in this situation there is very less number of chances
that people will work in a collaborative manner.
Furthermore, as per the viewpoint of Eddy and et al. (2018), it is very important
for the individuals that they should always create a good relationship with their
colleagues. This is because it is through this way only they can get quick solutions to
the problems incurred in front of them in an effectual way. The given thing will also allow
them in the process of giving their best services to the school. It is the reason why it is
essential for the administrator that it should reduce work pressure on school teachers.
2.2.2.4 Pressure of Unfair Acquisition
The unfair acquisition is securing a competitive advantage by burglary, extortion,
or the unlawful just as deceptive acts. As indicated by the perspective of Lynch (2015),
it has been examined that creation kids read and compose at five years old which isn't
reasonable for all the students and tell that they are coming up failing because they
cannot be unfair. In the Kindergarten, the remaining task at hand of instructors is
expanded when they are required to train the subjects with which they are new and
unfamiliar. According to the perspective of the Parliament of Australia (2019), in
Kindergarten, there is a lack of trained instructors, particularly in science and in rural
zones, it is hard to enroll subject authorities. The work of greater extents which
increment the likelihood that instructors will be required to educate in territories outside
their specialization. Such a circumstance is unjustifiable to both the educators and
understudies. It gives a commitment to the educator worry just as not exactly ideal
learning results for the understudies. In the school organization, the coming of
innovation has little which facilitate the weight on schools. The regulatory staff of
schools has been called upon to procure the new abilities with no lessening in their
different tasks.
2.2.3 Definition of Turnover Intention
As per the opinion of Bosman and et, .al (2018) turnover intention is basically the
type of measurement which measures whether the employee who is working in a firm is
5

planning to leave or not. In a simple way, the word turnover intention can be divided into
two parts. It is of turnover and intention. Here, the word turnover is defined as the type
of decision that is being taken by employees in which it plans to leave the firm and get a
job in some other corporation. On the other hand, the intention is defined as the feeling
that an individual has in relation to the specific aspect. In accordance with the given
context, Langford and et al. (2018) have depicted that turnover intention is basically a
feeling in which employees feel that he/she should take a decision of leaving the
specific firm in which it is working. Such type of intention came in the mind of individuals
due to many reasons. Thus, it is very important for the firm that it should always try to
minimize the given type of intentions among its respective employees. This is due to the
reason that if this is not done, then its result could be very worst. On the other hand, the
firm could also lose its highly talented and skilled employee in an effectual manner.
2.3Kindergarten Teachers' Sources of Work Pressure
There are different sources examined that tends to create work pressure on
kindergarten teachers. In accordance with the given context, as per the viewpoint of Yim
(2018) long working hours is being regarded as one of the most significant sources of
work pressure on the kindergarten teachers. In this context, it is examined that the
teachers of kindergarten have to work from early morning till 6 in the evening. This is
because, after taking classes in the morning the teachers will have to prepare the notes
for their next class. On the other hand, apart from taking classes in school, they will also
have to perform different other works also such as making student evaluation report and
checking the notes of students, etc. Thus, the given thing indicates that a kindergarten
teacher has to carry out lots of many works in a limited time period. Thus, due to this
they tended to feel highly stressed and exhausted all the time.
In addition to this, the Sucuoğlu and Bakkaloğlu (2018) have depicted that the
compulsory on the job training has also increased the workload on the kindergarten
school teachers. Herein, it is also identified at present with an aim to compete in a
highly competitive business environment each and every firm has to make efforts in
terms of giving training to its respective employees. Thus, the given thing is also
performed by kindergarten school also. Here, in on the job training teachers will have to
attain their training classes after taking a class of their students. Thus, performing two
6

tasks at the same time sometimes become very much hectic and thus due to this
teachers feel highly pressurized and stressed in an effectual way.
On the other hand, it is to be critically evaluated by Hustedt and et al. (2018) that
work pressure is part of teachers work. Thus, it is very important for the teachers that
they should start accepting the same. This is because, if they do not do such type of
things then in this situation they will not be able to get a good job in any school in an
effectual way. Furthermore, according to the viewpoint of the Nitta and et al. (2018), the
changing roles and responsibilities of teachers in the school are also being regarded as
another most effective source of work pressure for kindergarten school teachers. Here,
it is examined that earlier the role of a kindergarten teacher is just limited to study the
students. But, now they have to do everything. For example, they are taking care of
children, feeding them and nurturing them, etc. The given thing will entail that they have
become more of a caretaker instead of a teacher. Thus, the increased roles and
responsibilities on teachers tend to create work pressure on them in an effectual way.
The given thing will also have an effect on the type of services that is being given by
them to the school.
Besides this, according to the viewpoint of Briggs, Russell and Wanless (2018) at
present teachers has to prepare the evaluation report of their students. In this regard, it
can be said that it is not an easy task to prepare the evaluation report of 50 students.
Thus, the given thing is like extra work from the teaching activity of teachers. Hence, it
can be said that it is also being regarded as one of the most significant sources that are
creating pressure on kindergarten teachers in an effectual way. Due to this only, they
are taking a decision to leave the firm.
2.4The Relationship between Work Pressure and Turnover Intention of Kindergarten
Teachers
There is a relationship exit between work pressure and the turnover intention of
kindergarten teachers. In this regard, as per the viewpoint of Johannessen and et al.
(2018), high pressure at work tends to raise the level of stress among teachers. In this
context, it is identified that each and every individual are very much concerned about
their health. Thus, due to this, they will always try to avoid working in a high pressuring
situation. It is because of the given aspect only teachers of kindergarten take the
7

decision to leave the firm in an effectual way. This is because; in such situation, they
are not in the position to give their best result to the firm. Thus, because of the presence
of a given aspect only they think that it’s better to leave the firm.
On the other hand, Višnjić Jevtić and Halavuk (2018) have stated that work
pressure always has a negative relationship with turnover intention. This is because
each individual always desires for some settle and stressless job. Thus, with an aim to
get the same there are many individuals who work hard also. However, in the case due
to any reason if they will not get the same then in this situation they take the decision to
leave the firm. Furthermore, Skinner (2018) has depicted that work pressure has a
direct impact on the intention of an individual. Here, due to work pressure, people start
developing a negative feeling in relation to the specific aspect. Thus, as a result of this,
they will take a decision to leave the firm in an effectual way. Thus, it is essential for the
firm that it should make efforts in terms of reducing the level of work stress among its
respective employees.
2.5 Conclusion
From the whole study, it can be said that working in kindergarten is not an easy
affair. This is because; there are lots of pressuring sources in the given job that tends to
influence teachers with respect to leave the particular job in an effectual way.
2.6 research gap
From the conducted analysis, it can be said that there are lots of many sources
are being identified in relation to the selected topic. However, all study only states the
sources that create work pressure on the teachers. Here, there is no such type of study
available that could entail the way to minimize or eliminate the given sources.
8

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Methods
The research method is being regarded as the systematic process with an aim to
collect the data in relation to the specific study in an effectual manner. Herein, it is
examined that the success of any research study totally depends on the type of data
that is being collected by the researcher. Here, if the researcher will not collect its data
appropriately then in this situation the impact of the same will be seen on the final result
of the study in an effectual manner. In accordance with the given context, there are two
different types of research methods examined. The detailed description of the same is
given below:
1 Quantitative and qualitative
According to the viewpoint of Ledford and Gast (2018) quantitative research is
being regarded as the structured way of conducting a study on any topic. However, here
efforts are being made by the researcher with regard to collect the quantifiable data for
the study in an effectual manner. On the other hand, in terms of qualitative research, it
is applied when a researcher is more interested in the process of studying the
behavioral and the psychological aspects that are being related to the study. However,
for the selected topic understudies such as analyzing the work pressure and turnover
intention of kindergarten teachers in Hong Kong, both research methods have been
taken into consideration. Here, it is with the help of these both methods; the only
researcher is able to get detail information in relation to the major problem of the
conducted study. It is through this way only aim and objective of the study has been met
in an effectual way.
3.2 Research target
Research target defines the sample of the specific study. In other words, it can
also be said that research target basically gives information about the people to whom
the researcher will conduct its study in an effectual manner. In accordance with the
given context, it can be said that it is very important for the scholar that it should select
its participants for the study appropriately. This is due to the fact that if a given thing is
9

not done then in this situation, it will become very difficult for the researcher with regard
to met its selected goals and objective. On the other hand, this thing could also create
hinder the researcher in the process of drawing an appropriate conclusion in relation to
the selected topic of the study in an effectual manner.
Herein, it can be depicted that the respondents that have been selected for the
present study are basically the kindergarten teacher who are teaching the primary class
students in Hong Kong schools. In this regard, here of the respondent will not be the
kindergarten teacher then in this situation respective individual will not be selected as
the sample of the study in an effectual manner (Quinlan and et al., 2019). In addition to
this, the kindergarten teacher that has been selected for study possess at least one
year of working experience. If the given criteria are not being fulfilled by the participants
then in this situation also they will not be taken as the sample of the present study. This
is because it has been seen that for the researcher it is very important that it should
always take experienced respondents. This is because it is through this way the only
researcher is able to get a better idea regarding the type of work pressure that is being
faced by the selected sample of the study in an effectual manner. The given thing will
lead the research work in a positive direction.
3.3 Sampling
As per the opinion of the Litosseliti (2018), sampling is being regarded as the
activity of taking a sample from the selected population of the study. In the research
work, sampling also has vital importance. This is due to the reason that if a researcher
does not select an appropriate sample for its study then in the given situation its whole
research work can be directed in the wrong direction in an effectual manner. On the
other hand, the aim and objective of the study cannot be met. In this regard, Bilau, Witt,
and Lill (2018) have depicted that sample is the subset of the whole population. Here,
the researcher should select its sample in such a manner that it should represent the
characteristics of the whole population. If this thing is not done then in this condition, the
sample that is being selected by the researcher of the study will be considered as
ineffective.
On the other hand, there are two different techniques of sampling. These are
probability sampling and non-probability sampling. However, for the present study that
10

is related to the topic of analyzing the work pressure and turnover intention of
kindergarten teachers in Hong Kong, probability sampling approach has been taken into
consideration. In this context, the sample for the study has been collected with the help
of a random sampling approach. This approach gives each sample an equal chance of
being selected as the sample for the study. Here, with the use of a given technique, a
sample of 60 respondents has been selected. In this regard, at first, the researcher will
select 120 respondents and among which there is the probability that around 50% of the
respondents will give an answer to the research question. It is the reason only 60
respondents are set as the sample of the study in an effectual manner.
Besides this, the researcher has conducted a survey among its respondents.
This is done with an aim to get an answer to the framed research questions in an
effectual manner.
3.4 Research tools
Research tools are being defined as the techniques that are being used by the
researcher with an aim to conduct a research study on the selected topic. In this regard,
it can be said that it is very important for the researcher that it should select its research
tool in an appropriate manner (Meredith and et al., 2018). This is because the selection
of wrong research tools could be proved as time-consuming for the scholar. Further, the
given thing could also affect the objective of the research study in an effectual manner.
In accordance with the given context, it can be said that questionnaire, schedules and
interview guides are being regarded as some of the tools that are being used by a
researcher with an aim to conduct its research study.
For the current study such as analyzing the work pressure and turnover intention
of kindergarten teachers in Hong Kong, both questionnaire and survey have been taken
into consideration.
Survey and interview pls refer to the ethical form
Here, with an aim to perform a survey on the respondent's researcher has used
the tool such as a questionnaire. The given tool is effective as with the help of this
researcher can gather data for its study in a faster manner. However, the given tool
does not give freedom of expressing their opinion to the respondents. In addition to this,
11

the interview has also been conducted in which different open-ended questions have
been asked by the scholar. This gives full freedom to respondents with respect to
express their opinion in relation to the asked question. Besides this, there are some
basic personal information has also been collected by the scholar. It is of email address
and telephone no etc.
The content of the questionnaire
The content of the questionnaire is being divided into 3 parts. In the first part, all
the research questions are related to stress at work. But, in the second part different
questions are asked in which researcher has explored the kindergarten teacher reason
for leaving the school.
PART1: Stress
Name:……………………………………………………………
Address:………………………………………………………….
Telephone no:……………………………………………………
1. Kindergarten teachers are always excited to come to work.
 Strongly agree
 Agree
 Neither agree nor disagree
 Disagree
 Strongly disagree
2. The workload from the side of the school is the main reason for stress in
kindergarten teachers.
 Strongly agree
 Agree
 Neither agree nor disagree
 Disagree
 Strongly disagree
3. The irresponsible behavior of student’s parents towards their child is the reason for
stress in kindergarten teachers.
 Strongly agree
12

 Agree
 Neither agree nor disagree
 Disagree
 Strongly disagree
4. Do you attend any of the stress relieving method?
 Yes
 No
 Cannot say.
5. If yes, then please mention the technique that you used to attend with an aim to get
relief from the work stress.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………….
6. Stress at work is affecting your relationship with others.
 Strongly agree
 Agree
 Neither agree nor disagree
 Disagree
 Strongly disagree
7. Stress at work is affecting your health condition
 Strongly agree
 Agree
 Neither agree nor disagree
 Disagree
 Strongly disagree
8. At what time do you feel more stress?
 In morning
 In the afternoon
 In evening
9. Do you always think about your work even you are on your holiday or at home?
 Yes
13

 No
 Cannot say
10. Do you face difficulty in managing your time?
 Always
 Frequently
 Sometimes
 Never
11. Do you get angry very fast?
 Always
 Frequently
 Sometimes
 Never
12. Do you always feel that you are overburdened with lots of much works at a
school?
 Always
 Frequently
 Sometimes
 Never
Part2 Resignation reason
1. Stress is the main reason for resigning from the position of a kindergarten teacher.
 Strongly agree
 Agree
 Neither agree nor disagree
 Disagree
 Strongly disagree
2. Did your ineffective relationship with the principle of the school is the reason for
leaving the firm?
 Yes
14

 No
 Cannot say
3. Kindergarten teachers are satisfied with the level of their involvement in the
decision-making process of school.
 Strongly agree
 Agree
 Neither agree nor disagree
 Disagree
 Strongly disagree
4. The roles and responsibilities of teachers in kindergarten school are defined in a
well and proper manner.
 Strongly agree
 Agree
 Neither agree nor disagree
 Disagree
 Strongly disagree
5. Additional roles and responsibilities from the side of the school principal are being
regarded as the main source of resignation from school.
 Strongly agree
 Agree
 Neither agree nor disagree
 Disagree
 Strongly disagree
6. Kindergarten teachers are satisfied with their environment of working.
 Strongly agree
 Agree
 Neither agree nor disagree
 Disagree
 Strongly disagree
15

Part3 Open questions
Q1. How do you deal with the stress?
Q2. Is there any relationship between stress and resignation?
Q3. Give me an example of a time when you were faced with the stressful situation
which assists in demonstrating the coping skills?
Q4. How do you prevent a situation from getting too stressful to manage?
Q5. What suggestions would you give to calm down a colleague who's stressed about
a deadline?
Q6. Can you describe a time when your stress which is resulted in making an error at
work?
Q7. In managing the stress level, is there any support provided by the school?
Q8. If the teacher is assigned with the multiple tasks at the same time, then how
would you organize yourself in producing the quality work under the tight deadlines?
Q9. Describe a time as a teacher when you had to make a tough decision and how
did you make sure about the objective?
Q10. How do you ensure about the stressful situations in your personal life which do
not have an impact on work performance?
3.5 Research procedure
Research procedure defines the different type of steps that need to be completed
by a researcher with an aim to complete its study. In other words, it can also be said
that the research procedure is basically the blueprint of the conducted study ( Malti and
et al., 2018). It is very important for the researcher that it should always prepare a
procedure for its study. This is due to the fact that it is by complying with a given type of
activity only researcher can carry out its work in the proper manner. For the current
study that is related with the topic of analyzing the work pressure and turnover intention
of kindergarten teachers in Hong Kong, Gantt chart technique has been taken into
consideration with an aim to showcase the whole process. Here, the Gantt chart is
16

basically the graphical representation of different activities that need to be completed by
the researcher. The Gantt chart of the present study is depicted below:
Time/Activities Feb 2019 March 2019
To decide the aim and
objective of the study
To prepare a literature
review section.
To perform data collection.
To carry out data analysis.
To draft the conclusion and
recommendation.
I am finally submitting the
study.
3.6 Ethical issues
There are different types of ethical issues examined that are being related to the
current study. In this regard, one of the most significant ethical issues that are being
faced by the researcher of the study is related to privacy. Here, the respondents that are
being selected for the present study come from different background. Thus, it is due to
the presence of a given aspect only the level of work pressure in the kindergarten
teachers should be varied. It is because of the given reason only there is an issue of
privacy has been arising in front of the researcher of the given study. However, the
given issue has been maintained by signing the confidentiality agreement in relation to
the same. Here, it is through this way the only researcher of the present study has
gained the confidence of its respective sample. It is by complying with a given type of
activity only researcher has successfully collected information from the selected sample
of the study in an effectual manner (Clarke, 2018).
In addition to this, the researcher of the given study has also made its efforts in
terms of giving respect to privacy or the space of the respondents. For example, there
are some questions in the study that respondents do not want to give a response. Thus,
in the given circumstance researcher has not forced its respective respondents with
17

respect to given answer to all the specified questions. It is through this way only the
researcher of the study has followed the confidentiality aspect in an effectual way.
In addition to this, there is another ethical aspect that is also being followed by
the researcher. It is of signing the consent form from the respondent ( Skalkidou and et
al., 2018). Here, the given type of form gives a clear indication that the scholar has not
put any force on the respondents. Thus, whatever result has occurred has come without
any activity. On the other hand, efforts have also been made by the scholar in terms of
storing the collected data in some safe place. This is done with an aim to maintain the
privacy of the respondent information. It is by complying with a given type of activity only
researcher of the study has met its research objectives in an effectual manner.
3.7 Analysis method
After conducting the study, it is very important for the researcher that it should
perform the analysis of the collected information. Thus, with an aim to do the same
assistance has been taken from different techniques. Here, with an aim to make an
analysis of quantitative data, a technique like descriptive analysis has been used. By
using the given technique researcher can identify the mean value that is being
associated with the different responses. With an aim to perform the same, SPSS tool
has been taken into consideration. Thus, it is through this way only the framed objective
of the study has been met in an effectual way (Kapur, 2018).
On the other hand, with an aim to perform the analysis of qualitative data,
thematic analysis technique has been taken into consideration. Herein, different types of
themes have been prepared as per the type of responses that are being given by the
respondents of the study. Further, with an aim to present the result of the study tools
such as graphs and charts has been taken into consideration. Overall, it can be said
that with the help of these analysis methods the work of research study can be
completed within a specific time (Ritter and et al., 2018).
3.8 Conclusion
From the whole study, it can be concluded that for the scholar it is very
necessary that it should always think twice before making the selection of specific
research technique for its study. This is due to the fact that if a given thing is not done in
18

a proper way then in this situation whole study could go in the wrong direction. Further,
it is required by the researcher that it should always take help from the prior study with
an aim to make a selection of specific research technique. This thing will also help in the
process of attaining the objective of the research study.
19

REFERENCES
Bilau, A.A., Witt, E. and Lill, I., 2018. Research methodology for the development of a
framework for managing post-disaster housing reconstruction. Procedia
engineering, 212, pp.598-605.
Bolton, A., 2018. Teachers' Job Satisfaction, Stress, Self-Efficacy, and Beliefs about
Self-Regulated Learning.
Booren, L.M., Downer, J.T. and Vitiello, V.E., 2012. Observations of children's
interactions with teachers, peers, and tasks across preschool classroom activity
settings. Early Education & Development, 23(4), pp.517-538.
Bosman, R.J. and et al., 2018. Teacher-student relationship quality from kindergarten to
sixth grade and students' school adjustment: A person-centered approach.
Journal of school psychology, 68, pp.177-194.
Briggs, J.O., Russell, J.L. and Wanless, S.B., 2018. Kindergarten Teacher Buy-In for
Standards-Based Reforms: A Dynamic Interplay Between Professional Identity
and Perceptions of Control. Early Education and Development, 29(1), pp.125-
142.
Clarke, D.A., 2018. Place in research. Theory, methodology, and methods.
Coste, V., 2017. The Impact of Preschool Philosophies on Children’s Language and
Literacy Acquisition: A Synthesis of the Literature. Retrieved from:
https://surface.syr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=2015&context=honors_capstone
Eddy, P. and et al., 2018. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effort-reward
imbalance model of workplace stress and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
measures of stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 80(1), pp.103-113.
Goulden, W. D., 2012. Teacher Reactions to the Implementation of Full Day
Kindergarten (Doctoral dissertation).
20

Hustedt, J.T. and et al., 2018. While Kindergarten Has Changed, Some Beliefs Stay the
Same: Kindergarten Teachers' Beliefs About Readiness. Journal of Research in
Childhood Education, 32(1), pp.52-66.
Jeon, L., Buettner, C.K. and Grant, A.A., 2018. Early childhood teachers’ psychological
well-being: Exploring potential predictors of depression, stress, and emotional
exhaustion. Early education and development, 29(1), pp.53-69.
Johannessen, B. and et al., 2018. "A bumpy road": Kindergarten staff's experiences with
an intervention to promote healthy diets in toddlers. Appetite.
Kapur, R., 2018. Research Methodology: Methods and Strategies.
Langford, R. and et al., 2018. The innovation of Ontario full-day kindergarten educator
teams: have they reproduced the split systems of care and education?. Gender
and Education, 30(5), pp.569-586.
Ledford, J.R. and Gast, D.L., 2018. Single case research methodology: Applications in
special education and behavioral sciences. Routledge.
Litosseliti, L. ed., 2018. Research methods in linguistics. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Lynch, M., 2015. More Play, Please the Perspective of Kindergarten Teachers on Play
in the Classroom. American Journal of Play, 7(3). Retrieved from:
http://www.journalofplay.org/sites/www.journalofplay.org/files/pdf-articles/7-3-
article-more-play-please.pdf
Malti, T. and et al., 2018. Innovation and Integrity in Intervention Research: Conceptual
Issues, Methodology, and Knowledge Translation. Prevention Science, 19(3),
pp.271-273.
McDonald, A.C., 2018. Kindergarten Teacher Autonomy in High and Low
Socioeconomic Environments.
21

Meredith, S.J. and et al., 2018. A review of behavioral measures and research
methodology in sport and exercise psychology. International review of sport and
exercise psychology, 11(1), pp.25-46.
Nitta, T. and et.al., 2018. Depression and occupational stress in Japanese school
principals and vice-principals. Occupational Medicine, 69(1), pp.39-46.
Ouellette, R.R. and et al., 2018. Teacher job stress and satisfaction in urban schools:
Disentangling individual-, classroom-, and organizational-level influences.
Behavior therapy, 49(4), pp.494-508.
Parliament of Australia, 2019. Chapter 6 - The school environment - factors affecting
teachers' morale, performance and status. Retrieved from:
https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Education_
Employment_and_Workplace_Relations/Completed_inquiries/1996-99/teachers/
report/c06
Pilarz, A.R., 2018. Multiple child care arrangements and school readiness in
kindergarten. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 42, pp.170-182.
Quinlan, C. and et al., 2019. Business research methods. South Western Cengage.
Ritter, J.K. and et al., 2018. Teaching, Learning, and Enacting of Self-Study
Methodology. Springer.
Sandilos, L.E. and et al., 2018. Does professional development reduce the influence of
teacher stress on teacher-child interactions in pre-kindergarten
classrooms?. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 42, pp.280-290.
Skalkidou, A. and et al., 2018. Systematic misclassification of gestational age by
ultrasound biometry: implications for clinical practice and research methodology
in the Nordic countries. Acta obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 97(4),
pp.440-444.
Skinner, E., 2018. Children’s Developmental Needs During the Transition to
Kindergarten: What Can Research on Social-Emotional, Motivational, Cognitive,
22