Organizational Behavior and Leadership Studies

This assignment provides a comprehensive overview of various studies and research on organizational behavior, including topics such as social identity at work, ethical leadership, and emotional intelligence. It also includes a list of references from academic journals and books, providing a wealth of information for students and researchers in the field. The summary notes mention several key points, including the importance of understanding human behavior in organizations and the role of leadership in shaping organizational culture.

Organizational Behaviour

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1 Organization's culture, politics and power influence individual and team behaviour and
performance.................................................................................................................................1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3
P2 Content and process theories of motivation and motivational techniques enable effective
achievement of goals...................................................................................................................3
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................6
P3 What makes an effective team as opposed to an in effective team........................................6
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................8
P4 Concept and philosophies of organizational behaviour within an organizational context....8
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10
.......................................................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Organizational behaviour is one of the important concept within an enterprise to evaluate
overall performance of the employees at workplace. It is an effective study of human behaviour
which impact on organization's performance. The main focus of the this concept is to influence
the effectiveness of the firm by understanding and predicting individuals behaviour (What is
organizational behaviour?, 2017). It is totally based on understand the people behaviour in
which they interact with the other group. It helps in improving productivity of the workers in
effective manner in order to achieve better goals and objectives. Present report is based on
Exponential- e Ltd. Which is based on providing cloud and network services to their customers
and other enterprises in UK. This report include organization's culture, power and politics which
influence the individuals and team performance at the workplace. This project is also discussed
about motivational theories which used by the company to motivate their workforce in effective
manner. Along with this, concepts and philosophies of organizational behaviour is also
mentioned which aid in achieving its goals and objectives in systematic manner.
TASK 1
P1 Organization's culture, politics and power influence individual and team behaviour and
performance
Organization's culture, power and politics play important role which helps in improving
the team as well as individuals performance at the workplace. It define day to day operational
activities of the business in order to get positive results by developing team performance. Culture
of the Exponential- e Ltd define physical objectives which helps in satisfying individual needs. It
helps in understanding the better way that how an individuals interact with others. For better
understanding the organizational culture, Handy's cultural typologies are important and the
explanation of this are as follows:
 Power culture: It is like a spider web in the organization in which the power of the
whole activities on the individuals who are close to the core person. In this the lower
level of management as well as employees totally depend on their senior because they
take all the decision within the organization (Miner, 2015). These type organization
quickly take action as well as decision for their employees and activities.
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 Role culture: This type of business is based on their rules which is controlled by higher
authorities. It have to follow by the employees which impact on overall performance of
Exponential- e Ltd. In organization every individual get some roles of their
responsibilities in order to maintain their positive working performance on effective
manner (Carpenter, Berry and Houston, 2014). It is related to the strong functional
structure which helps in completing all the task in more systematic manner.
 Task culture: This type of concept is related to the project in which all the task are
accomplished as per higher priority. In this it is important that right person and effective
resources are important to completing the task in appropriate time period and get better
results.
 Person culture: In this, it include those person who have best capabilities to perform
their task and get positive results in appropriate manner. It helps in enhancing the
employees performance at the workplace and also achieve organizational target in
systematic manner.
Importance of cultural difference awareness:
Cultural awareness is one of the important tool in the Exponential- e Ltd which helps in
understanding the better culture in order to improve the communication and also enhance
productivity of the employees at the workplace. There are some importance of the culture
difference awareness are as follows:
 It helps in understanding the multi culture workplace of the business in order to maintain
positive work environment.
 Better culture awareness improve the employees productivity ion order to achieve better
success.
 It helps in achieving organizational goals and objectives in appropriate manner.
In this the rise of globalization is one of the important and effective process in which
Exponential- e Ltd easily expand their business in international level and get better opportunities
to grow their operating activities (Lee, Kim and Kim, 2013). At the same time digital
technology is also influence their organizational culture in which employees easily invite large
number of customers and investors by providing better services.
Along with this, organizational psychology is also important for understanding the
behaviour of individuals which affect the business performance. It looks at the employees
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performance and behaviour that how they work in order to achieve better results (Haslam And et.
al., 2014).
Influence of politics:
This concept define variety of activities which influence the Exponential- e Ltd and
personal interest by using effective tactics. It provide several opportunities to the business
organization to improve their performance level and take places in various areas to explore their
business activities. It is also important for the Exponential-e to regulate various rules and
regulation in their business activities to improve their employees qualities so that they complete
their operational activities in most effective manner. All the rules and regulation have to be
follows by the workforce because it helps in building the positive work environment within the
Exponential- e Ltd.
Influence of power:
Power is an effective part of the business organization to accomplish a specific goals as
well as purpose which is set by the higher authority of the company (Phillips and Gully, 2012). It
helps in completing all the task in effective manner because it set by top management which
have to be followed by the work for maintain their positive performance at the workplace and
also get positive result. Basically it is an ability to influence individuals behaviour which helps in
formulating positive work environment. In this the power as an individuals define a formal
position which take any kind of decision within the Exponential- e Ltd to maintain the better
performance. In this power as a property of relationship define better understanding between
power holders and other people in order to get desirable targets in appropriate manner.
Hence, organization's culture, power and politics helps in improving the performance of
the Exponential- e Ltd and also encourage the employees towards the work so that they easily
achieve their target in systematic manner.
TASK 2
P2 Content and process theories of motivation and motivational techniques enable effective
achievement of goals
Motivation is more important for the employees to perform their work effectively and
enhance their productivity in appropriate manner (Miao, Newman and Xu, 2013). In this context,
Exponential-e Ltd provide motivation to their staff members by using various motivational
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theories which helps in achieving positive outcomes in more effective manner. It is important
responsibility of manager of the company to motivate their employees towards the work so that
they easily improve their quality and achieve better success (Baum, Frese and Baron, 2014).
There are some motivational theories for increasing motivation of the employees are as follows:
Content theory: This method is more effective for the Exponential- e Ltd which helps in
identifying employees needs and requirements in order to motivate them towards the work and
their performance. In this, satisfying employees are backbone of the company because their put
their strong efforts for achieving better success. Their theory divided in two dimension such as
Maslow's needs theory and other one is two factors theory which is used by the Exponential-e
Ltd to motivate their staff members are as follows:
Maslow's hierarchy needs of theory: It is more effective and important theories which helps in
satisfying all the basic needs of the people. In all the stages are interlinked with each other which
helps in motivating the employees. Physiological needs: It is one of the important needs of person to surviving their life. In
absence of this factors employees can not able to perform their job. It include food,
clothes, shelter and water (Witt and Schwesinger, 2013). All these are basic needs of the
employees for motivating their morale. Safety needs: This is important for the employees to feel relax and stress free because
every person wants securities for their job so that they easily perform their job in best
way. After satisfying physiological needs they wants to protect their job for fulfil their
needs. Social needs: It is also important which comes after satisfying safety needs. It include
family, friends, and many more to maintain the better social relationship which helps in
motivating the employees in appropriate manner. Self esteem needs: It is also important because if a person have low self esteem then they
dies not able to do their work effectively and also get dissatisfied towards their job. Better
self esteem helps in motivating employees because it define the respect of workers form
other at the workplace so that they feel their importance within the organization.
 Self actualisation needs: It is last and important needs of the employees which aid in
improving their performance and satisfaction. It is related to the higher need of the person
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which fulfilment of al the needs in effective manner (Chhokar, Brodbeck and House,
2013). It include person status, dignity.
Two factors theory: This model define hygiene and motivation factors which aid in
encouraging the employees morale and also satisfy their needs in effective manner. Herzberg is
founder of this theory, they include two level in which employees satisfy their needs in
systematic manner. Hygiene factors: It is related to short time period because with the help of this employees
nit satisfied for long term. If this factors are not consider in the motivation then
employees get dissatisfied with their job and they does not perform their best. It include
salary, job securities, status and many more to motivate their workers by providing better
satisfaction.
 Motivational factors: This factors is totally related to positive satisfaction of the
employees because it helps in encouraging morale of the workers at workplace so that
they easily handle all situation in effective manner (Avey, Palanski and Walumbwa,
2011). It also helps in improving better job satisfaction of workers because it define
recognition, achievements and better promotional opportunities to motivate their
employees to achieve their target by perform their best.
Process theory: It is more important for the individuals to satisfy their organizational
needs. In this they use effective procedures to motivate their workers towards the work and
performance. It define various effective elements which helps in maintain the employees
motivation in the organisation are as follows: Reinforcement theory: Under this theory the organization conduct effective events in
which employees get motivated and maintain positive work environment. In this the
manager of the company give positive punishment to their workers in order to improve
their overall performance at the workplace. Expectancy theory: This theory define the past experience of the employees which helps
in evaluating the beet way to chive the target. Past experiences define the effective
process which influence the employees working style in which they put their efforts to
completing the task to achieve better results. Equity theory: It is totally based on the employees performance because all the workers
wants to get fair treatment form their employer (Paillé and Grima, 2011). With the help
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of this theory manager of company compare all the workers performance with each other
so that they ensure that every employees are equally treated at the same position. Which
helps in maintaining positive work environment and achieve all targets in effective
manner.
 Goals setting: This approach is totally based on organizational goals which helps in
maintaining the better image. With the help of this theory all the employees perform their
task and get positive results in systematic manner (Coccia and Rolfo, 2013).
TASK 3
P3 What makes an effective team as opposed to an in effective team
Teams are one of the important aspect for the Exponential-e Ltd to improve their
performance at the market place. Organization build a team in which they include various
peoples with different skills and knowledge. All are work together and perform their best to
achieve desirables goals and objectives. Effective team and growth helps in increasing overall
productivity of the company and also make better work environment so that they easily complete
all the task in systematic manner. There are some various teams which is develop by the
organization for their various purpose are as follows: Functional team: It is one of the important team which is set for a particular reason. It
include similar types of individuals who meet with Exponential- e Ltd standard. With the
helps of this company easily perform their operational activities in systematic manner and
get better results for their employees. All the team members have same kind of
capabilities and skills in which they effectively put their efforts to completing their
operations in most effective and systematic manner. Project team: This team is related to the particular project in which company include
various function and group of peoples who work on the same project to accomplish their
target in effective way and complete their project in appropriate time period. After
completing the project organization wind up their team. Problem solving team: It is effective and important team which is set by the Exponential-
e Ltd for temporary basis because it is related to the problems. For resolving conflicts as
well as difficulty company set an effective in which all the employees find better solution
by putting their ideas and opinion to resolve problems in effective manner (Huang and
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Bond, 2012). With the help of this organization make positive work environment to their
employees and define effective performance.
 Virtual team: It is also effective team in which all the peoples as well as team members
are comes together fro different geographical areas in which they communicate with
technologies such as Fax, email, video conferencing and many more to make better
collaboration. This type of team communicate through electronic and they never met in
face to face but they work for achieve better outcomes (Olson, Herman and Zanna,
2014). It provide better opportunities to the company to define best talent without any
restriction.
Along with this better team development there are an effective theories is defin by the
Tuckman which helps in achieving better results from the team. Collaboration of these theories
are as follows: Forming: In first step all the team members do not having any clear target. They are
depend on their senior management to develop a target. In this most of employees do not
agree to work together. Storming: This stage include number of conflicts are defines which define better ideas
and opinion to the purpose. In this every team members define their importance to
perform the task in effective manner. In this stage leader play important role who provide
better coaching to their employees to resolve the conflict situation. Norming: It is also important in which team comes in an agreement and also follow all
the rules and regulation. In this employees effectively understand their responsibilities
but they do not depend on their senior.
 Performing: In this all the employees having their clear target as well as vision and they
focus on in this to achieve their target in effective manner. It is most effective and
productive stage in which all the team members are achieve their goals and objectives in
appropriate manner (Graham, Ziegert and Capitano, 2015).
Apart from this, there are some difference between effective teams with ineffective team
are as follows:
Effective team as well as groups help Exponential- e Ltd to attain set goals and
objectives. It also helps in reducing the chances of arising any kind of issue and conflicts among
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team members. Along with this, all the task and its objectives are clearly accepted by entire
members of team by which they easily perform their task and attain positive outcomes.
Ineffective team is formed as per agreed viewpoint in which team members are perform
their task quickly. In this all the decision taken as per voting of team members.
Basis Effective team Ineffective team
Underlying goals In this objectives and goals are
clearly understood and
acceptable by each and every
team members.
Under this team task and its
objectives are difficult to
understand by group members.
Member contribution Effective team do more
discussion in which every
members take participate and
contribute a lot.
In this people are dominate nature
so they does not contribute in
their team effectively.
Listening In this all the team members
share their opinion and also
listening others to define
effective ideas.
In this people are not listen other
ideas and views. All the people
are make their ideas in hidden.
Decision making As per general agreement all the
group members take decision as
per consensus.
In this all the decision are taken
as per prematurely without
resolved any issues.
Leadership In this leader is chairperson of
the team and also provide them
better motivation.
Under this, chairperson weak and
strong but they always leads team
members.
Self evaluation This team include lot of
discussion in which all the team
members improve their
performance.
Ineffective team avoid discussion
reduce the performance level of
the people.
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TASK 4
P4 Concept and philosophies of organizational behaviour within an organizational context
Every organization wants to improve their performance and productivity to achieve
higher success in effective manner. For this is is more important to use better method and
techniques to achieve its goals and objectives in effective manner. These theories are follows
which helps in increasing the profitability level of the Exponential- e Ltd in systematic manner
and also assist in resolving all the conflict situation. Path goal theory: Every organization their goals and objectives for achieve bet success
but some time employees can not attain heirs target due to problems so that they resolved
all the problems in effective time period (Druskat, Mount and Sala, 2013). In this the path
goal theory define two areas in which first define the employees characteristics. It define
that if Exponential- e Ltd select better leadership style then the team easily improve their
performance. In this it is also effective that leader should be behave in appropriate way so
that they easily increase motivation level of employees within the Exponential- e Ltd in
best manner. This theory also helps in resolving all the obstacles in order to improve the
smoothness of the working style of employees. By following the path goal theory team
members get effective ideas and also reach their target. It contribute in removing all the
conflict within the group and make better productivity of all the members. If the team
leader is supporting then they easily resole the complexity in minimum time period.
 Behavioural organization theory: It is related to employees behaviour at the workplace
in which manager of the company evaluate team members behaviour towards the work.
With the help of this, all team members are easily attain organizational goals and
objectives in systematist manner. It also helps in increasing profitability of the company.
All these theories are more important for the company to maintain the better performance
at the workplace and also remove all the problems in effective manner.
Main barriers in effective performance:
The big issue of Exponential-e Ltd is improper relation between lower level and senior
management. Ineffective communication is also a reason of the issue which is faced by the team
members within the organization. All these are affect on the employees performance at the
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workplace and also improve their confidence level in effective manner (Haslam And et. al.,
2014).
CONCLUSION
From the above mentioned report, it can be concluded that organizational behaviour is
one of the important concept for the company to understand the way in which individuals
interact with other. Positive behaviours of the workforce at the workplace assist in enhancing
their productivity level and also get better results. In this organization's culture, power and
politics also helps in managing and developing the team performance so that they easily perform
their task for achieve its target. In this the company also use various motivational theories like
Maslow's need theory which helps in satisfying employees need and achieve their better
satisfaction level. Hence, it has been evaluated that team is also helps in improving overall
productivity and profitability of the company. For this, it is more important for the business to
develop an effective team in order to achieve organizational goals and objectives in most
effective manner.
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REFERENCES
Books and journals
Miner, J. B., 2015. Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership.
Routledge.
Carpenter, N. C., Berry, C. M. and Houston, L., 2014. A meta‐analytic comparison of self‐
reported and other‐reported organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of
Organizational Behavior. 35(4). pp.547-574.
Lee, U. H., Kim, H. K. and Kim, Y. H., 2013. Determinants of organizational citizenship
behavior and its outcomes. Global Business and Management Research. 5(1). p.54.
Haslam, S. A. And et. al., 2014. Social identity at work: Developing theory for organizational
practice. Psychology Press.
Phillips, J. M. and Gully, S. M., 2011. Organizational behavior: Tools for success. Cengage
Learning.
Miao, Q., Newman, A., Yu, J. and Xu, L., 2013. The relationship between ethical leadership and
unethical pro-organizational behavior: Linear or curvilinear effects?. Journal of
Business Ethics. 116(3). pp.641-653.
Baum, J. R., Frese, M. and Baron, R. A. eds., 2014. The psychology of entrepreneurship.
Psychology Press.
Witt, U. and Schwesinger, G., 2013. Phylogenetic footprints in organizational behavior. Journal
of Economic Behavior & Organization. 90. pp.S33-S44.
Chhokar, J. S., Brodbeck, F. C. and House, R. J. eds., 2013. Culture and leadership across the
world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. Routledge.
Avey, J. B., Palanski, M. E. and Walumbwa, F. O., 2011. When leadership goes unnoticed: The
moderating role of follower self-esteem on the relationship between ethical leadership
and follower behavior. Journal of Business Ethics. 98(4). pp.573-582.
Paillé, P. and Grima, F., 2011. Citizenship and withdrawal in the workplace: Relationship
between organizational citizenship behavior, intention to leave current job and intention
to leave the organization. The Journal of Social Psychology. 151(4). pp.478-493.
Coccia, M. and Rolfo, S., 2013. Human resource management and organizational behavior of
public research institutions. International Journal of Public Administration. 36(4).
pp.256-268.
Huang, X. and Bond, M. H. eds., 2012. Handbook of Chinese organizational behavior:
Integrating theory, research and practice. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Olson, J. M., Herman, C. P. and Zanna, M. P., 2014. Relative deprivation and social
comparison: The Ontario symposium (Vol. 4). Psychology Press.
Graham, K. A., Ziegert, J. C. and Capitano, J., 2015. The effect of leadership style, framing, and
promotion regulatory focus on unethical pro-organizational behavior. Journal of
Business Ethics. 126(3). pp.423-436.
Druskat, V. U., Mount, G. and Sala, F., 2013. Linking emotional intelligence and performance at
work: Current research evidence with individuals and groups. Psychology Press.
Online
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What is organizational behaviour?. 2017. [Online]. Available through.<https://www.css.edu/the-
sentinel-blog/what-is-organizational-behavior-learn-more-about-the-human-side-of-
business.html>. [Accessed on 24th November 2017].
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