Anatomy and Physiology

Running head: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1
Body anatomy and Physiology
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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2
1. Physiology of body muscles
The calcium channel blockers hinder the progression of calcium ions moving
from the body’s interstitial fluid into the smooth and cardiac muscle cells. This activity
may result in a decrease in heart rate, cardiac output and stroke volume. These calcium
channel blockers would again obstruct the smooth muscle contraction along the walls of
the blood vessel widening them, thus lowers the blood pressure. The effect of the
verapamil inhibiting the heart and smooth muscle cells on blood is explicitly effectual.
Therefore it is important to monitor the blood pressure of patients receiving Verapamil
for this process could lead to lower blood pressure (Rosendorff et al, 2015).
2. Homeostasis
The body intercellular communication involves both the endocrine and the
nervous system. The endocrine system is responsible for the regulation of the long term
continuing metabolic processes. On the other hand, the nervous system deals with the
management of the short term crisis within the body. The nervous system enhances
communication through sending of impulses along an axon that is connected to the
neuron or other effectors. This process of communication is faster and specific. The
endocrine system blindly releases message chemicals to the whole body via the
interstitial fluids and blood and the process relies on the different target cells responses
(Yáñez-Mó et al, 2015).
3. Blood flow Auto-regulation
During exercise, the blood flow increases because the blood vessels of the skeletal
muscles dilate. While exercising the blood vessels that supply blood to and away from

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 3
the muscle dilate so that the blood can flow faster and it is the autoregulation that takes
blood away from the muscles that are less active and puts it to the working muscles.
Other controls involved are when muscles consume nutrients while working. Thus, the
waste products like lactic acids produced have to be transported away from the muscle to
be metabolized by the liver and be recycled or eliminated. The need to eliminate waste
and let in large amounts of materials lead to a dramatic increase in blood during exercise
(Smith & Ainslie, 2017).
4. Haemorrhage and Blood pressure
The wounded patient could experience and hypovolemic shock due to the much
loss of blood but through the body metabolism it will feel thirsty, and the patient’s
kidney will retain the fluid so that to maintain the oxygenated blood in the critical body
organs. The vasoconstriction of the blood vessels will increase the peripheral resistance,
and this raises the blood pressure while redirecting it to flow towards the vital organs in
the body. The condition may lead to a coma finally if not early treated (Bunin, 2015).
5. Iodine deficiency
Iodine is only absorbed in the body by thyroid cells. These thyroid cells combine
the amino acids tyrosine and iodine to produce T4 and T3 (thyroid hormones). When the
thyroid hormones are too low in the body, the pituitary gland produces the Thyroid
stimulating hormone (TSH) which initiates the thyroid gland to make more hormones.
The thyroids stimulating hormones influence the thyroid gland to synthesise and secrete
the T4 and T3 that raises their blood levels. The low amount of thyroxin in the blood due
to iodine deficiency leads to a rise of levels of TSH thus stimulating the thyroid gland to
increase several biochemical processes that lead to cellular growth. This cellular growth