Cultural Tourism & Institutional Development

This assignment delves into the complex relationship between cultural tourism and institutional development in a new field. It examines how entrepreneurs contribute to shaping this field, drawing on examples like museums (British Museum and Natural History Museum) and the concept of 'cultural consumption' amongst tourists. The text analyzes academic research and online resources to understand the evolution and impact of cultural tourism.

Heritage and Cultural Tourism
Management

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1.1 Growth and development within heritage and cultural industry.........................................1
P1.2 Potential conflicts in conservation of heritage and cultural sector.....................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
P 2.1 Assess the purpose of heritage and cultural attractions in meeting the needs of different
customers.....................................................................................................................................4
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................8
P3.1 Impact of different types of ownership on management of heritage and culture...............8
P3.2 Analysing roles and responsibilities of firm in heritage and culture................................10
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................11
4.1 Methods and media and used for interpretation within Heritage and cultural industry......11
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
Tourism has been regarded as one of the fastest growing sectors in the world. In modern world,
there has been drastic change within this sector. Different countries have different culture and
tourism that enables the travellers to learn and experience the lifestyle, culture, history, etc. In
this context, there are many reasons because of which people travel to different countries which
are for fun, experience, etc. (Hartmann, 2014). For attracting travellers, countries focus on
maintaining and preserving their heritage and culture so that they could convey their nation’s
history to the travellers or tourists. Present report covers the development, growth and purpose
within heritage and cultural sector. Further, it would be helpful in understanding the
responsibilities, roles and ownership within the management of heritage and cultural sector.
Lastly, it also includes media and methods that are used for the interpretation of cultural and
heritage industry.
TASK 1
P1.1 Growth and development within heritage and cultural industry
Heritage and culture of a country has proved to be very helpful in attracting tourism to a
great extent. Further, it has been also helpful in development of country’s economy (Larkham,
2012). In context of Britain, there are many places like Blenheim Palace, City or Bath,
Ironbridge Gorge, Tower of London, etc. (Prideaux, Timothy and Chon, 2013). These historic
places have attracted many of the travellers around the world and have also helped in increasing
the economy of the country. The first museum developed in British was The Ashmolean
Museum and was developed in the year 1683. In respect to this, government of Britain spent
highly on the preservation and maintenance of these heritages and culture of the country (Alberti
and Giusti, 2012). Following are the few steps taken by the government of Britain in the process
of growth and development:
 There are many heritages and cultural sites which government has to look after. In order
to make the work load easy, Britain government has divided roles and responsibilities to
some of private businesses. There are few heritages which are owned and maintained by
private sector. When any issue arises with respect to these heritages, then these are solved
by private businesses only (Gmelch and Kaul, 2013). Government is not involved in
making decisions or in solving the issue.
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 Museums are the best example of innovation and development. There are many museums
in Britain. These museums are helpful in preserving history of Britain. Famous museums
are like British Museum, Natural History Museum, Victoria and Albert Museum, etc.
(Schanzel, Schänzel and Backer, 2012). They focus on adopting new technology and
innovation with the help of which they provide adequate information regarding the
history and culture of Britain to the visitors.
 There are many local and regional authorities who work for the betterment and
preservation of heritage and culture. These include National Trust, English Heritage,
Heritage Lottery Fund, etc. (Vistad and etal., 2016). These NGO's work for preservation
of heritage and cultural sector. In addition to this, they also provide people with vast
experience and knowledge who help travellers or tourists so as to convey the history of
Britain.
 Moreover, government has also conducted many awareness programs with the help of
which people of Britain get to know the importance of preservation and maintenance of
heritage and culture of Britain (Prideaux, Timothy and Chon, 2013). Support from local
people has helped the government to contribute effectively for the growth and
development of heritage and cultural industry.
 UK is the only country in the world to organize Olympics thrice. When these types of
events are organized, then athletes and people around the world visit to witness these
events. These are the times in which local people get employment opportunities. In this
context, these local people make use of their culture and their tradition so as to attract
visitors (Conlin and Bird, 2014). In these types of occasions, government and local
people focus on maintaining and do spend highly to preserve their heritage and culture of
the country.
 Similarly, event like Queen's Diamond Jubilee took place in which all the important
historic places and structures were constructed and renovated. These types of occasions
are very helpful for the development and growth of heritage and cultural sector (Smith,
Waterton and Watson, 2012). When such events takes place, then people around the
world visit just to witness these events and it also shows that the importance and curiosity
of people towards the culture and tradition followed in Britain.
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From this, it can be stated that growth and development of heritage and culture has proved to
be very helpful in development of the country. It further has been successful in attracting
traveller or tourists around the world. Activities and events held in Britain help in boosting up
tourism in this country (Smith and Richards, 2013).
P1.2 Potential conflicts in conservation of heritage and cultural sector
It becomes very difficult for the government of the country to make changes if people are
not in favour of making changes within the country. In order to make changes in the heritage,
there would be people who may thing that development would affect the heritage and culture of
the country. Mostly, development and maintenance of these heritages are only possible when
people of the country would be educated. If they get to know the actual understanding of what
would be the effect of maintaining and developing heritage and culture. In attracting travellers,
these heritages and cultural sites play vital role (Haven, Tang and Jones, 2012). In accordance
with the case, it has been found that, there have been conflicts among the government and local
people regarding development of heritage and culture. Following are few of the reasons because
of which conflicts arise:
Lack of education: Over all literacy rate of the world is low (Gmelch and Kaul, 2013). This
shows that the people would not be aware of importance of development in the industry of
heritage and culture (Smith and Richards, 2013). As the people are not aware, they do not
contribute effectively for the betterment of their country.
Lack of proper communication: Communication plays a vital role in making people understand
the importance of preservation and maintenance so that local people take appropriate steps for
protecting their culture and heritage. When people would be communicated effectively, then they
would get to know the actual reason for which they require changes (Zhou, Zhang and Edelheim,
2013). Thus, it can be said that proper communication is very important.
Lack of policies and law: Heritage and culture is highly affected because of lack of laws and
policies. With proper law, the country would be able to make developments within this sector
(Boniface, 2013). This would also be helpful in making people understand the importance of
preservation of heritage.
Poor management of promotional programs: There are many drawbacks of poor management
in the promotional program of the country as it affects employment opportunities for the local
people. When promotion is done effectively, then people around the world get to know more
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about the country and it would also develop curiosity to visit different. In this context, it is very
important for the local community to acquire proper training so that they get to know about their
own country more closely (Reisinger, 2013). Local people can act as guides to people from other
countries. In this respect, archaeologists and environmentalists can support local authorities in
providing them proper training.
Poor management of tourism: Tourism in the country should be managed properly so as to
bring acceptable differences to cultural and physical characteristics within resources of heritage
(Schanzel, Schänzel and Backer, 2012). Government of a country should initiate plans with the
help of which they would be able improve tourism in their country (Gmelch and Kaul, 2013).
Through this, government would be helpful in managing tourism in the country effectively and
efficiently.
TASK 2
P 2.1 Assessing purpose of heritage and cultural attractions
Heritage and cultural attractions in UK majorly includes museums and historical places. In this
regard, British Museum and The Natural History Museum are one of the major attractions that
meet the different needs and requirements of consumers (McCarthy, 2012). The needs are
inclusive of education, research, recreation as well as entertainment of the visitors who come to
pay a visit to these places. Attractions, their purpose as well as the manner in which the
museums meet the needs of visitors are discussed below.
British Museum - Main purpose of British museum is to reach a wider audience base which is
done by extending the engagement that takes place with the audience. Engagement is not only
with respect to collections present in museums but also in terms of cultures and territories that
are represented by them. It further wishes to tell stories through ancient artefacts so as to unlock
its real meaning in today’s world (About us, 2016). Various types of tourists visiting the museum
includes Students, scientists, families with children, media etc. It meets the different needs of its
visitors in varied manner. It meets the learning need of students by ensuring that there is no
charge for paying a visit to British Museum galleries. Further, using the facilities in the schools
lunch room has also been made free of charge. Minimal charges have been kept for the students
who wish to attend the taught session (Visiting the British Museum with EYFS, 2016). These
sessions are meant for students in early years and in foundation stage.
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To meet the needs of families with children, British museum has provided visitor services
staff where the parents can report for their lost child. They can even contact a first aider during
times of emergency. The museum further offers guides for the families. Guides are well trained
and even show a walking presentation of mummies to entertain children. They have further been
trained to link stories with objects so that bigger picture is clear to all children and they are
entertained as well. They further ensure to solve all queried asked by kids (British Museum
Walking Tour -- A Unique Experience, 2016).
It further fulfils needs of media by making sure that the website depicts all possible
content that can create real interest in the mind of media people. Museum further arranges
special exhibitions for the researchers that are delivered with full of flair but simplicity.
Permanent features are depicted through a to z bucket list (Petroman, 2013). Researchers further
get a chance to immerse in the magnificent displays thereby making their visit a fruitful one.
Recreation is meant for all the tourists through providing numerous cafes that offer coffee,
chocolate and pastries. Museum further has a presence of museums shops that provide quality
souvenirs and gifts to the tourists.
Natural History Museum - Main purpose of this museum is to become the world class attraction
and a leading research centre in Science (Home, 2016). Students,
scientists, Families with children, media are its visitors. In order to meet the need of researchers,
the museum has got a unique collection of around 80 million specimens that spans for a billion
years. Museum further meets the needs of students by running educational as well as public
engagement programs. For example, there was a presence of ‘How Science Works that
demonstrated students about microfossils’ (About us, 2016). For meeting up the entertainment
and recreation needs, museum has shops that offer 1000 of nature-inspired gifts. Museum further
keeps on organizing recreational activities so as to attract the visors. It also has a presence of
restaurant and coffee shop where the visitors can relax (Conlin and Bird, 2014).
National History Museum was founded in the year 1873 by Richard Owen. On the other hand,
British Museum was founded in the year 1753 and it has preserved and maintained the human
history of about more than two million years old (Haven, Tang and Jones, 2012). In this regard,
it has been noted that both British and The Natural History Museum have been catering to the
needs of wide audiences. However, Natural history Museum is more of fun in terms of
presenting features like dinosaur area, earthquake simulator. There is also a presence of
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animals that are found to be interesting by the children. While the British museum is more
of art and culture. It thus presents fantastic exhibits but they seem to dry for the kids. It is
excellent in terms of history.
TASK 3
P3.1 Impact of different types of ownership on management of heritage and culture
As it was discussed above, that travel and tourism sector is the fastest growing industry
which contributes highly towards the economy of the country. Each and every country of the
world has their tradition and heritage which are helpful in attracting people around the world. In
this context, it is very important for the countries to maintain and use various tools with the help
of which they could attract tourists (Haven, Tang and Jones, 2012). In this respect, there are
many private as well as public businesses which spend highly on the development and
preservation of heritage and culture. It becomes very difficult for government itself to look after
all the heritage of the country alone. As a result, they have shared their roles and responsibilities
of preserving and maintaining the private businesses. Main aim of these private businesses is to
gain maximum profit with the help of heritage and culture. Further, they are least bothered to
make development and improvements in these heritages. As the travel and tourism sector is
growing drastically, all type of businesses are focusing on taking ownership towards heritage and
cultural sites (Schanzel, Schänzel and Backer, 2012). Following are the different types of
ownership available towards heritage and cultural sector: Public sector: According to this ownership, maximum share is owned by the
government. There are many benefits in this ownership like all the allegations which arise
upon the heritage are looked after by the government and they also get tax exemptions.
They provide all the facilities and spend highly in maintaining and preserving heritage of
the nation. Moreover, unlike private businesses, they do not aim at gaining profit through
heritage and culture of the country. Forth Bridge is one of the heritage on which
government of UK spends highly on maintenance and preservation (Richards and van der
Ark, 2013). Government of UK spends monthly so as to maintain the beauty of it. UK
government do look for profit out of it, but it does understand the importance of their
historical things.
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 Private sector: There are mainly three types of partnership in private sector. All the three
partnership aims in gaining maximum profit out of heritage and culture. All the
partnership in sector are least bothered to maintain or preserve the heritage. Further,
following are the different types of partnership involved in private sector: Proprietorship: According to this partnership, there is single ownership of heritage. In
order to maintain the heritage, all the expenses are incurred by proprietor himself. In
order to gain more profit, new strategies are adopted as a result to have the experience of
heritage, visitors spend money and that amount is the profit for the proprietorship (Vistad
and et.al., 2016). For example, Buckingham Palace is is a type proprietorship. Limited partnership: When people work together and share profit and losses of business,
then they are said to be partners. In this context, maximum twenty-three members can
become partners in limited partnership. In order to attract more and more tourist or
travellers, they understand the requirement and needs of heritage and accordingly they
spend so as to make heritage more attractive for tourists (Smith, Waterton and Watson,
2012). In this context, Derwent Valley Mills is the best example as it is maintained,
preserved and owned by limited partnership (Alberti and Giusti, 2012). They look after
this heritage and make changes or improvements accordingly. Partnership: According to this partnership, maximum three partners are involved. The
main aim of these partnerships is to gain maximum profit out of heritage. They also focus
on attracting travellers or tourists by providing them services with the help of which they
gain profit. They have to pay taxes on the amount which they get from the visitors or
tourists (Prideaux, Timothy and Chon, 2013). It is very important for the partners to look
after the heritage so that they could attract more and more travellers from around the
world. In this context, they also use promotional strategies with the help of which they
focus on increasing the knowledge of outsiders. Edinburgh is a heritage in UK which is
owned by partnership (McCarthy, 2012).
 Voluntary ownership – It is majorly in form of charities or trust that are funded through
the members, entrance fees as well as donations. The aim of this ownership to preserve
and promote the specified cause. In this respect, there is a presence of staff members who
are a mix of managers, workers as well as volunteers. Examples include The Sealed knot
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Tourism concern, The National trust as well as Friends of Williamson's (Smith, Waterton
and Watson, 2012).
P3.2 Analysing roles and responsibilities of firm in heritage and culture
In order to protect and preserve the beauty of country, there are many government and
non-government organizations which are very helpful in protecting heritage and cultural. In this
context, organizations like Woodland Trust, National Trust, Department of Media, etc. work for
the betterment and protection of countries heritage and culture. Some of these organizations also
work for the protection of animals and parks (Hartmann, 2014). Further, they have also helpful in
developing awareness among the local people of the nation. Below given are the roles and
responsibilities played by English Heritage and National Trust.
English Heritage which is also known as Monument Commission and Historic Building
focuses on preserving and maintaining heritage within UK (Larkham, 2012). Monument
Commission and Historic Building is non-government organizations which have proved to be
helpful in protecting the historical background of London. They have their own employees who
look after the tourists or travellers. They also assure them for not damaging the heritage. There
would be tourists who would tent to damage the heritage and in order to protect it, employees of
English Heritage are responsible and they perform their role effectively. This organization looks
after all the landscapes which were submerged under the English coasts. It also includes many
archaeological places or sites as well. According to an estimate English Heritage which includes
almost 250 places and 400 heritage sites is looked after by this organization (Alberti and Giusti,
2012). In addition to this, they also help travellers or tourists with adequate information
regarding the historic or heritage places which they visit. In this context, the tourists also get a
chance of clarifying all the doubts which they may have regarding the heritage sites.
National Trust is a type of NGO which has similar roles like Monument Commission and
Historic Building. National Trust also works for the reservation and development of heritage and
cultural sites. It was in the year 1894, when Octavia Hill, Robert Hunter and Hardwicke Canon
Rawnsley founded National Trust. They preserve arts, furniture, paintings, etc. and their history
so that people from other countries get to know its history. Further, they also focus on protection
of animals (Gmelch and Kaul, 2013). They have also helped the government in developing law
for protection of animals. There are strict laws made against the protection of animals and if
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people are caught hunting animals, then they are punishable by law. In recent times, they have
also started protecting and maintaining houses and gardens in UK. In addition to this, they are
people who work with National Trust, who have vast knowledge regarding heritage and culture
of the country. These people are very helpful in providing adequate information and in clarifying
all the doubts related to heritage and culture of UK. These people also know different languages
which makes them convey information with the travellers or tourists in their own respective
languages (Vistad and et.al., 2016). Moreover, they also conduct research and surveys, with the
help of which, they get to know more about their heritage and culture. It is also helpful in
increasing the understanding level and knowledge regarding heritage.
Thus, it can be stated that in UK there are many organizations both in non-government and
in government, in which they focus on development and improvement of heritage and cultural
sector. UK understands the importance of travel and tourism. In this context, they support these
types of organizations for the betterment of the country (Prideaux, Timothy and Chon, 2013).
They also make use of promotional tools so that people around the world get to know about the
culture and heritage of UK.
TASK 4
4.1 Methods and media used for interpretation within Heritage and cultural industry
For providing outsiders with proper information, there are many museums which help the
travellers or tourist with adequate information regarding UK (Conlin and Bird, 2014). Few of the
famous museums like British Museum, Science museum; National History Museum, etc. provide
information regarding history of UK. In UK there are different types of museums which provide
ample of information related to history, science, air force, etc. In order to provide information in
an easy way, they use different types of tools and methods through which they are able to
develop the understanding of the tourists.
Both the Museums adopt different types of strategies with the help of which they are able
to provide information to their visitors. Below given are the media and method used by British
Museum and National History Museum:
Tour guides: They are the one, who move with the visitors. They have all the information
regarding historic things and museum (Petroman, 2013). They explain all the information about
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the heritage to the visitors. One of the main advantages through this tour guide is that visitors get
benefit of clarifying all their doubts regarding anything which is kept in the museum.
KIOSKS: It has all the data regarding museum. These machines are very helpful in providing
information regarding the segments which are placed in the museum (McCarthy, 2012). The
visitor just need to select the historic thing on which he/she needs data and KIOSKS would
provide it with all the knowledge about it.
Headphones: It is the innovative thing introduced by the museum. Visitors just need to put on
the headphones and information regarding the historical segment in front of which the user
would have been standing will be explain (Haven, Tang and Jones, 2012).
Banners and posters: It is very helpful in providing knowledge effectively. As these posters and
banners are very large in size, it is very effective in grabbing the attention of visitors (Richards
and van der Ark, 2013).
Conducting fairs: Both the museums conduct fairs frequently and it is very helpful for the local
people to provide knowledge regarding the heritage and culture of UK.
There can further be use of Thematic interpretation method so as to make it convenient as well as
interesting for the tourists who are there to visit the sites. Other than that personal as well as non
personal media type can also be used so as to interpret the different objects that are a part of
museum (Prideaux, Timothy and Chon, 2013). Personal media type used interpretation will make
use of manual methods through tour guides that will share information about the tourist sites. On
the other hand, Non personal media types will make use of audio & video methods so as to
enhance the interpretation of the objects that have been placed in the museum.
CONCLUSION
From this report, it can be articulated that events and occasions which are held in UK such
as Olympic, Queen Diamond Ceremony, etc. are very helpful in the development and growth of
the heritage and culture of UK. Further, there are different types of ownership like public and
private businesses. Among which private businesses make use of heritage and culture so as to
earn profit. They are least bothered to preserve and maintain the heritage and culture of the
country. Lastly, museums are very helpful in providing adequate information regarding the
history, culture and lifestyle of UK. In this context, they also used different type of methods so as
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to provide information to the visitors. Among which, tour guide is the one with whom visitors
can clarify all the doubts related to history of UK.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Alberti, F. G. and Giusti, J. D., 2012. Cultural heritage, tourism and regional competitiveness:
The Motor Valley cluster. City, culture and society. 3(4). pp.261-273.
Boniface, P., 2013. Managing quality cultural tourism. Routledge.
Conlin, M.V. and Bird, G.R., eds., 2014. Railway heritage and tourism: Global perspectives
(Vol. 37). Channel View Publications.
Gmelch, S. and Kaul, A., 2013. Tourists and tourism: A reader. Waveland Press.
Hartmann, R., 2014. Dark tourism, thanatourism, and dissonance in heritage tourism
management: New directions in contemporary tourism research. Journal of Heritage
Tourism. 9(2). pp.166-182.
Haven, Tang, C. and Jones, E., 2012. Local leadership for rural tourism development: A case
study of Adventa, Monmouthshire, UK. Tourism Management Perspectives. 4. pp.28-35.
Larkham, P. J., 2012. Building A New Heritage. Routledge.
McCarthy, B., 2012. From fishing and factories to cultural tourism: The role of social
entrepreneurs in the construction of a new institutional field. Entrepreneurship & Regional
Development. 24(3-4). pp.259-282.
Okumus, F. and et.al., 2012. Cultural tourism in Turkey: A missed opportunity. Journal of
Hospitality Marketing & Management. 21(6). pp.638-658.
Petroman, I., 2013. Types of cultural tourism. Scientific Papers Animal Science and
Biotechnologies. 46(1). pp.385-388.
Prideaux, B., Timothy, D. and Chon, K., 2013. Cultural and heritage tourism in Asia and the
Pacific. Routledge.
Reisinger, Y. ed., 2013. Transformational tourism: Tourist perspectives. CABI.
Richards, G. and Van der Ark, L. A., 2013. Dimensions of cultural consumption among tourists:
Multiple correspondence analysis. Tourism Management. 37. pp.71-76.
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Schanzel, H., Schänzel and Backer, E., 2012. Family tourism: Multidisciplinary perspectives
(Vol. 56). Channel View Publications.
Smith, L., Waterton, E. and Watson, S., 2012. The cultural moment in tourism (Vol. 26).
Routledge.
Smith, M. K. and Richards, G., 2013. The Routledge handbook of cultural tourism. Routledge.
Vistad, O. I. and et.al., 2016. Mimisbrunnr Climate Park–a network for heritage learning,
tourism development, and climate consciousness. Journal of Heritage Tourism. 11(1).
pp.43-57.
Zhou, Q. B., Zhang, J. and Edelheim, J. R., 2013. Rethinking traditional Chinese culture: A
consumer-based model regarding the authenticity of Chinese calligraphic landscape.
Tourism Management. 36. pp.99-112.
Online
About us. 2016. [Online]. Available through:
<https://www.britishmuseum.org/about_us/management/about_us.aspx>. [Accessed on
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About us. 2016. [Online]. Available through: <www.nhm.ac.uk/about-us.html>. [Accessed on
16th January 2016]
Home. 2016. [Online]. Available through: <http://www.nhm.ac.uk/about-us/history-and-
architecture.html>. [Accessed on 16th January 2016]
Visiting the British Museum with EYFS. 2016. [Online]. Available through:
<https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/BM_Visit_Guide_EYFSb.pdf>. [Accessed on 16th
January 2016]
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