Aged Care Service Delivery Models and Individual Differences

This article discusses the service delivery models in aged care, individual differences among people, and the basic requirements for good health of an older individual. It also explains the responsibilities of service providers in relation to compulsory reporting of assaults on older people and how Aged Care Funding Instrument (ACFI) is used to determine funding for aged care recipients.

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Knowledge Assessment
Part 1: Individualised Support
Describe the following service delivery models in aged care.
Residential care This service involves ensuring that the elderly are under a roof in
their elderly age. The number of the aged is gradually increasing
and therefore the housing services in the country should be
increased to cater for more elders.
Respite care This is a type of service that ensures the caregivers receive relief
help in the healthcare, facilities and in the homes for the elderly.
The relief help offered to them helps them in offering care services
to the elderly.
Home and community
care
This service provides palliative care to the elderly in a certain area
or location. The model ensures that there is health specialist who is
allocated in the area specifically to take care of the elderly whenever
they have an issue with their health.

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Consider the standards of service delivery models in the aged care sector.
List two standards of residential aged care as set by Accreditation Standards.
List two standards of home care as set by Home Care Common Standards.
Residential care
There are standards that must be met when offering this service:
The service providers should observe personal health and hygiene
before administering care to the service users and in this case, the
aged.
Both the providers and service users should operate in a safe
physical environment and systems.
Home and community
care
Effective management should be evident in the care delivery
services.
The service users should be exposed to their rights and
responsibilities.
Briefly explain how the following legal and ethical requirements are applied in the care
service industry.
Guidance: include how it is implemented by care service organisations and individual
workers

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Privacy, Confidentiality
and Disclosure
This legal requirement ensures that the information of the aged
under these care services are kept safe and that it is not exposed
to a third party or people outside the organisation unless the
service givers get permission to do so from them. This
information may include their names, signatures, telephone
numbers, etc.
Duty of Care
This legal and ethical requirement ensures that belongings of the
aged is not interfered with without them offering credit. This
ethical requirement service care provides preventative measures
that ensures that the aged are free from discrimination and
neglect.
Dignity of Risk
This legal requirement ensures that the privacy of the aged is not
interfered with. It also ensures that the service users are given the
respect they deserve. For instance, the privacy of their rooms
should be provided by knocking before getting into their rooms.
Human Rights
This requirement ensures that the rights and responsibilities of
the service users are made known to them. They should not be
denied their rights despite them being vulnerable.

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Discrimination
The aged in the care service industries should not be
discriminated in any way. Equality and equity should be
observed in rendering services to them without considering any
gender discrimination.
Mandatory Reporting
Mandatory reporting is another ethical requirement applied in the
care service industry which allows the people working in various
occupations to report any case of abuse or neglect of the elderly
to the government entities.
Work Role Boundaries –
Responsibilities and
Limitations
Work role and boundaries is another ethical requirement applied
in the care service industry which make sure that all the service
providers work within their respective organizations therefore
providing quality care. There are responsibilities that the aged in
these industries ought to perform such as following the schedule
set for them to follow.

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Part 2: Independence and Wellbeing
Provide a brief description of each of the following basic human needs.
Basic human needs Description
a. Physical Physical needs such as food, water, clothing and shelter should
be provided the aged in the care service organizations. Lack of
one of these needs makes their leaving unbearable and therefore
these needs should be offered for the service users to survive.
b. Psychological These needs are more of emotional needs. Emotional stability is
very crucial in one’s lifespan. It allows one to be able to operate
and perform activities normally.
c. Spiritual the spiritual need which entails individuals’ beliefs. Spiritual
needs help in dealing with inner wounds and helps in gradual
inner healing.
d. Cultural Cultural human needs include the personal backgrounds and
society’s ethics that an individual is grounded on. An individual
should be allowed to continue with the belief he/she was
brought up with as long as they are not against the law.
e. Sexual This type of need entails that no individual should be assaulted
sexually. In this case, the old people under care service should

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be protected from sexual abuse.

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Explain briefly the concept of self-actualisation as it relates to aged care.
Self-actualization encourages self-reflection and self-appreciation and this helps the aged to
feel important when they realize they have made some progress in their lifetime.
This concept enables the aged to look back how they have lived their lives and what they
have achieved and they feel good about the achievements and they sometimes extend their
knowledge to help the younger generation in achieving better in life.
Describe the following stages of human development across the lifespan.
Life Stages Description
a. Infancy This is a stage of life that starts from birth till when the infant is
one year old. During this stage of life is where an infant learns
how to trust or lack trust on other people according to how they
are treated.
b. Early Childhood This stage human development starts from 2-3 years of age.
At this stage of development, individual learn to be autonomous.
It is also at this stage that a toddler may develop self-esteem
depending on how the care giver brings them up.

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c. Preschool Age It begins from 3-6 years of age. At this stage the child is curious
and outgoing in exploring new this. If appreciated, the
individual ends up being so innovative.
d. School Age This stage of development starts when a child is 7 years old to
12 years old. At this stage of life, the kid is so active in games
and making new friends and this set a base of a relationship the
child will have with the world in future.
e. Adolescence 12-18 years of age. At this stage, an individual starts to
experience changes both physically and emotionally. They start
showing features of adults, i.e., body changes.
f. Early adulthood Early adulthood starts from 20 years to about 35 years of age. At
this stage, one can experience either intimacy or isolation. It is
at this stage of life that one gets a life partner.
g. Adulthood This stage is between 25 years of age to about 45 years. In this
stage of life, one is responsible and earns a living for himself
and those under his/her care.
h. Maturity This stage ranges from 50 years of age and above. It’s a stage of
reflection where one tries to count out successes and failures
one has had in the course of their life-time

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Describe the following aspects of wellbeing.
Aspects of wellbeing Description
a. Physical This type of wellbeing is where one is physically fit. One is not
suffering from physical pain and hurt and the individual is
healthy.
b. Psychological This is a state when on is not experiencing any emotional
torture. When one is psychologically well, they experience joy
and happiness and peace of mind.
c. Social Social well being is a state when an individual is socially
accepted and relates well with everyone around them.
d. Spiritual This type of well being is when one is in a position to serve and
follow doctrine willingly without any pressure from others or
states. A spiritually well individual serves and keeps doctrines
and beliefs without struggle.
e. Cultural This type of wellbeing enables individuals in a society to fit in
to their beliefs, ethics and norms of the community without
being forced to do so. These cultural values are mostly in line
with the law and hence one is able in live by them.

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f. Financial This is a state where an individual has enough finances to cater
for their individual needs.
g. Career/Professional This type of wellbeing is when one is contented with the career
he/she is pursuing and enjoys every minute of hi/her life in the
field.

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Consider the individual differences among people.
Briefly discuss how these individual differences are interrelated.
Briefly discuss how these individual differences may impact on the provision of support to
clients.
Every individual is unique in one way or another. The differences between individuals are
interrelated various ways such that what one individual is poor at, another person is best at
the activity. The diversity of these differences helps people to grow together as there is
dependence and this helps in bringing harmony amongst people. Also, through these
differences and the dependence amongst people, advanced ideas are made when they come
together and this helps in pursuing greater things leading to improved standards of life.
Provide a brief description of the following basic requirements for good health of an older
individual.
Requirements for good
health
How it applies to older individuals
a. mental health
Older individuals are prone to mental disorders. Some tends to
lose their memories at their older ages and hence the care givers
should be aware of this so as they may not overreact in case the

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older people under their care starts experiencing this.
b. nutrition and hydration
At their older age, people tend to find it hard to eat hard food as
their used to eat in their early ages. Therefore, their diet should
be much observed so that they may not end up consuming one
type of food which may make the lack nutrients in their bodies
and this may expose them to diseases.
c. exercise
Body exercises are very important to the older people since they
stretch out their muscles and prevents their bones from getting
compact which makes them not to get wearly too early.
Exercises also helps the aged to become active despite their old
age and this makes them pursue their activities normally.
d. hygiene
The aged should observe hygiene at close proximity because
they are prone to chronic diseases due to their poor immunity as
one gets old.
e. lifestyle
This refers to the state of living, values and attitudes of an
individual. the aged should be exposed to a good lifestyle for
them to have good health. Their way of feeding is a lidestyle in
itself that should be keenly observed for sake of a healthy life
f. oral health
This requirement ensures that the teeth of the elderly are taken
care of to avoid losing teeth which is a major problem in the
older age. The teeth should be cleaned properly and they should

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also avoid hard foods to avoid straining their teeth which are
weakly rooted at this age.
The following are common mental health issues encountered by older individuals. List
relevant risk factors and protective factors for each.
Mental health issues Risk factors Protective factors
a. Depression This may be as a result of
neglect by their family
members.
This can be solved by keeping
them company and engaging
them in discussions to make
them feel not left out.
b. Anxiety This is a disorder affecting
the older people and possible
cause of it is being socially
excluded and bullied.
This can be rectified by
involving the older people in
activities concerning them or
even the society around them. It
can also be prevented by
appreciating the elderly and not
bullying them in any manner of
ways.

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Describe possible signs of abuse for each of the types of abuse listed below:
Types of abuse Indications of neglect or abuse
a. Physical abuse A sign of an individual who have been physically abused is when
one has some marks on the face indicating they have been slapped
and therefore are hurting.
b. Physical neglect Physical neglect can be observed when an older person is suffering
from a disease and there is no one bothered to take him/her to a
heathy centre for consultation
c. Sexual abuse This can be evident when on has worn bloody torn clothes in the case
of a female. This is an indicator of rape
d. Psychological
abuse
This is observed when the care givers for example, yell at the aged
and this leads to lowering their self esteem and they get emotionally
disturbed
e. Financial abuse When them in authority misuses the funds allocated for the help of
the elderly, it is an indicator of financial abuse.
Outline the responsibilities of service providers in relation to compulsory reporting of

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assaults on older people, as set by the Aged Care Act 1997.
This Act ensures that the service providers are responsible for the aged and therefore should
ensure that all assaults, suspicions or allegations are reported to the authority within a time
bound of 24 hours.
This helps in offering timely help to the victims.
Briefly explain how the Aged Care Funding Instrument (ACFI) is used to determine
funding for aged care recipients.
The Aged Care Funding Instrument allocates subsidies to aged care providers to deliver
services to the aged. It is categorized in various groups and allocates funds in those branches
differently.
Briefly describe the Residential Care Subsidy as a funding model.

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This funding model describes the payment given to the care givers for each care recipient.
These subsidies are paid monthly to the care givers according to the service users they are
serving in their respective care service industries.
Briefly describe the Home Care Subsidy as a funding model.
This type of funding model entails the amount approved by the Australian Government and
allocated to care providers on behalf of each service user.
The funding is done on a daily basis and it is calculated in a certain way such that there is an
addition of primary supplements to the basic subsidy amount and subtraction od any
reduction made in the subsidy. Other supplements such as hardship supplements are added to
the basic subsidy amount.

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List two examples of issues that can impact the health and wellbeing of older individuals.
There are certain factors that can pose a risk to the health of the older people such as, social
isolation which can make them suffer depression and anxiety. Another risk factor is change
of living environment, i.e. relocating the older person to a care home can make them
uncomfortable and this may lead to psychological torture which is a problem at their age.
Myths and stereotypes of ageing and older people:
List three examples of stereotypes or “myth-conceptions” about older people and the ageing
process.
Briefly describe how these stereotypes impact community values and attitudes towards the
ageing population.
There are myths that are associated to the older people and the ageing process. They are;
Older people do not understand technology.
Aged people are less concerned about their dress code and fashion.
Ageing process makes one sexually inactive.
As a result of these myths, people have developed a negative attitude towards the ageing
process. The myths have also made people develop negative attitude towards the old and as a
result, the young people barely show respect to the elderly since the term them as old-

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fashioned and therefore cannot heed to their advices.

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List three examples of issues surrounding sexuality and sexual expression in older people.
It is believed that at the older age, the sexual desires decreases. This is not the case since
even in the older age, the individuals experience sexual desires which are difficult to achieve
due to;
The older people are not strong to perform the act and this is a problem since they do not get
satisfied.
The care givers do not have knowledge and courage to discuss these issues with the older
people.
The older people are prone to diseases and hence they are under frequent medication which
interfere with the sexuality.
List three examples of indicators of emotional concerns and issues in older people.
The older people experience some emotional problems in this stage of life. Some of
indicators of this kind of a problem are, they tend to have less sleep which is a sign of
disturbance. Others tend to start being easily angered by very petty issues and others spend
their days looking dull and unhappy.

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Consider the support strategies, resources, and networks made available for the older
people:
List two general resources on Aged Support and Services for the elderly in Australia.
List two examples of support services funded by the Commonwealth that directly or
indirectly help and support the aged population.
List two examples of Non-Government Sector Associations and Organisations that provide
a large range of services and support to the elderly.
There are several general resources on Aged Support and Services for the elderly. The
resources made available to the elderly include tools and information needed for the care of
the elderly, health services and security. These resources make life bearable in the care
service centres. These services have reached even the remote areas.
The Commonwealth supports the older people who need to keep living independently in
their homes by funding for their all needs. The organisation also supports the care givers so
as they can continue supporting the older people in their lives and this is help to the aged
indirectly.
Commonwealth also assist in the entry level for the older people in the care service
organisations. Commonwealth also offers medical benefits and pensions to the aged.
There are several non-government organisations that are accredited to provide support
services to the elderly. Examples of these organisations include;
Habitat for the Humanity Australia.

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Aged care Network.
Aged and Community Services Australia.