INTRODUCTION Management and operations is an art of planning, organizing and supervising in the fields of production, manufacturing and provision of services. With the help of this an organization can focus on converting inputs to outputs in an effective and efficient manner (Application of management & operation approaches and techniques in organisational context. 2018). The organization taken here in the context of operations and management is Starbucks. It is an American coffee company having its headquarter in Seattle, Washington. It has established it's business in 1971 and now working in many locations worldwide. In this report, difference between the role of a leader and functions of a manager along with the application of these are discussed. Apart from that, appreciation of the role of leader and managers play in the operations function of an organization. In the end, understanding of the leadership and management in a contemporary business environment is also discussed in this report. TASK 1 Defining and comparing the roles and characteristics of a leader and manager. Managers and leaders plays an important role in the development of organization. They operate the management and operations of organization. Leadership is an art of leading individual and group in account of the specific goal having clear vision and mission. Management is an art of organizing and controlling the resources available and achieving the targets set by the leader in the context of vision, mission of organization. The role and characteristics of leader and manager are discussed below: Role of a leader: Executing Strategy:The main role of a leader is to make effective strategy to lead the organization on the way of success (Davis, B., and et. al., 2018). The strategy created should be implemented also in the context of organization. The strategy used in leading the organization should be disciplined and progressive in the development of Starbucks. Creating Vision:Another role of a leader is to create vision in order to bring the organization on the way of it's development in future. The vision statement shows that where the organization is looking to go. The vision should be achievable in all the levels of organization. Role of manager:
Direction:The strategies of organization are made by the leader but the manager has the responsibility of giving the direction in order to implement those strategy. Guidance, support are required for the employees so that they can be motivated enough to work hard to achieve the mission and vision of Starbucks. Monitor:It is another role and responsibility of manager in which it regulates and monitor the strategies . The running strategies of Starbucks are checked so that they are running to achieve the mission and vision. Characteristics of leader Decision-making capability:This is the most important characteristics of a leader. In this characteristics a leader is capable of making decision in favour of organization.The decision- making is done on the basis of mission and vision of Starbucks (Lockwood, 2015). Creativity and innovation:This is another characteristics of a leader in which it has to be creative and innovative. A company should adopt the innovation and creativity in order to avail the updated products and services to market. Characteristics of manager Communication:There should be proper communication among the employees with manager. The manager should listen to its followers and seniors because it has the duty of being as a bridge of communication among the employees and authorities. Time management:It is another aspect of characteristics of a manager in which it has to manage the time allotted to each employee. Time is an important aspect of success in any organization. Difference between role of leader and function of a manager BasisRole of leaderFunction of manager Nature of workingA leader always seeks to work inainnovativeandcreative environmentinwhichit followssituationalleadership theory (Alcott, 2017). A manager always follows the classical management theories andimplementthestrategies of leader but both works for the upliftment of company. LeadershipA leader helps in development of an individual in which it followstransformational A manager help the individual regarding the tasks allotted to it.Inthiswayitfollows
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leadership model.transactional leadership model. PerspectiveAleaderuseslongterm perspective in which it follows contingency theory. A manager follows short term goals hence it follows classical management theory. SkillsSoftmanagementskillsare utilized by a leader such as listening. Themanageruseshard managementskillssuchas typing, writing etc. TASK 2 Role of leader and functions of manager in different situational context There are many situations in which role of a leader and manager are different in the given organizational context. In Starbucks the role and functions of manager and leader are given below as per different situations: Fast Changing Situation: These are the situation in which situation changes very fast (Fayol, 2018). The basic example of fast changing needs are customer needs and preferences. These are the situation in which demand of customer changes very frequently. Therefore manager and leader has to change their strategies also so that they can meet the requirement of customers. Contingency theory of leadership is used in this situation to handle the fast changes. In case of Starbucks, the customer requires about the organic coffee than the role of manager and leader are as follows: Role of leader:In this situation a leader has to make possible strategies so that the supply of productsmeet the demand of customer. In case of Starbucks, thepoliciesare made to manufacture organic coffee in a rapid speed. Functions of manager:In this given situation the manager has to implement those strategies so that the production will be increases. In spite of that, it has to motivate it's employees so that they work in the profit of organization. Moderate Changing Situation: In these type of condition, the situation neither changes very fast nor very slow i.e. the situation remains moderately changing (Fayol, H., 2016.). The example of this situation in the context of Starbucks is the technology used. Technology is the factor which changes moderately.
Management by objective theory is used in this moderate changing situation. Therefore the role of leader and functions of manager according to the given situation is as follows: Role of Leader:In this given situation, the leader looks at the technology level that whether it will fit into each level of organization or not. If it not properly fitted at each level than it cannot be implemented. In case of Starbucks, the leader uses new and advanced technology to attract the customers on their doors. Functions of manager:In this given context, the functions of manager is to implement those technology which has been adopted by the leader. The manager has to train its employees so that they will get proper skills to implement those technology in Starbucks. Stable Situation: This is the situation where the changes are not done within times and the condition remains stable as much as possible (Higgins, J. and et. al, 2015). The example of stable situation is the policies of working, ethics, performance appraisal etc. which are not changes frequently. Transformational leadership theory is used in this stable situation. Performance appraisal is the condition of Starbucks in which each employee is appraised according to its performance. The functions and role of manager and leader according to the situation are as follows: Role of leader:In this situation, role of a leader is to make the appraisal slabs of performance. This will help the employees in not involving themselves to demotivation. The slabs of reward are based on the performance of each individual. Functions of manager:In this situation, the manager has the role to motivate their employees so that they will engage them again to get reward and appraisal. Different theories and models of approach There are various approaches and theories used to define the role and functions of manager and leader. Some of them are explained here: Situational Leadership: This theory is developed to deal with the problem according to the situation. Since managers and leaders have faced many situations and each situation is different from the previous ones. Therefore manager and leader should focus on adopting the the theory which is based on the required result of that situation (Wehenkel, 2017). This theory deals with two factors of manager and leader, direct behaviour and supportive behaviour. Both these behaviours are used by manager and leaders according to the situation.
Strength:The strength of situational theory is that it is flexible in nature and hence can be adopted at any situation. Weakness:The weakness of situational theory derives that it has not fundamentals to be implemented according to the situation. This is focused on the past experience and knowledge of manager and leader. System leadership: It is the leadership approach which is used beyond the boundaries of organization and geo political boundaries within the range of stakeholders culture (Karangelos, E. and Wehenkel, L., 2016). The system leadership theory emphasises on the development of organization beyond the boundaries and personnel rights of an individual. With the help of this theory a leader thinks in the long term vision of company in which strategies of it will help the Starbucks in achieving it's target easily. It will also help the leader in making strategies which are not acceptable by other rivals and hence increase the chances of sustainability of the Starbucks. Strength:The strength of this theory is that it focus on the growth of an individual as well as organization and it also focus on multiple dimension of management. Weakness:The weakness of this theory is that it delays the manager and leader in decision- making. Apart from that, this theory may not be applied to smaller organization. Contingency leadership: This theory emphasises on the nature of leader to make the decision. It also suggests that there is no best approach for an organization to adopt instead the course of action is responsible in taking the decision on the basis of internal and external situation of Starbucks (Kiehtreiber and et. al., 2018). This theory indicates both the negative and positive aspects of it. There are two types of leaders in an organization one is task oriented and other is relationship oriented. The relationship with employees will not remain good with the task oriented leadership and vice- versa. In the concept of relationship oriented the motivation of each employee will increase. Therefore, it will help the company in promoting sustainable development. Strength:This approach helps the individual and Starbucks in promoting both the personnel aspect of employees and growth of organization. Weakness: This theory fails to explain that why some leaders are effective in some situation but not in others. Therefore this is also situational type of theory.
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TASK 3 Key approaches to operations management and the role that leaders and managers play. Following are the key approaches used in operations management and the roles of leaders and managers. Total Quality Management: Total quality management is the art of maintaining and improving the quality of product and operations up to the excellence. In this approach creating and implementing the planning and assurance and quality control and improvement. This approach focuses on improving the quality and performance of all functions of organization so that operations and management can be successful (Ma, L. and et. al., 2016). Starbucks can use this approach in improving its quality of coffee and production so that its sustainability will be increased. The roles of managers in this approach are as follows: ï‚·The manager should treat the suppliers as business partners so that they provide and negotiate in price of product. ï‚·Another role of manager is to provide continuous improvement of the business and production. The role of a leader are: ï‚·To manage effective involvement of the entire workforce in Starbucks. ï‚·Performance measurement should also be there. JIT Inventory: It is the approach in which production of goods is increased by decreasing the wastages only when the goods are required (Majidi, M. and et. al., 2017). The inventory cost in the production of goods and services is decreased with the help of this approach so as to decrease the cost of product and hence attract the customers to buy the product. This also helps the company in reducing the threat of decrease in market price of product because Starbucks manufacture and sell the coffee when order is placed. The functions of manager in JIT approach is: ï‚·Goods will be ordered at right time for the supplier. ï‚·Quantity of goods should be well analysed so that it will not increase inventory cost. The role of leaders are as follows: ï‚·To make sure about the utilization of goods properly so that there will be no wastage.
ï‚·To check whether the employees are working according to their roles and responsibilities. Importance of operations management in achieving business objectives Following are the functions of operations management by which it will be clear that how important is operational management in the success of business: Control and distribution system: It is the most important importance of operational management in the success of business. Operational management helps the Starbucks in controlling the distribution system of coffee so that the required amount of coffee is distributed only (Niu, S. and et. al., 2015). This will help the company in decreasing it's inventory cost and thus cost of goods decreased. Managers and leaders should focus on the distribution system of Starbucks so that they can monitor the demand and supply of product. This will help the company in achieving the objective of business. Transformation of raw material into finished goods and service: This is another importance of operational management in the context of Starbucks. The managersandleadershavetheresponsibilityofmaintainingthedemandandsupplyof production and transform the raw material into goods and services. This will help the company in effectively manage the production department. This transformation should be done according to the demand of customer and thus business objectives can be achieved. Process Design: It is also an importance of operational management in which the designing process of product is measured in the standard of quality. This will help the company in producing the quality products and thus the brand image of company also increases. The managers and leaders should focus on adopting those production design by which they can meet the requirement of customers. Therefore Starbucks can achieve the business objective. Capacity management: This management technique helps Starbucks in the management of capacity of goods produced (Parisio, A., Rikos, E. and Glielmo, L., 2016). This will help the company in reducing the extra goods produced so that the pressure on quality of production decreases. The leaders and managers should try to maintain the supply and demand of goods so that the quality of product will remain up to the mark. This will help the company in achieving the objective. Logistics and Inventory management:
The logistics plays an important role in the succession of operations management in any organization. The finished good until not reach in market will not profit to the business. Therefore logistics help the company in delivering of goods to market so that demand and supply of products will not decrease. Inventory management also helps to control the cost of product. The manager and leader should deliver the goods as soon as possible. This will help the company in achieving the business objective. Scheduling: In this process, the task is scheduled and divided according to the skills of an employee and resources available to the organization. With the help of this, employee is able to give it's full potential. Managers and leaders should focus on each individual so that they can look after the performance of an individual and allocate the task accordingly. This will help Starbucks in achieving the business objective. TASK 4 Factors within the business environment that impact upon operational management and decision- making by leaders and managers. Following are the factors which influence the operational management and decision making by leaders and managers. Corporate Social Responsibility: It is known as the business approach which is used to provide benefits to all stakeholders in terms of social, economic and environment (Pavlineri, N., Skoulikidis, N. T. and Tsihrintzis, V. A., 2017). The organization should ensure that a small part of their funds should be dedicated towards the upliftment of social development in the area where business is operating. This will affect the business to get faith from the sociality. As a result of CSR, social development of Starbucks is also done. Culture: It is defined as the ideas, social behaviour of people and customs of a place. Culture plays an important role in the development of organization because company produces products according to the culture of people. When strategies of operational management are formed culture also stays there. This will help Starbucks in producing the goods according to the needs of customer. As a result of this, people will be able to preserve their culture. Values:
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The principles and standards of one's behaviour are known as values. The product and services developed in any organization are on the basis of values of people on a particular place. By values operations management also affected in developing the products as needed by the customer. If Starbucks is meeting the requirements of customers than it will increase the productivity of organization and the values of people are also preserved. Ethics: Ethics are the general rules and regulation to perform the behaviour of an individual or team. These are not legal laws or policies to follow and are formed not to harm the rights of other employees, customers, stakeholders etc (Rohovs' kyy, I. L., 2015). Ethics helps the stakeholders to increase their benefits through it's activities. With the help of this, stakeholders can invest more in Starbucks and hence its business expanded. Ethics also influence the others in following good behaviour with others. Sustainability: It is the process of making stable the organization in producing the goods related to the requirement of its customers. This will help the company in increasing faith among the customer The organization should focus on current customer's needs with the help of this company will be able to save resources for future use. Sustainability helps the company to be on top among it's rivals and the successful business also increases the chances of employment among the society. Meeting Stake-holder's expectations Stakeholders are the person or entity which has it's stake in the organization and thus activities of them will be affected with the activities of company. The management of every organization should try to save the rights of it's stakeholders. The stakeholder in organization wants from its employees to produce quality product and in low price to gain sustainability in competitive environment. Therefore Starbucks should focus on meeting the expectation of stakeholders (Shigenobu, R. and et. al., 2016). Encouraging, developing and sustaining intrapreneurship New policies, new approaches and a good organizational culture can be implemented with the use of intrapreneurship. This helps the company in producing new ideas, promoting growth of organization. It also involves in developing the leadership spirit among the employees. Therefore a business can sustain itself in market. Starbucks should also prefer intrapreneurship so that they can encourage, develop and sustain it's business.
Encouraging, developing and sustaining entrepreneurship The leaders and managers should implement this approach in order to take risky decision in favour of organization. This theory help organization in taking long term decision without any thinking of short term affects of that decision. These long term decision-making helps the company in stabilizing itself in future. Therefore Starbucks can put itself on to to by using entrepreneurship. CONCLUSION In this report it can be concluded that, management and operations plays an important role in the development, sustainability, and productivity of Starbucks. Therefore the leader and manager should focus on managing the operations department so that business can run smoothly. In this report, difference between role of leader and function of managers are discussed. A range of management accounting techniques and appreciation of the roles of leaders and managers in operational functions is also discussed. In the end, an understanding of the relationship between leadership and management is also explained.