The assignment delves into the intricacies of human movement, exploring the structure and function of skeletal muscles. It explains how agonist and antagonist muscles work together to facilitate movement, using quadriceps and hamstrings as a prime example. The document also touches on the importance of tendons and blood vessels in muscle function.
Contribute Materials
Your contribution can guide someone’s learning journey. Share your
documents today.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Secure Best Marks with AI Grader
Need help grading? Try our AI Grader for instant feedback on your assignments.
TABLE OF CONTENTS QUESTION 1..................................................................................................................................1 PART 3: Functions of skeletal system.......................................................................................1 QUESTION 2...................................................................................................................................1 Types of movable joint...............................................................................................................1 QUESTION 3...................................................................................................................................2 PART 1: Muscles and joint movement involved in swimming.................................................2 PART 2: Joints and muscles participating in cycling action......................................................3 QUESTION 4...................................................................................................................................3 PART 1: General functions of skeletal muscles........................................................................3 PART 2: Composition and functions of different components of skeletal muscles..................3 QUESTION 5..................................................................................................................................4 Analysing antagonistic pair within human body and its role in producing movement..............4 REFERENCES...............................................................................................................................5
QUESTION 1 PART 3: Functions of skeletal system The skeleton system consist of bones, cartilage, joints, ligaments and tendons which allow living beings to have multifunctional structure. Support:The structural composition of skeleton system provide support to body such as vertebral column keeps body in upright position. It is also responsible for deciding shape and height of individuals. Storage and blood production:Skeleton system stores fats, lipids and minerals within yellow marrow.Redmarrowproducesbloodcells(Herman,2016).Thisfunctionalityiscalled hemopoiesis and is vital for the survival of organisms. Protection:The vital body parts like heart and brain needs protection from injuries and thus they are protected by ribs and cranium. Movement:Another key function is to facilitate the movement in body through bone functioning and actions. QUESTION 2 Types of movable joint Joints serve the function of holding skeleton and supporting movement. The movable joints are not fixed and have ability to move and thus causing movement in living beings as well. The four types of movable joints are as follows: Gliding joints:This type of joints such as joints in ankles, vertebrae and wrists allow sliding and twisting but are not able to make circular motion. The bones in these types of joints can slide against each other. Hinge joint:The movement of hinge joint is limited to only angular moment which can allow only extension and prevent rotation. Similar to the hinge action of door these joints perform their action. Joints of ankles, knees and elbow are its example. Ball and socket joint:It this type of joint for giving complete range of motion one rounded end bone is fitted into another cupped bone. Hips and shoulder joints are common example of this type (Jiang and et.al., 2015). 1
Pivot joint:To allow the rotation movement pivot joints consist of bones in which round end of bone can be fitted into tendon ring. The neck base includes pivot joints which enables rotation in it. (Source: Types of joints, 2018) QUESTION 3 PART 1: Muscles and joint movement involved in swimming Swimming is considered as one of the best physical activity which involves movement of majority of joints and muscles. Primarily swimming involves action of ankle, knee, hip joints such as radioulnar, glenohumeral and ulnohumeral joints. The swimming actions utilises the musculature of upper body as well as core and leg muscles. Upper body muscles such as brachialis, rotator cuff muscles, deltoid and pectoralis major participates in the quoted action. Specific swimming styles also different muscle groups (Biomechanical Swimming Analysis, 2011). For instance in front crawl neck, shoulder, forearm flex and spinal cord muscles are used while in case of breaststroke additionally chest muscles and abdominal muscles like are also used. Similarly in freestyle swimming position, body roll initiates with one arm emerging out of the water. Its position is in scapula upward rotating position and elbow is also flexed out at an 2 Illustration1: Movable joints
Paraphrase This Document
Need a fresh take? Get an instant paraphrase of this document with our AI Paraphraser
angle of ninety degree. Elbow must be stretched and extended fully in alignment with torso so that swimming movement can be made. PART 2: Joints and muscles participating in cycling action During cycling upper muscles balances and maintains posture of the body while cycling actions and training is caused by mainly leg muscles. Ball and socket joints provide movement in multi-directions whereas hip joint helps in rotation. The torque is generated by hinge joints and transfers force lowering leg (Herman, 2016). The maximum torque in cycling is produced by the combined action of maximus (gluteals) and quadriceps muscle. Hamstring muscles stabilises knees and flexion while muscles such as gastrocnemius, soleus are involved in stabilisation of the lower leg. The hinge joint helps to produce large amount of torque.The ankle joint movement allows ankleing in which pedal stroke helps foot to shift from dorsi-flexed to plantar flexed position. There are number of smaller joints present in foot which transfer the force originating from lower limb to pedal and thus pedalling action is executed. QUESTION 4 PART 1: General functions of skeletal muscles Skeletal muscles situated beneath skin layer and fat joins bones and tendons with voluntary control. These muscles are responsible for movement and serves following functions: Movement:These muscles exerts force so that body movement can take place. s Postural support:Joint stabilisation by skeleton muscles is essential for giving postural support. Heat production:Contraction of these muscles can produce heat. Thus, for balancing body temperature these muscles can produce heat in a voluntary (through workout and warm up) or non voluntary action (like shivering action). Respiratory movement:The relaxation and contraction of abdomen and ribs muscles makes movements in lungs so that respiration can take place easily. PART 2: Composition and functions of different components of skeletal muscles Elastic tissue called tendon provides connection between skeletal muscle and bone. These muscles contain group of muscle fibres called fascicules which are cylindrical and surrounded by blood vessels. These muscle fibres also provides pathway for blood passage and nerves along 3
with the protection to cells (Harper, Wilken and Neptune, 2018). Tendons are made up of epimysium which helps to avoid friction from other bones or muscles. Muscle fibes are covered with fibrous tissues endomysium which gives insulation to fibre. The sarcoplasm stored in sarcolemma which surrounds these muscle fibres acts as the powerhouse of cell where cell energy is produced. (Source:Structure of Skeletal Muscle, 2018) QUESTION 5 Analysing antagonistic pair within human body and its role in producing movement The muscular motion can be described as antagonist and agonist. The muscles which participate in the movement due to activation of muscles are called agonists. They cause movement by contraction and are also called prime movers Similarly, the muscles which results in opposing torque than agonist are called antagonist and helps limb so that it can return to its original position. Usually both of these types of muscles are present in pairs which is called antagonistic pair in which simultaneous contraction and relaxation of one element in pair causes the movement (Naito, Morita and Amemiya, 2016). For instance quadriceps and hamstrings muscles work together for leg movement. During bending hamstring contracts and quadriceps relaxes while at the time of straightening hamstring 4 Illustration2: Structure of skeleton muscles
relaxes and quadriceps contracts which leads to balance and movement. The simultaneous and alternate contraction and relaxation of the both of these muscles helps knee and hip joints to move and to stabilise knee which in turn results in movement of legs ((Jiang and et.al., 2015)). REFERENCES Books and Journals Harper, N.G., Wilken, J.M. and Neptune, R.R., 2018. Muscle Function and Coordination of Stair Ascent.Journal of biomechanical engineering.140(1). p.011001. Herman, I.P., 2016.Physics of the human body. Springer. Jiang, M., Kong, J., and et.al., 2015. Informative joints based human action recognition using skeleton contexts.Signal Processing: Image Communication,33, pp.29-40. Naito, E., Morita, T. and Amemiya, K., 2016. Body representations in the human brain revealed by kinesthetic illusions and their essential contributions to motor control and corporeal awareness.Neuroscience research.104. pp.16-30. Online BiomechanicalSwimmingAnalysis,2011[Online]Accessedthrough <http://biomechswimming.blogspot.com/> StructureofSkeletalMuscle,2018[Online]Accessedthrough <https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/muscular/structure.html> Types of joints, 2018. [Online] Accessed through <https://byjus.com/biology/types-of-joints/> 5