Assignment (Doc) | Taxation Law

Running head: TAXATION LAW
Taxation Law
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Authors Note
Course ID

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Table of Contents
Answer to question 1:.................................................................................................................3
Answer A:..............................................................................................................................3
Answer B:...............................................................................................................................3
Answer C:...............................................................................................................................3
Answer D:..............................................................................................................................4
Answer E:...............................................................................................................................4
Answer F:...............................................................................................................................4
Answer G:..............................................................................................................................4
Answer H:..............................................................................................................................5
Answer I:................................................................................................................................5
Answer to question 2:.................................................................................................................6
Answer to Question 3:................................................................................................................8
Answer to question 4:...............................................................................................................11
Answer to A:........................................................................................................................11
Answer to B:........................................................................................................................11
Answer to C:........................................................................................................................12
Answer to D:........................................................................................................................12
Answer to question 5:...............................................................................................................13
Answer A:............................................................................................................................13
Answer B:.............................................................................................................................13

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Answer to C:........................................................................................................................14
Answer to D:........................................................................................................................14
Answer to E:.........................................................................................................................15
References:...............................................................................................................................16

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Answer to question 1:
Answer A:
As per the commissioner view it lay down that the ruling of taxation TR 2019/1 states
when a business carried by an organisation in the sense of small entity business under the
section 23, “Income Tax Rates Act 1986” as the case of income in the F.Y of 2015-16 and
2016-17 or under “section 328-110, ITAA 1997”1.
Answer B:
As per the “Division 30, ITAA 1997” explains the rule and regulation related to allow
of deduction from tax in case of gifts and contribution2.
Answer C:
In Australia for the resident the highest marginal rate of tax is 45% of income in the
F.Y of 2019-20.
Taxable Income Tax on Taxable Income
From 0 to $18,200 Nil
From $18,201 to $37,000 19c for each $1 over 18,200
From $37,001 to $90,000 $3,572 + 32.5c for each over $1 over 37,000
From $90,001 to $180,000 $20,797 + 37c for each $1 over $90,000
1 Sharkey, Nolan. “Reinventing Administrative Leadership in Australian Taxation: Beware
the Fine Balance of Social Psychological and Rule of Law Principles.” AUSTRALIAN TAX
FORUM, vol. 31, no. 1, 2016, pp. 63–97.
2 Pert, Alison, et al. “'Federal Commissioner of Taxation v Jayasinghe' (2016) 247 FCR 40.”
Australian Year Book of International Law, vol. 35, 2017, pp. 260–262.

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From $180,001 and over $54,097 + 45c for each $1 over $180,000
Answer D:
Under CGT assets, motorcycle or car is not taken as an exempt from income. In fact it
is consider as a personal assets under “section 108-20 of the ITAA 1997”.
Answer E:
As per the “section 104-20 of the ITAA 1997” states that when CGT event C1
happens, when the asset under CGT is destroy or lost which is owned by the tax payer. This
situation is applicable to CGT assets part when asset loss is discovered or damaged happens
in such case the assesse receive no payment3.
Answer F:
For the individual resident the current tax-free threshold limit is $18,200 for the F.Y
2019-20.
Answer G:
In case of “Hayes v FCT (1956)”, Hayes has given service to one of his friend from
which some income is earned. The assesse and client were friends before the event occurred.
As per the commissioner of tax the money generated by Hayes will be consider as income in
the sense of ordinary meaning4. The assesse have claimed that the money received was a form
of gift. According to commissioner of taxation, the court held that the received money would
3 Lam, Dung, and Whitney, Alex. “Taxation and Property: Practical Aspects of the New
Foreign Resident CGT Witholding Tax.” LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal, vol. 3, no. 3,
2016, pp. 84–85.
4 Nethercott, et al. Australian Taxation Study Manual : Questions and Suggested Solutions.
26th ed., Oxford University Press, 2016.

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be consider as voluntary gift payment and so it will not be taken as income which will be
taxable.
Answer H:
The distinguishing between ordinary income and statutory income are as follows:
Ordinary Income Statutory Income
 Long-term capital gains are income
which is generally apart from
ordinary income.
 Ordinary income under “section
6-5, ITAA 1997” comprises of
income derived from wages,
salaries, bonus, commissions and
other forms of compensation or
income from business or
partnership.
 Statutory income is taken prior to
the application of ordinary income
as the money that must be assessed
under the most particular provision
of “section 6-25 (2)”.
 Statutory income generally
comprises of net capital gains,
dividends, franking credits
associated to franked dividends or
excess of trading stock in the year.
Answer I:
The difference between Medicare Levy and Medicare Levy Surcharge are as follows;
Medicare Levy Medicare Levy Surcharge
 To the cost of Medicare, majority of
the Australians contribute as a basic
manner which is regarded as the
 Medicare levy surcharge is the
federal government tax which helps
in paying for the public health

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Medicare Levy.
 Medicare Levy is applicable at a rate
2% on taxable income when an
individual earn higher than $27,069
in the current financial year5.
system.
 The Medicare Levy Surcharge is
paid by the single individuals that
earn more than $90,000 in a year or
by couples or families that have the
combined earnings of $180,000 a
year.
Answer to question 2:
The term “usual place of abode” should not be taken as having same sense as term
“permanent place of abode”. The word usual and abode must be interpreted based on their
regular and normal senses. The query of “usual place of abode” is based on question of fact.
Usually the word is considered as the customary abode or it is usually used when a person is
actually existent in the state. An individual’s place of abode should be fixed but should
display the qualities of the place of dwelling or the residence to live in contrast with an
overnight, weekly or monthly lodging of a traveller6. An individual “usual place of abode”
should be permanent but it should define the quality of dwelling in contrary to weekly basis,
overnight or monthly housing of a traveller.
If a assesse have “usual place of adobe” at Australia and has no fixed dwelling outside
the country but visit country to country or migrating constantly in the domestic zone or the
5 Nethercott, Les., and G. L. Shaw. Australian Taxation Study Manual : Questions and
Suggested Solutions. 10th ed., CCH Australia, 2016.
6 Sadiq, Kerrie, et al. Principles of Taxation Law 2016. Ninth ed., Thomson Reuters, 2016.

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relation to the specific place in overseas, they the dwelling will not be permanent. In such
situation it should be considered that the assesse would not consider to have adopted the
dwelling of their self-choice or “permanent place of abode” outside the Australia7.
On the other hand, the word “permanent place of abode” specifies that an individual
has their residence in Australia. As per the “subparagraph (a)(i)” the definition of “resident”
needs the tax officer to be content that the person’s permanent place of abode is not out of
Australia8. The word “place of abode” signifies that assesse has the residence where an
individual resides with their family and sleeps at night. The court in “Levene v IRC (1928)”
stated that an individual’s “place of abode” represents a person’s place of dwelling or the
physical environments in which a person lives.
According to court in the leading case of “FCT v Applegate (1979)” held that the
taxpayer whose residence was in Australia, was directed by his company to set up an office
branch in Vila, New Hebrides. The law court of Australia stated that the taxpayer had the
permanent place of abode outside Australia and hence he was treated as non-resident in the
income year. While in another case of “FCT v Jenkins (1982)” it involved the bank officer
that was relocated to New Hebrides for 3 years and returned following 18 months due to ill-
health9. The Supreme Court of Queensland held that taxpayer had the “permanent place of
7 Kenny, Paul, et al. Australian Tax 2016. 2016.
8 Clark, William, and Regan Maas. “Spatial Mobility and Opportunity in Australia:
Residential Selection and Neighbourhood Connections.” Urban Studies, vol. 53, no. 6, 2016,
pp. 1317–1331.
9 Kenny, Paul. LexisNexis Concise Tax Legislation 2016.

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abode” out of Australia throughout the period he was foreign even though he did not have
any kind of physical time to live in New Hebrides. As evident from the Applegate and
Jenkins that an individual’s “permanent place of abode” cannot be determined by applying
any kind of speedy rules. As per the discussion a person must be content that if Australia is
not their usual place of adobe, while the first statutory test (domicile) need a person to be
contented that their permanent place of abode is out of Australia10.
Answer to Question 3:
HECS-HELP: $850:
As described by the ATO, acceptable income Tax deduction is allowed to taxpayer for
certain types of expenditure that is related to self-education provided that the expenses are
occurred in relevant calculated earnings of the taxpayers. As per the ATO, the individual
taxpayer who sustains expenditure on self-education and satisfies the eligibility criteria then
some particular expenditure like Fee-Help, Vet or the loan of a student that is paid inside the
HECS-HELP is not applicable for deduction. In the same way the expense of $850 occurred
for HECS-HELP is a non-deductible expenditure.
Travel – work to university $110
The self-education expenditure that occurs are normally deductible but the
expenditure for maintaining and increasing the skills of taxpayers working in their present
field for increasing their future income.
As per “FCT v Finn 1961” those who are employed as architect by the WA
Government are allowed to deduct permissible income tax for the travelling expenses for a
10 Anderson, Colin, et al. “The Australian Taxation Office - What Role Does It Play in Anti-
Phoenix Activity?” Insolvency Law Journal, vol. 24, no. 2, 2016, pp. 127–140.

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year to study architecture by travelling overseas11. Court also held that tour is a natural and
relevant for the employment of taxpayer.
Travelling from work to university are currently is an allowable deduction under
“section 8-1, ITAA 1997” as the travelling expenditure are natural and relevant.
Books $200:
Expenditure related to self-education are mainly study materials, textbooks,
stationery, calculators and related items for improving the future strength and earning
capacities of the taxpayers are allowed for deduction under “section 8-1,ITAA 1997”. A
general practicing dentist is also permissible for deduction of expenditure done for self-
education.
Under “section 8-, ITAA 1997” an accountant who incurred expenses for books will
also be allowed for deduction as this expenses are for improving the future promotion and
earning capacity of the taxpayer.
Childcare during her evening classes $80:
According to the “section 8-1 (2)(b), ITAA 1997” the expenses that are incurred in
domestic area are not allowed for deduction as it does not meet the standard stated. In “FCT v
Lodge 1972” case court did not allowed deduction to taxpayers as the expenses occurred for
child care and the expenses are not for income generation activity of taxpayer.
Repair to her fridge at home $250:
11 Trakman, Leon. "Domicile of choice in English law: an Achilles heel?." Journal of Private
International Law 11.2 (2015): 317-343.

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Under “section 8-1 (2)(b), ITAA 1997” an individual taxpayer is not allowed to claim
deduction for outgoing which is of domestic or private in nature. In case “Lunney v FCT
1958” court held that it is important to determine the outgoings to know the deduction for
perquisites. Under “section 8-1 (2)(b), ITAA 1997” repairs of fridge at home for $250 will
not be allowed as deduction as the expenses are private and domestic in nature and it is not a
perquisites in source of taxable income12.
Black trouser and shirt required to be worn at office $145:
According to the “section 8-1, ITAA 1997” cost of purchasing an ordinary item like
cloths, suits are not permitted as deduction. In case “Mansfield v FCT 1996” court held that
the general expenses on ordinary articles are not to be treated as deductible although the
expenses are required to maintain a particular appearance in job or profession13.
Expenses incurred for buying a black trouser and a shirt is not allowed for deduction
irrespective of the fact that it is necessary to maintain a suitable office appearance.
Legal expenses occurred in writing up a new employment with a new employer $300:
Expenses incurred in the course of getting a new employment is also not considered in
the course of taxable income. In case “Maddalena v FCT 1971 it was held that expenses
incurred for obtaining new employment is not allowed as deduction as it occurred point is
too soon.
12 Sharkey, Nolan. "Departing Australia: a complex tax situation with possible benefits and
hidden traps." Tax Specialist 19.5 (2016): 180.
13 Main, Jim. “Taxation: Accountants and Lawyers: Friends or Adversaries?” LSJ: Law
Society of NSW Journal, no. 41, 2018, p. 78.

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Answer to question 4:
Answer to A:
F1 event of CGT take place when a party gets grant by taxpayer to extend or renew
the lease period which was previously owned by the taxpayer. Under CGT event F1 50 %
CGT discount is not allowed14. When john leased his own land at a premium of $7000 for
seven years then a CGT event F1 occurred but john cannot get 50% CGT discount from the
CGT event.
Answer to B:
Answer to C:
According to ATO the main residence of a taxpayer does not attract any CGT and
also not allowed to claim full exemption from CGT if they use exclusively any part of the
house for producing or earning income or for any business15. According to Li used 20% of
14 Wickramasuriya, Thilini. "Dempsey: Don't call Australia home." Taxation in Australia 49.3
(2014): 138.

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her house floor to conduct her physiotherapy business so to calculate the taxable part of
capital gain the formula is given below:
Capital gain * percentage of floor area = Assessable portion
=$700000-$400000=$300000 (net capital gain)
=300000*20%=$60000
The property was held under the ownership of Li for more than 12 months so she is
allowed to use 50% CGT discount to compute her capital gain. The rule of “home first used
to produce income” is also applicable in this situation of Li as she used her home for
producing income from the time she brought it16.
Answer to D:
The cost base of CGT asset denotes the cost of asset when the taxpayer purchase it
and it also include the cost that are related with purchasing, holding and selling of the
assets17. In situation like CGT event occurred to any CGT asset and taxpayer has made capital
gain then he need to reduce the base cost of asset to determine whether he had made any
capital loss or not. The tax payer need to assign that they can use the capital loss to reduce the
capital gain and whether they cannot use capital loss to reduce other forms of income.
15 Jones, Daryl. "Complexity of tax residency attracts review." Taxation in Australia 53.6
(2018): 296.
16 Pinto, Dale, et al. Fundamental Tax Legislation 2018. Twenty-sixth ed., 2018.
17 Khoury, Daniel. “Widening the Availability of Deductions under Australian Taxation
Law.” Tax Specialist, vol. 14, no. 4, 2011, pp. 207–211.

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Answer to question 5:
Answer A:
In “section 6-5, ITAA 1997” explains that how an income character is obtained when
a taxpayer earns it. The presence of illegality, corruption and other factors does not affect its
derivation18. But income from illegal ways like drug dealing or theft will be considered as
assessable income under this section.
Answer B:
Taxpayer earns the bank interest in the current period and in accordance to “section 6-
5, ITAA 1997” the bank interest has been considered as periodic receipt from the income
which is considered as assessable income. The rent received as income from rental property
is treated as assessable earning in ‘section 6-5, ITAA 1997”. Taxpayer earned $10000 from
crown casino is a windfall gain in nature are treated as having an income character19. Amount
of $10000 that is received from crown casino is shown as windfall gain so it is a non-taxable.
18 Slater, Tony, and Elizabeth Bishop. “Taxation of Settlements, Judgments and Awards.”
Australian Law Journal, vol. 92, no. 8, 2018, pp. 602–618.
19 Star, Dan. “The Latest from the Federal Court.” LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal, no. 44,
2018, pp. 93–94.

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Answer to C:
According to the “section 6, ITAA 1936” income earned from own effort comprised
of wages, salaries, allowance, bonuses and others which is received by a person in capacity of
employee will be treated as ordinary income20. The amount of $500 that is receive by the
employee by his or her employer will be treated as income from private exertion and so it is
taxable.
Answer to D:
20 Hanegbi, Rami. “Superannuation Taxation Reform: From the Financial System Inquiry
Report to Legislative Changes.” Adelaide Law Review, The, vol. 39, no. 2, 2018, pp. [331]-
362.

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Answer to E:

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References:
Anderson, Colin, et al. “The Australian Taxation Office - What Role Does It Play in Anti-
Phoenix Activity?” Insolvency Law Journal, vol. 24, no. 2, 2016, pp. 127–140.
Clark, William, and Regan Maas. “Spatial Mobility and Opportunity in Australia: Residential
Selection and Neighbourhood Connections.” Urban Studies, vol. 53, no. 6, 2016, pp. 1317–
1331.
Hanegbi, Rami. “Superannuation Taxation Reform: From the Financial System Inquiry
Report to Legislative Changes.” Adelaide Law Review, The, vol. 39, no. 2, 2018, pp. [331]-
362.
Jones, Daryl. "Complexity of tax residency attracts review." Taxation in Australia 53.6
(2018): 296.
Kenny, Paul, et al. Australian Tax 2016. 2016.
Kenny, Paul. LexisNexis Concise Tax Legislation 2016.
Khoury, Daniel. “Widening the Availability of Deductions under Australian Taxation Law.”
Tax Specialist, vol. 14, no. 4, 2011, pp. 207–211.
Lam, Dung, and Whitney, Alex. “Taxation and Property: Practical Aspects of the New
Foreign Resident CGT Witholding Tax.” LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal, vol. 3, no. 3,
2016, pp. 84–85.
Main, Jim. “Taxation: Accountants and Lawyers: Friends or Adversaries?” LSJ: Law Society
of NSW Journal, no. 41, 2018, p. 78.
Nethercott, et al. Australian Taxation Study Manual : Questions and Suggested Solutions.
26th ed., Oxford University Press, 2016.

17TAXATION LAW
Nethercott, Les., and G. L. Shaw. Australian Taxation Study Manual : Questions and
Suggested Solutions. 10th ed., CCH Australia, 2016.
Pert, Alison, et al. “'Federal Commissioner of Taxation v Jayasinghe' (2016) 247 FCR 40.”
Australian Year Book of International Law, vol. 35, 2017, pp. 260–262.
Pinto, Dale, et al. Fundamental Tax Legislation 2018. Twenty-sixth ed., 2018.
Sadiq, Kerrie, et al. Principles of Taxation Law 2016. Ninth ed., Thomson Reuters, 2016.
Sharkey, Nolan. "Departing Australia: a complex tax situation with possible benefits and
hidden traps." Tax Specialist 19.5 (2016): 180.
Sharkey, Nolan. “Reinventing Administrative Leadership in Australian Taxation: Beware the
Fine Balance of Social Psychological and Rule of Law Principles.” AUSTRALIAN TAX
FORUM, vol. 31, no. 1, 2016, pp. 63–97.
Slater, Tony, and Elizabeth Bishop. “Taxation of Settlements, Judgments and Awards.”
Australian Law Journal, vol. 92, no. 8, 2018, pp. 602–618.
Star, Dan. “The Latest from the Federal Court.” LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal, no. 44,
2018, pp. 93–94.
Trakman, Leon. "Domicile of choice in English law: an Achilles heel?." Journal of Private
International Law 11.2 (2015): 317-343.
Wickramasuriya, Thilini. "Dempsey: Don't call Australia home." Taxation in Australia 49.3
(2014): 138.

18TAXATION LAW