2 Abstract Aerobic activity has the ability to produce a significant effect on the cardiovascular and respiratory responses. The investigation into the various phases of exercise shows a varied activity of the chest and electro cadium waves displayed. Aerobic exercise entails intake and exhalation of oxygen from the body, hence signifying various wave patterns. This study displayed various activity forms of electro cadium activity and cardiovascular and respiratory processes. Introduction Response to physiological processes often depends on the intensity, duration and the exercise frequency coupled with environment presence. During exercise engagement, the needs of oxygen tend to rise and the skeletal substrate increase, with the removal of metabolites and carbon dioxide. The resulting mechanical and thermal effects alter metabolic, ventilator and cardiovascular functions so as to meet the increased demands (Epstein et al., 2014). Physical exerciseelevationisassociatedwithanincreaseinthemetabolicactivityofthe cardiovascular system in order to accommodate the resulting cardiac output. In this process, various mechanisms take center stage. These include heart rate, vascular vasodilation, ventilation functions, contractility of the heart and venous return. Participationand engagementof physical exercise are often central and peripheralto cardiovascular adaptations which enable the generation of large and sustained cardiac output. Increase in cardiac output is key to generate stroke output. The cardiovascular system change during exercise has an effect on the function of the skeletal muscles (Rivera-Brown et al., 2012). They increase the requirement of substrate and oxygen requirements above resting requirements. Resting blood flow linked to muscles is usually 2-4 mls/100 g ml/min is elevated to almost 100ml/100gof muscle. The blood flow increase on the muscle and coroner, the cerebral blood is often maintained with constant and splanchnic flow diminishing (Porcelli et al., 2014). Increased blood flow of to the muscles requires an elevated cardiac output which is direct proportion to the increase in oxygen consumption. The output of the cardiac is increased through the heart rate stroke volume which is attributed to the emptying of the systolic contraction.
3 Spirometry assessment is essential in measuring lung function ability. Forced Vital Capacity –FVC and Forced Expiratory Capacity are essential aspects of exercise assessment. The long duration of aerobic exercise improve the aerobic capacity and lead to good lung function. The respiratory system ventilation increases during resting exercise. The resting value is 5-6 liters per minute to about more than 100litres per minute. Ventilation process increases with an increase in the work rate submaximal intensity level. An average resting oxygen intake is about 250ml/min while in endurance exercise especially in athletes rises to 5000ml/min. The elevated increase in the ventilation process of the pulmonary is linked to the increase of tidal volume and respiratory rate which is linked to increased oxygen intake and output of oxygen. Spirometry thus measures the volume moving out and into the respiratory system. It assessed the mechanical function of the lungs, chest wall and respiratory muscles, it asses the total lung capacity to the maximal expiration (Dwyer et al., 2014). Ventilation process increases initially on the exercise level then followed on a gradual increase. The elevated level of ventilation at the onset of exercise affects various activities. The mechanism affects the arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide which are not abnormal to stimulate respiration during exercise. Studies have indicated that the sensitivity of peripheral chemoreceptorswithrespecttooscillationsofPao2andPaco2arelinkedtoincreased ventilation while the absolute values remain. The central chemoreceptors are thus adjusted to increase the ventilation level. Other explanations have been offered on the link of body temperature role through the neurogenic impulses arising from motor cortex to location of active muscles and joints stimulating brain stem and respiratory centre (Rivera-Brown et al., 2012). ECG tests refer to the standards used in the measurement of heart condition and abnormalities associated. The tests show causing the display on the screen. Abnormal tests subject is in producing an increase in heart arteries and blood pressure. ECG has been useful; in assessing Ischemic in assessing prognostic signs. In ischemic ST-segment produces wave plateau which slopes downwards. The flat depression is more than 0.1 mV which can persist in longer times. Thus basically ECG expresses the visual representation of electrical activity taking place on the heart. The construction and the pulse are stimulated with a natural signal which is assessed using an ECG tests system. Exercise levels have shown an effect on the ECG assessment levels (Molmen-Hansen et al., 2012). Measurement of Blood Pressure and Heart Rate during exercise has shown a positive
4 association. Heart rate increases the rate action during exercise especially due to cordial vagal action initiation which is increases over time. The relationship of a rise in heart rate and blood pressure increase is not plausible. Blood vessels get dilated to allow more blood to flow and move easily. During the exercise, the heart rate speeds up more blood to reach the muscles. Heart rate increases over time during physical exercise. The higher interest in exercise increases the heart rate more (Molmen-Hansen et al., 2012). With this overview, assessment of the physiological process underlying aerobic exercise is essential. The key aspects entailing cardiovascular, respiratory and cardiac output levels are enduringexerciseactivity.Thisstudy aimsatinvestigatingtheresponseactivitiesof respiratory, cardiovascular and ventilator engagement during aerobic exercises. Materials and methods This assessment focuses on a female subject aged 25 years, with 58.6 kg and a height of 1.67 m. The heart rate monitor entails death rate of 68beats per minute, systolic pressure is 116mm Hg while the diastolic pressure is 73mm Hg. Respiratory and cardiovascular physiology In the assessment of respiratory and cardiovascular parameters, the following materials were useful; spirometry, vitalograph, ECG lab chart, heart rate, and blood pressure digital monitors and Douglas bag to measure expired air. Clean mouth piece filter was used at the end of clear plastic tubing on the opening of the subjects. The tests were initiated with normal breathing and assessment of spirometry was initiated. Handheld peak flow meters and the pneumotographs was used to compare the results obtained. During the connection of the electrocardium, the electrodes were connected on the electrodes. The right procedure was followed; the electrode run was placed in software to run the series. Assessment of blood pressure and pulse rate was connected into an automatic blood pressure monitor and placed on the brachial artery. The arm position was placed on the arterial brachial. The arm was adjusted to place the hand on the heart. The systolic and diastolic pressures were recorded on the table.
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5 Analysis of Expired Air during Quiet Breathing using a Douglas Bag The process of collecting expired air as initiate with the assembly of expired air. The connection was undertaken and ensured that the bag is ready for collecting the expired air. Before the collection process, the bag was checked if correcting assembling done and collection initiated. The air composition was analyzed through the usage of the gas analyzer, with baseline recordings of the CO2% and O2%. The process was repeated while taking note of the readings. The air in the Douglas bag was assessed and measured with key findings being recorded and tabulated on a table. Results The figure below the shows spirometry results at exercise state; PTSCAL4 Sp Vol (L) -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 18202224262830323436384042 12/11/201814:45:52.797 Figure1Spirometry results Maximum aspiratory Resting Expiratory volume Maximal expiratory
6 VTwas 0.421 L IRV was ~ 1.479 L IC was ~ 1.9 L ERV was ~ 1.2 L PTSCAL4 Sp Vol (L) -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 1:021:02.51:031:03.51:041:04.51:051:05.51:061:06.51:071:07.51:081:08.51:091:09.51:10 12/11/201815:22:54.642 Figure2Vitalograph display Peak expiratory volume Inhalation Exhalation volume
PTSCAL4 EC G ( m V) -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 57.558 7 Table1Vitalograph assessment data Breath 2 forcedBreath 5 forced Ti0.0070.009 Te1.47s1.14s Duration1.48s1.123s PIF0.226L/s0.200L/s PEF0.812L/s1.104L/s FVC0.571L0.547L FEV10.466L0.542303L FEV/FVC81.56%98.976% Figure 3 showing ECG diagram R-R interval = 0.82 s Figure 2 Electrocardium results Table2Showing the patient respiratory vital statistics during the exercise ControlLeve l 1 (KP 1) Level 2 (KP 1. 5) Baseline Weight to add onto bike scales 000.50 Workload (W)05075 RPM06060 Measured Duration (min)511 Total V (dm³)50.8053.1080.60 No. of breath1303753 CO2(%)2.133.102.600.12 O2(%)17.7018.0018.4020.6 Heart Rate6894144 Systolic pressure (mm 116101137 PQ S U R
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8 Hg) Diastolic pressure (mm Hg) 736874 Discussion Spirometry assesses the rate changes in the lungs occur during forced breathing experience. It is initiated with full inhalation with intermittent emptying of the lungs. The expiration can prolong until a plateau phase is reached. These processes are illustrated in a graphical presentation. Figure 1 above shows the expiration process and plateau face of the air inhaled. The functioning of the lungs is essentially divided by four volumes; expiratory reserve volume, residual volume, tidal volume, and inspirational volume. All this together combines to form total lung capacity (La Gerche et al., 2012). The critical measure volume is the FVC. Assessment of this was undertaken with maximal inhalation which is expelled as rapidly as possible. Often normal lungs empty around 80% if the volume in its capacity in less than 6 seconds. Forced expiratory volume per second is the calculation of the inhaled air during the first episode of FVC. The ratio of the FEV1/FVC is offered in percentage (Casey et al., 2014). Often the different spirograph flow curves display the amount of exhaled air during the different phases. The relevance of FEV1/FVC is twofold in that it can assess patients having obstruction airway or normal patients (Richards et al., 2014). Spirometry often is indicative of functional abnormalities occurring in the respiratory system. In other cases, it is essential in determining the strength function of the tests. In this practical assessment, the maximal expiratory phases indicate during the rest phase and aerobic phase. The aerobic phase indicates rapid inhalation and expiration rate of oxygen. In figure 2, the expiratory phase during rest is shown that it has a maximal expiratory level. The rest phase has a long duration. The illustration shows the subject at rests hence signifying effective function mechanism of the chest.
9 ECG assessment displays the electrical activity of the heart. The waveform components indicate the electrical events of the heartbeat. With waveforms of P, Q, R, S, T and U, figure 3 above indicate a quick recession of the electrical conducts. The aerobic activity of the ECG changes of the P wave, QRS complex, and the ST segment and T wave analyzed indicated that the maximal P wave is shifting downwards. The Q wave amplitude is negative while the R amplitude focus rises sharply. The QRS vectors show shifts in the right and posterior position. The ST amplitude shifts upward exponentially. The magnitude of T lessons during the aerobic state. After the assessment of all the measurements, there is a gradual return to the normal resting point(La et al., 2013). Thus it is essential that the cardiovascular changes on the rates of exercise. The spirometry levels during exercise indicate the lung capacity to inhale and exhale exercise during aerobic activity. The FVC is critical in assessing the activity of exercise. The maximal exhaled volume and inhalation phases depict the respiration activity occurring during the level of exercise activity. Thus, during exercise their changes which occur on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems signifying elevated levels of gaseous exchange activity. Bibliography Casey, D.P., Treichler, D.P., Ganger IV, C.T., Schneider IV, A.C. and Ueda, K., 2014. Acute dietary nitrate supplementation enhances compensatory vasodilation during hypoxic exercise in older adults.American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. Dwyer, D.J., Belenky, P.A., Yang, J.H., MacDonald, I.C., Martell, J.D., Takahashi, N., Chan, C.T., Lobritz, M.A., Braff, D., Schwarz, E.G. and Jonathan, D.Y., 2014. Antibiotics induce redox-related physiological alterations as part of their lethality.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,111(20), pp.E2100-E2109.
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