Medical Terminology and Pathophysiology

The assignment provided is a compilation of questions and answers related to medical terminology, pathophysiology, and diseases. It covers topics such as inheritance, ageing, body organisation, aspirin, angina pectoris, Ménière's disease, pneumonia, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and more. The questions range from simple definitions to more complex explanations of medical conditions, making it a comprehensive resource for students studying medical terminology and pathophysiology.

ANALYSE AND
RESPOND TO CLIENT
HEALTH
INFORMATION

Table of Contents
QUESTION 1...................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Cell structure ........................................................................................................................1
1.2 Functions of cell....................................................................................................................1
1.3 Cellular respiration................................................................................................................1
1.4 Cell requirements for survival...............................................................................................1
QUESTION 2 ..................................................................................................................................1
Cellular adaptation .....................................................................................................................1
QUESTION 3...................................................................................................................................1
Types of cellular adaptation........................................................................................................1
QUESTION 4...................................................................................................................................2
Transportation systems for cell ..................................................................................................2
QUESTION 5...................................................................................................................................3
Environmental emergencies........................................................................................................3
QUESTION 6...................................................................................................................................3
6.1 Pathophysiological changes in body due to Carbon monoxide ...........................................3
6.2 Signs and symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning ...........................................................3
QUESTION 7...................................................................................................................................4
7.1 Surgical insult........................................................................................................................4
7.2 Penetrating trauma ...............................................................................................................4
7.3 Blunt trauma .........................................................................................................................4
QUESTION 8...................................................................................................................................4
Terms and definition...................................................................................................................4
QUESTION 9 ..................................................................................................................................7
CNS STROKE ................................................................................................................................7
QUESTION 10.................................................................................................................................7
QUESTION 11.................................................................................................................................7
QUESTION 12.................................................................................................................................8
12.1..............................................................................................................................................8
12.2..............................................................................................................................................8

12.3..............................................................................................................................................8
12.4..............................................................................................................................................8
QUESTION 13.................................................................................................................................9
13.1..............................................................................................................................................9
13.2..............................................................................................................................................9
13.3..............................................................................................................................................9
13.4..............................................................................................................................................9
QUESTION 14.................................................................................................................................9
14.1..............................................................................................................................................9
14.2..............................................................................................................................................9
14.3..............................................................................................................................................9
14.4............................................................................................................................................10
QUESTION 15...............................................................................................................................10
15.1............................................................................................................................................10
15.2............................................................................................................................................10
15.3............................................................................................................................................10
15.4............................................................................................................................................10
QUESTION 16...............................................................................................................................10
16.1............................................................................................................................................10
16.2............................................................................................................................................11
16.3............................................................................................................................................11
16.4............................................................................................................................................11
QUESTION 17...............................................................................................................................11
17.1............................................................................................................................................11
17.2............................................................................................................................................11
17.3............................................................................................................................................11
17.4............................................................................................................................................11
QUESTION 18...............................................................................................................................12
18.1............................................................................................................................................12
18.2............................................................................................................................................12
18.3............................................................................................................................................12

18.4............................................................................................................................................12
QUESTION 19...............................................................................................................................12
19.1............................................................................................................................................12
19.2............................................................................................................................................12
19.3............................................................................................................................................13
19.4............................................................................................................................................13
QUESTION 20...............................................................................................................................13
20.1 ...........................................................................................................................................13
20.2............................................................................................................................................13
20.3............................................................................................................................................13
20.4............................................................................................................................................13
QUESTION 21...............................................................................................................................14
21.1............................................................................................................................................14
21.2............................................................................................................................................14
21.3............................................................................................................................................14
21.4............................................................................................................................................14
QUESTION 22...............................................................................................................................14
22.1............................................................................................................................................14
22.2............................................................................................................................................14
22.3............................................................................................................................................14
22.4............................................................................................................................................15
QUESTION 23...............................................................................................................................15
23.1............................................................................................................................................15
23.2............................................................................................................................................15
23.3............................................................................................................................................15
23.4............................................................................................................................................15
QUESTION 24...............................................................................................................................15
24.1............................................................................................................................................15
24.2............................................................................................................................................16
24.3............................................................................................................................................16
24.4............................................................................................................................................16

QUESTION 25...............................................................................................................................16
25.1............................................................................................................................................16
25.2............................................................................................................................................16
25.3............................................................................................................................................16
25.4............................................................................................................................................17
QUESTION 26...............................................................................................................................17
26.1............................................................................................................................................17
26.2............................................................................................................................................17
26.3............................................................................................................................................17
26.4............................................................................................................................................17
QUESTION 27...............................................................................................................................17
27.1............................................................................................................................................17
27.2............................................................................................................................................17
27.3............................................................................................................................................18
27.4............................................................................................................................................18
QUESTION 28...............................................................................................................................18
QUESTION 29...............................................................................................................................18
QUESTION 30...............................................................................................................................18
30.1............................................................................................................................................18
30.2............................................................................................................................................18
QUESTION 31...............................................................................................................................18
31.1............................................................................................................................................18
31.2............................................................................................................................................19
31.3............................................................................................................................................19
QUESTION 32...............................................................................................................................19
32.1............................................................................................................................................19
32.3............................................................................................................................................19
32.4............................................................................................................................................19
32.5............................................................................................................................................19
32.6............................................................................................................................................19
QUESTION 33...............................................................................................................................20

33.1............................................................................................................................................20
33.2............................................................................................................................................20
33.3............................................................................................................................................20
33.4............................................................................................................................................20
33.5............................................................................................................................................20
33.6............................................................................................................................................20
QUESTION 34...............................................................................................................................20
34.1............................................................................................................................................20
34.2............................................................................................................................................20
34.3............................................................................................................................................21
QUESTION 35...............................................................................................................................21
35.1............................................................................................................................................21
35.2............................................................................................................................................21
35.3............................................................................................................................................21
35.4............................................................................................................................................21
35.5............................................................................................................................................21
35.6............................................................................................................................................21
QUESTION 36...............................................................................................................................21
QUESTION 37...............................................................................................................................21
37.1............................................................................................................................................21
37.2............................................................................................................................................21
37.3............................................................................................................................................21
37.4............................................................................................................................................22
QUESTION 38...............................................................................................................................22
38.1............................................................................................................................................22
38.2............................................................................................................................................22
38.3............................................................................................................................................22
38.4............................................................................................................................................22
QUESTION 39...............................................................................................................................22
QUESTION 40...............................................................................................................................22
40.1............................................................................................................................................22

40.2............................................................................................................................................22
40.3............................................................................................................................................22
40.4............................................................................................................................................22
40.5............................................................................................................................................23
QUESTION 41...............................................................................................................................23
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................24

QUESTION 1
1.1 Cell structure
Cell structure is made up of 3 components. The cell or plasma membrane is the outermost
covering of cell which separates intercellular and extracellular material. Nucleus is innermost
and controlling part of cell and is formed by nuclear membrane. All cellular functions are
performed within cytoplasm which lies in between other two components.
1.2 Functions of cell
Cells provide growth, structure and support to organisms. They facilitate functions like
reproduction, metabolism, protein synthesis and replication of DNA. Cells are also responsible
for active and passive transportation of nutrients.
1.3 Cellular respiration
Biological processes within cells which produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) energy
from nutrients and molecules of food are known as cellular respiration. ATP is used to provide
energy to all other cellular functions.
1.4 Cell requirements for survival
Oxygen and glucose nutrients are important elements for the survival of cells. They are
required for cell respiration. Water is also required by cells for survival because it is essential in
removing the waste products from cells.
QUESTION 2
Cellular adaptation
It is defined as the reversible changes introduced by cells against variations in
environment to avoid injuries. The changes can be in terms of size, functionality or quantity.
QUESTION 3
Types of cellular adaptation
S.N. Type Description
1 Atrophy Cells decreases their functional components to reduce their size.
It is caused due to increased rate of protein degradation and
1

lower metabolism which reduces protein synthesis.
2 Hyperplasia Within this adaptation, cell formation is increased and thus,
replication of cells occurs to increase the tissue size. It is caused
when hormonal and growth stimulation is in excess or after
resection.
3 Hypertrophy To increase the size of tissues, cells adapt to increase their
property. It occurs in permanent cells like skeletal, cardiac
muscles and nerves due to hypertension and intense physical
workouts.
4 Metaplasia In this type of cellular adaptation, tissues can replace each
other. Chronic irritation, vitamin A deficiency, bone and
cartilage formation as well as hematopoietic proliferation
exterior to bone marrow are the major causes for this
adaptation.
QUESTION 4
Transportation systems for cell
Transport system Carrier molecule and
energy requirement
Example Direction
Simple diffusion No energy required,
carrier
Ions and molecules
such as sodium and
chlorine ions, water
molecules
High to low
concentration
Facilitated diffusion Does not require ATP.
Energy. Carrier
molecule: protein
Glucose, valinomycin
potassium carrier,
Downhill (Down to
concentration gradient
of substance)
Osmosis No energy required Glucose, salt and
water
High to low
concentration of water
Hydrostatic force Carrier molecule: Salts Higher osmotic
2

water and solute
molecules,
concentration to lower
osmotic concentration
QUESTION 5
Environmental emergencies
Environmental
emergency
Effect on human
body
Signs and symptoms
Diving Irregularity in heart
beats can cause death
 Breathing shortness
 Visual abnormalities
 Chest pain and unconsciousness
High altitude Cardiovascular
diseases
 Dehydration
 Respiratory and heart beat rate
increases
 Nausea, appetite loss and vomiting
Temperature Irritation and
concentration loss
 Heat stroke
 Difficulty in respiration
 Dizziness and fainting
QUESTION 6
6.1 Pathophysiological changes in body due to Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide (CO) is absorbed by the lungs and causes cellular and cardiac injury. It
also damages central nervous system due to hypoxia. It diffuses into haemoglobin and
completely binds with it and cause abnormalities in respiratory functions as well as myocardial
injuries. Carbon monoxide poisoning can also influence the brain tissues. As soon as it enters in
blood, it starts displacing the oxygen from blood due to its higher affinity as compared to
oxygen. CO also gives rise to increased growth of free radical which results in brain
demyelinization
6.2 Signs and symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning
 Fatigue and dizziness
3

 Vomiting and imbalance
 Respiratory system blockage
 Nausea and exertional dyspnea
 Obtundation, syncope and seizures
 Weakness, difficulty in concentration
 Numbness
QUESTION 7
7.1 Surgical insult
Surgical insults can significantly affect the immune system of human body. It also
generates greater risks of infections to various body parts. The weak immune system can give
rise to new diseases.
7.2 Penetrating trauma
This injury is caused when any object penetrates into body tissues due to piercing into the
skin. Head related trauma can cause death while chest penetrations can cause lung injuries, lung
and heart failures. Abdominal penetrating trauma can injure liver, profuse bleeding and dullness.
7.3 Blunt trauma
It is also called as non-penetrating trauma and is caused when blunt objects with great
force makes an injury. It can deform the organ structure and thus, leading to rupture of organs.
Blunt trauma may also lead to shearing and stretching of mobile joints like injuries to renal
arteries.
QUESTION 8
Terms and definition
S.N. Term Definition
8.1 Lateral It is defined as the side or part of body which is far from
body centre.
8.2 Mid axillary
line
It is defined as the imaginary vertical line which is
passing midway between both posterior and anterior
axillary line
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8.3 Anterior The body parts situated in front are called anterior. For
instance: face, knees, stomach, fingers and lungs are
anterior body parts.
8.4 Posterior Parts of the body which are situated on back side are
called as posterior body organs. For example: spinal cord
and shoulders are posterior.
8.5 Ventral The front or lower surface of organisms is known as
ventral surface. For example: knee cap is the ventral part
of legs.
8.6 Dorsal The upper or back side surface of human body refers to
dorsal surface. For instance: the top surface of skull is
dorsal.
8.7 Superior With reference to the vertical axis of body, parts located at
higher position are called as superior. For example: mouth
is superior to legs.
8.8 Inferior In reference with vertical body axis, the body part situated
below than the other part is called as inferior like legs are
inferior to mouth.
8.9 Proximal It is used to refer the relative locations of body parts on
limbs. Proximal is defined as the locations which are
closer to torso.
8.1O Distal Distal is defined as the body places which are located far
from the torso. For instance: elbow is distal to shoulder.
8.11 Torso The thorax and abdomen part of human body is called as
Torso. It is the central part from which limbs and neck
5

extends.
8.12 Plane The hypothetical plane which is used for human body
transection is called as plane. It describes the position of
different body structures and direction of various
movements.
8.13 Sagittal plane It is a longitudinal plane. It vertically divides the human
body into two parts i.e. left and right. It may divide body
into equal or unequal body parts section.
8.14 Median
sagittal
This anatomical plane is used for describing sagittal plane.
It divides the body vertically in two segments.
8.15 Coronal plane It is also called as frontal plane. It provides the
segmentation of human body into anterior and posterior
body parts.
8.16 Transverse
plane
Transverse or axial anatomical plane segments human
body parts into head portion and tail portion or superior
and inferior parts.
8.17 Blood
pressure
The pressure exerted on blood vessels by blood during
circulation is known as blood pressure.
8.18 Body mass
index
It is the ratio of mass of human body to the height of body.
This parameter is used to measure the obesity and fat.
8.19 Cardiac
output
It is defined as the blood volume which is pumped by
human heart particularly by ventricle in per unit time.
8.2O Tachypnea The imbalance caused between amount of oxygen and
carbon dioxide leads to shallow and rapid breathing. This
condition is called as Tachypnea.
8.21 Hypercapnia The situation in which amount of carbon dioxide increases
abnormally in blood is called Hypercapnia.
8.22 Hypoxia The condition in which body organs are unable to get
6

necessary amount of oxygen for functioning is called as
Hypoxia.
8.23 Intracranial
Pressure
The pressure around body parts such as brain and skull is
called as Intracranial Pressure.
8.24 Peristalsis The iterative and symmetric muscle relaxations and
contractions for moving food in digestive tract is called as
Peristalsis.
8.25 Glomerular
Filtration
It is the first stage in urine formation in which kidneys
filter waste products from blood and is collected for its
further disposal from body.
QUESTION 9
CNS STROKE
Definition Inadequate oxygen supply to brain causes damege to arteries.
Pathophysiology It is the result of diseases related to heart and blood vessels which cause
damage to arteries.
Signs  Sensation loss
 Facial droop
 Speech difficulty
 Walking inability
Impact of Head up
position for client
These attempts are made so that cerebral flow of blood can be augmented.
QUESTION 10
CNS Epilepsy
Definition Regular occurrence of Abnormal activities of brain cell (called seizures)
affecting CNS is called epilepsy. Seizures cause vigorous and
7

undetectable shaking.
Pathophysiology It occurs as a result of quick transfer of electrical impulses to brain due to
hyper synchronization and excitation of the neurons.
Signs  Fatigue
 Sensations
 Jerking activities in muscles
 lips smacking
Padded side rails for
client and Impact of
nursing intervention
It reduces the risks of vulnerable injuries due to safety rails in hospital.
The padded rails prevent the rub burn to patients of seizures.
QUESTION 11
Diseases affecting cardiovascular system Raynaud's phenomenon
Definition Stress or temperature which causes numbness in body parts.
Pathophysiology The blood circulation to the affected area faces barriers in flow of blood
due to shrinked arteries.
Signs  Skin colour change
 Numbness
 On warming feeling of stinging pain
 Cold toes and fingers
Impact of calcium
channel blockers in
patients
It increases peripheral flow of blood and thus, helpful in treatment of the
disease.
8

QUESTION 12
12.1
Asthma is the condition in which respiratory tubes of human body becomes red and narrow due
to production of extra mucus. It is the situation where airways starts getting block which makes
difficult for person to breathe.
12.2
Asthma starts with excessive redness on airways of person which is caused by inhaling of
allergens which reacts on immune system of body. This situation leads to production of extra
mucus and causes airway obstruction, airway remodelling and bronchospasm which leads to
difficulty in breathing.
12.3
Severe or mild coughing
Chest pain
Shortness of breath especially at night
Early awakening due to fast heart rate.
12.4
Corticosteroids are the medicines which provide relief to inflamed areas of body but excessive
inhaling of drug by patient of asthma can leads to yeast infection in mouth. Further, drug causes
severe acne, weight gain, growth of body hair, sleeping disorders and blurred vision.
QUESTION 13
13.1
Pneumonia is infection which leads to acute inflammation in airspaces of body. It impacts
respiratory system of human body and is caused by Streptococcus pneumonia virus.
13.2
The infection is caused by overgrowth of microorganism in air sacs of body gets inflamed.
Increased production of mucus and leaky capillaries decreases efficiency of gas exchange with
lungs. It is the situation where respiratory system gets filled with purulent material which leads
to coughing fever, chills, shaking.
13.3
Shortness of breath
Loss of appetite
9

Tiredness and Nausea
Regular drug cough especially during night
13.4
It is important for the nurse to encourage hydration as it leads to loosening of pulmonary
secretion. Further, it helps in liquefying secretions which helps in relieving patient from
irritation.
QUESTION 14
14.1
Peptic ulcer is a disorder of upper gastrointestinal tract which results due to acid, drugs and
growth of bacteria. It is also caused to break in moist tissue in stomach that is mucosa.
14.2
It is caused due to empty stomach for long period which leads to release of Mucus and release of
hydrochloric acid. However, it can be said that mucus secretion, or gastric mucosal blood flow
leads to impairment in chronic ulcer disease.
14.3
Peptic ulcers leads to bloating
Dull pain in stomach
Loss of weight
Acid reflux and burping
14.4
Antibiotic therapies are effective for reducing impact of peptic ulcers like, proton pump inhibitor
(PPI) is used by physicians to reduce the level of acid. Further, it helps in controlling released of
acid which causes inconvenience to patient.
QUESTION 15
15.1
Cirrhosis of the Liver is a chronic liver damage is the condition which leads to scarring and
failure of liver which is cause due to consumption of harmful substance, making use of vital
nutrients and due to virus like hepatitis.
15.2
Increasing serum bilirubin which leads to raised estradiol and increases estradiol levels. The
raised level leads to direct impact of toxic like alcohol and causes Fibrosis and Hepatocellular
10

carcinoma. This situation contiguous reopen umbilical vein that shunts blood from portal vein
and leads to dysregulation of ammonia metabolism and decreased insulin removal from liver.
15.3
Fatigue and nausea
Loss of appetite
Yellowing of skin
Weakness
15.4
Protein intake is restricted to patient suffering from Cirrhosis of the Liver due to effects of
ammonia which can lead to development of hepatic. In accordance with chronic liver, it can be
said that it is important for the patient to take carbohydrate rich event snack in order to make
proper functioning of liver at light. Protein for liver is effective for liver but excessive
consumption can cause ammonia production which can be dangerous for liver.
QUESTION 16
16.1
Gout is the form of arthritis in which person experience sever redness and pain in joints. It is the
situation where the patient experiences swollen toes and joints especially at night.
16.2
Exceeding the solubility of urate in extracellular fluid leads to development of gout due to which
person experiences attacks of pain and is caused by crystal formation of tissues which further
turns into inflammation.
16.3
Regular pain in joints
Marked tenderness
Reddish toes and joints which is reflected by discolouration
Swelled joints which leads to difficulty in movements.
16.4
Allopurinol is effective for the person suffering from gout as it helps in reducing uric acid levels
in urine and serum. Further, it helps in dissolution of tophi which eliminates risk of urolithiasis.
Thus, it is given to service user at the time of therapeutic dosage.
11

QUESTION 17
17.1
Carpal tunnel syndrome which is median nerve compression which is cause by pinched writs and
nerve. In this the hand or arm of the patient gets tingled or numb for sometime.
17.2
Carpal tunnel syndrome is caused y compression of median nerve of hand or wrist because of
edema or hypertrophy of flexor synovium. However, the pain in hand or wrist is considered
secondary to nerve ischaemia instead of direct physical harm of vein.
17.3
Tickling sensation of needles and pins
Weakening of wrist
Pain in hand especially at night
Hand clumsiness and numbness
17.4
It is important for the nurse to ensure the service user is wearing splint as it helps the in
providing relief to joint. Wrist splint help the nurse in managing symptoms of Carpal tunnel
syndrome as it provides support to hand of patient.
QUESTION 18
18.1
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder in which body of patient starts excreting too much of
protein in urine. It is cause by damage of small blood vessels of kidney which filter waste and
excessive water form blood.
18.2
Nephrotic syndrome is an abnormal clinical condition which is analysed by excessive protein
uria, hyperlipemia, hypoproteinemia. The ultimate cause of condition is unknown but is analysed
that it is cause due to antigenic repose of body to unknown stimuli of patient. It starts from
intrinsic renal diseases which leads to infection and re;lease of toxins which becomes prone to
allergy and leads to renal vein thrombosis and finally heredofamilial.
18.3
Blood clots and loss of appetite
Foamy urine
12

Deposition of fluid on abdomen and bloating
Puffy eyes
18.4
Salt is highly proteinous and therefore is restricted by health practitioner for the person suffering
from Nephrotic syndrome. However, this nursing intervention will be focused on sodium intake
which will helps retention of salt and fluid which will aid the practitioner in managing swelling,
hypertension and restlessness of patient.
QUESTION 19
19.1
Urinary tract infection which is known as bladder infection and can be caused in any part of
urinary system that is bladder, urethra and kidneys. It is infection which leads to severe pelvic
pain which is due to increasing urge to urinate. The pain and severity of diseases leads to flow of
blood during urine.
19.2
Colonization in which urethra ascends towards bladder that is in upwards direction.
However, replication of bacteria leads to uroepithelium penetration and if it remains untreated t
turns to ascension in which growth of bacteria ascends on ureter in direction to kidney which
further turns into pyelonephritis which is a renal infection that at last causes acute kidney injury.
19.3
Pain and pressure in lower abdomen
Dark and bloody urine
Frequent urination
Bladder spasm
19.4
It is necessary for the nurse to ensure intake of excessive water which will help in
reducing pain and flow of urine. Moreover, intake of fluids is a prior nursing intervention
because it helps in reducing bladder concentration and reduces the risk of infection.
QUESTION 20
20.1
Pelvic inflammatory disease is an infection in female reproductive organ which is caused due to
sexually transmitted bacteria (Pelvic inflammatory disease, 1994.).
13

20.2
It is caused by cervicovaginal microorganisms. PID is the situation where it is important for the
practioners and professional to analyse symptoms at early stage because it can lead to infertility
and ectopic pregnancy.
20.3
Pain in lower back, abdomen and pelvis
Fever, shaking and chills
Nausea and vomiting
Vaginal odour and discharge
20.4
Combination of antibiotics which are used to treat pelvic infection are, ofloxacin, metronidazole,
doxycycline and ceftriaxon. It is essential for the nurse to focus on medication routine service
user in order to control infection and vaginal odour.
QUESTION 21
21.1
Prostatic cancer is common in man which occurs in prostate which is a small walnut sized gland
which produces seminal fluid (Role of 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors in the management of
prostate cancer, 2006).
21.2
The cells of cancer rely on biochemical pathways like, anaerobic glycolysis and lipogenesis.
However, lipogenic enzyme fatty acid synthase plays a crucial part in Pca which is conferring
growth and survival advantages to cancer cells. Thus, prostrate cancer it can be said that lipid
metabolism development and progression of prostate malignancy.
21.3
Blood in urine and semen
Pain in bones
Erectile dysfunction
problem in stopping and starting urine
14

21.4
5 alpha reductase inhibitors are dihydrotestosterone blockers are used to treat enlarged prostate
and is effective to intervention to treat cancer because it converts testosterone into
dihydrotestosterone (Hydroxychloroquine in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 2017).
QUESTION 22
22.1
Type 1 Diabetes mellitus is a severe condition in which pancreas of human body stops producing
insulin or produces in limited quantity. It is the situation of high blood sugar levels in body
which causes frequent urination.
22.2
Deficiency of insulin leads to abnormalities in functioning of beta cell which leads to loss of
pulsatile, insulin secretion and lack of insulin response. The fast secretion of insulin leads to
reduced level of glucose in insulin and which leads sensitivity of tissues. However, glucose
deprivation causes breakdown of tissues triggers.
22.3
Excessive hunger and thirst
Excessive urination and bed wetting
Frequent infections, increased heart rate, sleeping disorders
Vomiting and nausea.
22.4
It is necessary of the nurse to establishing control over blood sugar level of the patient suffering
form Types I diabetes. Apparently, Insulin therapy helps the health practitioner in managing
weight loss and physical exercise of patient. Moreover, in this insulin are injected in body to
influence of diabetes.
QUESTION 23
23.1
Hypothyroidism is condition which reflects underactive thyroid where thyroid gland starts
producing enough thyroid gland because of person starts gaining weight and becomes lethargic.
15

23.2
Hypothyroidism is caused by decreased production of T4. However, it starts from hypothalamus
which leads to which leads to increase in secretion of TSH by pituitary gland which further
causes increase in T3 and T4 which is risk to peripheral tissues.
23.3
Slow growth and delayed puberty
Chills and letharginess
Constipation and weight gain
Dry skin and puffy face.
23.4
It is necessary for the practitioner to ensure low calorie diet of patient suffering from
Hypothyroidism because it helps in controlling production of thyroid hormones. Like, the nurse
need to focus on diet which contains high protein and low sugar and iodine consumption.
QUESTION 24
24.1
Systemic lupus erythematosus is an inflammatory infection which caused when the immune
system of human body stars attacking tissues (Effect of hydroxychloroquine on the survival of
patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: data from LUMINA, a multiethnic US cohort
(LUMINA L), 2007).
24.2
Lupus is genetic or can be caused by environmental trigger. In case of environmental stochastic
self antigens of human body gets activated which leads to tissue injury. However, genetic is
caused by inflamed cytokines which creates tissue injury and leads to interferons (The
Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus – An Update, 2012).
24.3
Anxiety and clinical depression
Sharp pain in chest
Water retention and weight loss
Scaly rashes on face and stiffness in joints.
16

24.4
Hydroxychloroquine nursing intervention for patient suffering from lupus helps the nurse in
preventing flares of diseases. Further, it helps in protecting patients by establishing control over
occurrence of vascular and thrombotic events which helps in facilitating response to agents with
involvement of excretory organ.
QUESTION 25
25.1
Hodgkin's lymphoma is the type of cancer of immune system and is known as lymphatic system.
The person suffering form this type of cancer experiences abnormality of cells which are called
reed stern berg cells which are present in lymph nodes (Pathophysiology of Hodgkin's disease:
functional and molecular aspects, 1996).
25.2
It is caused from clonal transformation of cells of B-cell which give rise to pathognomic
binucleated Reed-Sternberg cells.
25.3
Loss of appetite
Fatigue and fever
Excessive sweat especially during night and weight loss
Swollen lymph nodes
25.4
Chemotherapy is the foremost nursing intervention for the patient suffering from cancer, as it is
the process of using drugs which are effective for killing cancer cells. It enters bloodstreams of
human body and travel throughout the body to destroy cancer cells. It is done after specific
period of interval.
QUESTION 26
26.1
Méniere's disease is an inner ear disorder in which person experiences episodes of spinning
which is also known as vertigo. It is diseases which is treatable but can not be cured.
26.2
History of vestibular, auditory, and aural pressure. However, obstructions in utricolo-
endolymphatic valve of ductus reuniens are the cause of Méniere's disease
17

26.3
Dizziness in entire body
Involuntary movement of eyes.
Impaired ears
Motion sickness
26.4
Attacks are the main causes of vertigo which is treated by antiemetics, benzodiazepine drugs.
However, antihistamines comprise cinnarizine, cyclizine or promethazine which are common
side effect which drowsiness and therefore it is important for the practitioner to avoid
involvement of patient in activities during medication.
QUESTION 27
27.1
Senile Cataract is a vision impairing disease which is concerned with age of person and is
progressive where lenses of eye starts getting thicken with age.
27.2
Epithelium lens of eye goes age related changes which leads to decrease in epithelial cell density.
Progressive form of diseases leads to thickening which causes oxidative damage to lens and
finally causes development of senile contract.
27.3
Blurred and clouded vision
Difficult in night vision
Light sensitivity
Tiredness
27.4
It is the core responsibility of nurse to advice about avoiding lifting heavy objects because it is
the condition where exposing eye to bacteria can create intra-ocular pressure on eyes.
QUESTION 28
Metabolism is a chemical sustaining transformation of human body which is limited to
functioning of cells. For example it is the process of converting foot into body fuel which
generates energy for performing daily activities.
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Respiration is a metabolic reaction and process of cell which determines action of breathing.
Like, it is the process where living organism intake oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. For
example cellular respiration which is one of the chemical reaction that denotes processing of
oxygen and glucose which are converted into carbon dioxide, water and energy
QUESTION 29
29.1
High / PCO2- Pulmonary edema and/ or obstructive lung disease.
29.2
Low / HCO3- This may occur due to low respiratory rate or decreased movement of air.
29.3
High / HCO3- This exists from an increased level of respiration with an elevated blood pH
QUESTION 30
30.1
In accordance with rating, it can be said that Mr Reynold was too spontaneous to verbal
command and pain.
30.2
Enrolled nurses will focus on localising plan and deriving motor response score
continuously to check recovery.
QUESTION 31
31.1
Cellulitis is a bacterial skin infection which occurs in tissue beneath the skin which causes
inflammation in in connective tissues. In this infected are of body expanded rapidly.
31.2
It occurs due to bacterial infection due to cut and crack in the skin. Further, it is specially caused
by two types of bacterial infection that is Staphylococcus and Streptococcus.
31.3
Cellulitis leads of acute red skin underlying tissue. Further, the skin is warmth with touch and
also painful, swelled and tendered. However, it is the situation where red streak on the damaged
skin are prone to infection therefore is not allowed to touch.
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QUESTION 32
32.1
Dyspnea is a respiratory symptom which is completely different during diagnosis of fluid
overload because it leads to shortness of breathe because when fluid enters lungs it reduces the
ability to breathe.
32.3
In this case, bleeding is common on feet, ankles, wrists, and face because of increasing blood
pressure and effusion, therefore, it is important for nurse to assures skin integrity and breakdown
32.4
When treating excessive flow of fluid causes volume congestion which is an acute situation and
can cause organ dysfunction where it is important for the nurse to assure comfortable sitting and
lying position of patient.
32.5
It s related to removal of the breast, muscles and axillary lymph nodes which needs to be
considered by nurse in order to assist with patient other medication which will reduce the risks of
duplicate in drugs.
32.6
Neutropenia is the condition which denotes low blood count of blood cells in which individual
are prone to infection therefore, in such condition, it is the responsibility of nurse to assure intake
of prone prescribed medication in order to reduce reaction of fluid.
QUESTION 33
33.1
It is important for the nurse to make patient comfortable on bed to develop sense of relief.
Further, enrolled nurse will focus on introduction and checking temperature of patient and
provide Mr John medicine as per prescription in order to make him relive.
33.2
Name, age, sex, temperature, weight, time, present and history of medication, MRI reports,
allergic to medication, any other diagnosis and food intake.
33.3
Diagnosis's and treating patient as per patients medical condition. Further, doctors focus on
emergency condition and prevention of diseases at early stages.
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33.4
Pharmacist helps in providing medicine as per prescription. Further the one is responsible for
proving limited medicines as per doctors specification. Moreover, the individuals are responsible
for sharing dosage details and process of taking medicines with patient and family before
discharge.
33.5
Discharge planning is the process which will involve every person who are involved are of Mr
John when he was admitted. Moreover, it is important for the service provider to ensure
conformable and smooth discharge procedure of Mr John.
33.6
Clinical documents prepared by a physician, series of documents and diagnosis, therapies
administered and further recommendation.
QUESTION 34
34.1
It is a physiological process which determines tendency of organisms to auto-regulate and
maintain their internal environment.
34.2
Homeostatic imbalance is inability of human body to restore functional balance. However,
diseases is a disorder of human body.
34.3
It is thermoregulation mechanisms of body which is regulated by cold and hot whether
conditions.
QUESTION 35
35.1
Life process of human body is concerned with organization which comprise, responsiveness,
movements, reproduction and metabolism.
35.2
Metabolism is the process of converting foot into body fuel which generates energy for
performing daily activities.
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35.3
Nutritions are the substance which are responsible for maintaining growth, health, reproduction
and prevention form diseases.
35.4
Biological maturation is the process of body which occurs in tissues, organs and system.
However, it reflects maturity and growth of body.
35.5
Inheritance is genetic transfer where chromosomes are inherited by mother and father to child.
35.6
Ageing is progressive process where living beings becomes older with time, maturity and growth
QUESTION 36
Body derives fundamental level of organisation which comprise complexity of atoms, molecules,
system, tissue, cells, organism etc.
QUESTION 37
37.1
Aspirin is used to treat mild pain, toothaches, common cold and fever and muscle aches.
37.2
It reduces pain and swelling
37.3
Past record of active bleeding diseases, it action last 24 hours etc.
37.4
It is an anti-inflammatory drug
QUESTION 38
38.1
Angina pectoris is ischaemic chest pain which is caused due to reduced blood flow in heart
38.2
Flow of oxygen to heart by large surface vessel, branching of intramyocardial arteries and
arterioles into capillaries. However, auto regulation of myocardial vessel leads to decrease in
flow of oxygen.
38.3
Acute pain in chest, neck and jaw
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Difficulty in motion, sweating, dizziness
Shortness and rapidness in breathing
Increased heart rate and pressure on chest
38.4
Supplemental oxygen therapy is a medical treatment which helps the nurses in managing flow of
oxygen, carbon monoxide toxicity and cluster headaches to person suffering from Angina
pectoris
QUESTION 39
QUESTION 40
40.1
Angina pectoris
Reduced blood flow in heart
40.2
Méniere's disease
Vertigo
40.3
Pneumonia
Acute inflammation in airspaces of body
40.4
Hodgkin's lymphomaf
Cancer of immune system
40.5
Ischaemic chest pain
Reduced flow of blood
QUESTION 41
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), pearrl, vital signs and AVPU scale is used to administer
consciousness of Mr Reynold.
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Hydroxychloroquine in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). 2017. [Online]. Available through:
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The Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus – An Update. 2012. [Online]. Available
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Role of 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors in the management of prostate cancer. 2006.
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Pelvic inflammatory disease. 1994. [Online]. Available
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