Analysis of Past Research Papers and Assignments

This assignment involves analyzing a list of past research papers and assignments in the field of statistics and management systems. The papers cover topics such as diversity management, employment trends, healthcare accounts, and water resource systems planning. The summary includes information about the content and sources of each paper, as well as online availability for further reference.

STATISTICS FOR
MANAGEMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
ACTIVITY 1....................................................................................................................................1
A Information relevant with annual earnings.........................................................................1
M1...........................................................................................................................................6
D1...........................................................................................................................................6
B. Analysing the gross annual earnings by industry sector on Office of National Statistics
website....................................................................................................................................6
ACTIVITY 2....................................................................................................................................8
M2 1. Ascertaining the hourly payment in UK are various regions.......................................8
ACTIVITY 3..................................................................................................................................11
A. Analysing the deliveries which are currently made in each year....................................11
B. Ascertaining the numbers of bags currently delivered in every delivery........................12
C. Analysing the EOQ..........................................................................................................12
D. Comparison between current ordering policies and new policies...................................12
M3........................................................................................................................................13
D2.........................................................................................................................................14
ACTIVITY 4..................................................................................................................................14
M4 A. Producing the line chart as per Activity 1.................................................................14
B. Producing the ogive chart as per Activity 2.....................................................................16
D3.........................................................................................................................................16
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................16
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................18

INTRODUCTION
To implicate the use of statistical techniques and tool for analysing the huge data series
which will be helpful in terms of bringing the adequate analysis over the proposed data set. In the
present report there will be use of various statistical measurement methods to analyse appropriate
outcomes. Thus, such results will be helpful in managing the operations of the work in such
sectors. It will be a beneficial tool in terms of analysing the requirements as well as proposed
new ideas to implicate changes in such activities. The use of statistical measurement techniques
such as mean, mode, median, standard deviation will be helpful in ascertaining the data set of
sales personnel. The EOQ measurements on analysing the rice bags orders and deliveries made
in a year. Moreover, this study will be helpful in enhancing the appropriate knowledge regarding
statistical measurements which will bring accurate solutions.
ACTIVITY 1
A Information relevant with annual earnings
1. Changes in the gross annual earning in public and private sector:
There has been changes in the gross annual salaries in both the sectors such as private and
public from 2010. It has drastic changes in the wages acquired by male and female employees in
such sectors such as:
Male Employees
Year Private
% change in annual
salary Public
% change in annual
salary
2010 31254 27000
2011 31380 0.40% 27233 0.86%
2012 31816 1.39% 27705 1.73%
2013 32541 2.28% 28201 1.79%
2014 32878 1.04% 28442 0.85%
2015 33685 2.45% 28881 1.54%
2016 34011 0.97% 29679 2.76%
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Interpretation: As per the above mentioned table it has been stated that there are various
changes in the salaries of male employees in the period 2010 to 2016. Thus, it can be said that in
private sectors, male workers are comparatively having more salaries than public sectors. Thus, it
indicates that the self-employment and the private employment will be helpful in bringing the
appropriate wealth to people. As per analysing the percentage changes in annual salaries of male
employees in both the sectors (Bhushan & Pandey, 2018). Thus, in private sector it was 0.40% in
2011, 1.39% in 2012, in 2.28% in 2013, 1.04% in 2014, 2.45% in 2015 and 0.97% in 2016.
However, in public sector it was 0.86% in 2011, 1.73% in 2012, 1.79% in 2013, 0.85% in 2014,
1.54% in 2015 and 2.76% in 2016. Thus, as per analysing such variations in the earning capacity
of all the private sector male employees has fluctuating changes in their annual earning.
Female Employees
Year Private
% change in annual
salary Public
% change in annual
salary
2010 26113 19532
2011 26470 1.37% 19565 0.17%
2012 26636 0.63% 20313 3.82%
2013 27338 2.64% 20698 1.90%
2014 27705 1.34% 21017 1.54%
2015 27900 0.70% 21403 1.84%
2016 28053 0.55% 22251 3.96%
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Interpretation: Ascertaining the earning capacity of female employees in private as well
as public sectors. The analysis stated over which determines the changes in the annual salaries of
female workers in respective years. Thus, the changes in annual salaries of female employees in
2011 it was 1.37%, in 2012 it was 0.63%, in 2013 it was 2.64%, in 2014 it was 1.34%, in 2015 it
was 0.70% and in 2016 it was 0.55%. On the other side, in Public sector the changes in annual
earning of female workers are in 2011 it was 0.17%, in 2012 it was 3.82%, in 2013 it was 1.90%,
in 2014 it was 1.54%, in 2015 it was 1.84% and in 2016 it was 3.96%. However, after evaluating
such data set and the outcomes it has been derived that in accordance with the changes in annual
salaries of females in private sectors are comparatively higher than the public sector employees
(Chiu & Chen, 2018).
2. Ascertaining the gap between male and female annual earnings:
Private sector
Year Male employees Female employees Gap
2010 31254 26113 5141
2011 31380 26470 4910
2012 31816 26636 5180
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2013 32541 27338 5203
2014 32878 27705 5173
2015 33685 27900 5785
2016 34011 28053 5958
Interpretation: In consideration with above stated table which ascertains the gap between
male and female workers in private sector. However, the gap in between annual earnings among
male and female employees is as per their capacity during the period. Thus, male workers are
comparatively higher in numbers and they are more capable of making the adequate revenue
generation. In 2010 the gap was 5141, in 2011 it was 4910, in 2012 it was 5180, in 2013 it was
5203, in 2014 it was 5173, in 2015 it was 5785 and in 2016 it was 5958. However, it can be said
that the gap in between earning efficiency of workers has been increasing rapidly (Loucks & Van
Beek, 2017). Therefore, the women workers are comparatively reducing in the private sector or
they have lower salaries.
Public sector
Year Male employees Female employees Gap
2010 27000 19532 7468
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2011 27233 19565 7668
2012 27705 20313 7392
2013 28201 20698 7503
2014 28442 21017 7425
2015 28881 21403 7478
2016 29679 22251 7428
Interpretation: The above mentioned table analysed the gap between male and female
employee's earning tendency during the period in public sector. Therefore, it can be said that
there is a comparatively large gap in the salaries of both workforces. Thus, the gap in between
salaries of these employees in public sectors in 2010 it was 7468, in 2011 it was 7668, in 2012 it
was 7392, in 2013 it was 7503, in 2014 it was 7425, in 2015 it was 7478 and in 2016 it was
7428. However, it determines here that there are no such changes and gaps in between their
earnings in public sector (Noor-Ul-Amin, Mushtaq & Hanif, 2018). Moreover, in comparison
with the earning capacitances in public as well as in private sector, Public sector is higher gaps in
the salaries in between male and female employees. Thus, there might be gap in their wages but
it remains constant therefore, there is no sudden changes in their earnings.
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M1
The gender pay gap is the average difference between the remuneration for men and
women who are working. Women are generally paid less than men. There are various the
important sources which provide information about gender gap such as National magazine,
various media sources and journals of researchers. These major sources will provide information
on the basis of their research and also provides secondary analysis which is used by scholar for
completion of study. Currently as per analysing the outcomes of office of national statistics
which insists that there have been impact of variations in the operational efforts of employees
stated in the environment. However, as per recent results and outcomes which insists that the
full- employment rate which is stand at 9.1% for male employees. However, there are
comparatively higher efficient and wealthy as compared with the women workers stated in the
society.
D1
Descriptive Exploratory Confirmation
Descriptive rescission is
analysed as research that
explore and explain an
individual, group or situation
It means research means a
research conducted for
formulating problems for more
clear investigation.
It is considered an effective
research which can be used by
scholar for conducting
research. In these researchers
have a pretty good idea of
what's going on. That is,
researcher has theory and
objective to find out the gender
gap if theory is supported by
the facts.
B. Analysing the gross annual earnings by industry sector on Office of National Statistics
website
1. Determining the gap between education and finance:
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Illustration 1: Example of UK's employment environment
(Source: Trends in self-employment in the UK: 2001 to 2015, 2018)
Interpretation: In relation with the above graph it can be analyse here that there has been
a huge gap between the education sector and finance sector of the UK economy. The
governmental plans and policies has been changes since the impacts of global financial crisis
which in turn tries to improve the domestic development in the nation. Moreover, there are
various fields which are operating as the full-time and part-time employment (Kaushik, Poonia &
Khatri, 2017). Therefore, the growth in a financial sector is comparatively higher tan the
educational sectors. Thus, in which full-time emplacement is leading the list.
2. Analysing the fruitfulness of health & social care staff and administrative staff:
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Illustration 2: Statistical bulletin for Health and social care
(Source: UK Health Accounts: 2016, 2018)
Interpretation: In accordance with the above listed chart it can be said that there are
various operations which will be helpful in analysing the fruitfulness of health and social care
sector and the administrative departments. Thus, it can be said that there is higher growth has
been seen for the long term health and social care services. Moreover, the government of UK
need to make planning for improving the health care department. Thus, it will be helpful to them
as to have adequate increment in the growth and profitability (Velinov, 2018). Thee revenue
retained by the country which are mainly through the services and efforts made by the health and
care departments.
ACTIVITY 2
M2 1. Ascertaining the hourly payment in UK are various regions.
To estimate and analyse the hourly payments in a various region in UK. Therefore, there
will be determination of statistical measurements on the basis of proposed data set. Moreover, to
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ascertain the data set there will be sued of several techniques such as mean, mode, median and
standard deviations (Sherwood & Kwak, 2017).
A
1. Estimation of the median hourly earnings and the quartiles
Mean:
Wages earned hourly (CI) % of workers (F) Mid-value (X) FX
0-10 8 5 40
10-20 46 15 690
20-30 26 25 650
30-40 14 35 490
40-50 6 45 270
Total 100 2140
Mean ∑FX 2140 £21.4
∑F 100
Median:
Wages earned hourly
(CI) workers (F) R frequency CF CRF
0-10 8 8.00% 8 8.00%
10-20 46 46.00% 54 54.00%
20-30 26 26.00% 80 80.00%
30-40 14 14.00% 94 94.00%
40-50 6 6.00% 100 100.00%
Total 100
Interpretation: On the basis of above analysis and the presented Ogive chart, there has
been measurements relevant with the mean, mode and median analysis. Therefore, it can be said
that, people who worked on the hourly purpose such as below 10 hours has earning capacity of
8%, 10-20 were having the revenue of 46%, 20-30 has generated revenue as 26%, 30-40 as 14%
and 40-50 hour worker gather the revenue of 6%. However, the median of this analysis is 19.13
which is been analysed here that 10-20 and 20-30 hourly workers are comparatively more
efficiency as they are having the most appropriate revenue gains than other category workers.
Moreover, the mean value of such analysis is 21.4 which is a positive sign of determining the
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fruitfulness of sales personnel earnings (Hadzic, 2017). However, as per analysing the efficiency
of the workforce on which individual works for 10-20 hours weekly are comparatively much
efficient than others. It determines the R frequency of 46% while CRF of 54%.
2. Analysing the standard deviation and average of hourly earnings
Wages earned
hourly (CI)
workers
(F)
Mid-value
(X) FX Dx= X-A FDX FDX
0-10 8 5 40 -20 -160 3200
10-20 46 15 690 -10 -460 4600
20-30 26 25 650 0 0 0
30-40 14 35 490 10 140 1400
40-50 6 45 270 20 120 2400
Total 100 2140 -360 11600
Particulars Formula Details Answer
Standard deviation √∑Fdx2/N – (∑Fdx/N)2 √11,600/100-(-360/100)^2 £10.15
Interpretation: On the basis of above measurement the standard deviation of the given
data set can be analysed as per hourly work done by the South-East workers. In relation with the
mean value of the data set which states as 21.4 which will be adequate appropriate as to have
proper analysis. Therefore, the standard deviation of the data set is 10.15. Which is lower than
the mean value of the data base. Therefore, it is a positive sign which ascertains that the hourly
earning of labour force is appropriate (Barth & et.al., 2017). Therefore, there will be recruitment
of fewer numbers of employees over each hour slab.
B. Comparing the earning of two regions.
Statistical measurement North East South East
Median £14.50 £19.13
Mean £16.70 £21.4
Standard deviation £7.40 £10.15
Interpretation: By analysing the statistical measurements of the earning capacity of two
regions in UK. It includes the analysis over the mean, median, standard deviation of the South
10

East and North west employees. To analyse the earning capacity of the workers in both the
regions it can be said that South east is having comparatively efficient employees as compared
with the North West. In ascertaining the mean value of both the regions North-west is 16.70
while Shout east as 21.4.thus, the mean value of South east is favourable in terms of better
earning and revenue generation of the employees. On the other side, the standard deviation of
these regions has variations in the outcomes. Thus, North West as 7.4 while South east as 10.15,
similarly the median value of these regions are 14.50 and 19.13 respectively. Thus, it can be said
that there are several changes in the outcomes (David Sam Jayakumar, Solairaju & Sulthan,
2018). Thus, as per median value of these regions it can be said that North-west is having highly
efficient workers. Additionally, the overall analysis insists that South-East sale personnel is
having appropriate growth and capabilities to have appropriate revenue generation.
ACTIVITY 3
A. Analysing the deliveries which are currently made in each year
To analyse the ability of firm in meeting the reorder level as well as have the capacity to
manufacture and produce the goods which will be helpful as to have appropriate revenue
generation (Chen, 2017). Thus, to analyse the reorder level of supplier of rice bag there will be
measurement on the basis of Equity Order Quantity techniques.
Number of days (in each year) = 365
Given that: Supermarket closed for= 5 days
Total days in a year for delivery
=365 – 5 = 360 days
Number of delivery days= 12
Company made 30 deliveries in a year
=360 days /12 days
= 30 deliveries
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Interpretation: On the basis of above listed measurements there has been determination
on the numbers of deliveries made by the suppliers of rice bags in a year. Therefore, it comes up
with the outcomes that there will be 30 deliveries of the rice bags in a supermarket in a year.
Thus, on which 5 days in a year the supermarket remain closed as per some national events while
there are 12 days of time taken by the supplier to deliver the products (Bhushan & Pandey,
2018). Similarly, the total deliveries and trips made by the suppliers in a year is 30.
B. Ascertaining the numbers of bags currently delivered in every delivery
Annual demand for the bags of Rice= 450000
Number of deliveries = 30
Number of bags (in each delivery) =
450000/30
=15000 GBP
Interpretation: In relation with above table it has been measured here that the numbers of
bags were being delivered by suppliers is 15000. Thus, on the basis of annual demand generated
by supplier is of 450000 GBP on which 30 deliveries were being made by them (Chiu & Chen,
2018). Therefore, in each 30 deliveries there has been delivery of 15000 rice bags. Similarly, it
ascertains that there are 15000 bags were being delivered by suppliers in 30 deliveries.
C. Analysing the EOQ
Particulars Details
Demand For Rice bags each year 450000
Ordering cost (per order) £20
Holding cost (per order) 2 * 25% = 0.5
EOQ √2 * 20 * 450000 / 0.50
= √360000
= 6000 bags
Interpretation: The above listed table ascertains the EOQ analysis over the rice bags
demands and the deliveries made by supplier in a year. On the basis of annual demand for rice
bags which is 450000 on which the ordering cost is 20 and the holding costs is 2*25% that is 0.5.
Thus, holding costs denoted as the expense incurred in keeping the goods at a warehouse
(Loucks & Van Beek, 2017). Thus, on the basis of such variable it has been derived here that the
EOQ is as 6000 bags. Therefore, it ascertains that there will be reorder of the bags on 6000 bags.
12

Thus, it indicates that the firm is capable of keeping the optimum umbers of inventories
(Velinov, 2018).
D. Comparison between current ordering policies and new policies
To analyse the variable costs of proposed findings there has been analysis over the
current ordering policies as well as new proposed plans and policies. Therefore, it will be helpful
in analysing the appropriateness and fruitfulness of such analysis (Kaushik, Poonia & Khatri,
2017). Moreover, this analysis will be helpful in measuring the order quantity of the business.
EOQ 6000 bags
Per year deliveries 450000 75 times
6000
Current policies New policies
Average inventories 1/2(0+15000) = 7500 bags 1/ 2 (0+6000) =3000 bags
Holding cost per year 7500* 0.50 = 3750 3000* 0.50 = 1500
Delivery cost per year (No. of
trips * 20)
20*30 = 600 20* 75 = 1500
Total Costs 4350 3000 (Cost efficient)
Interpretation: In relation with analysing the above listed tables it can be concluded here
that Equity Order Quantity is of 6000 bags over 450000 annual deliveries. Therefore, the
supermarket has to make payment for 75 times on each deliveries. On the other side, as per
analysing the fruitfulness of current and new policies there are huge variation in the costs. In
relation with the current polices the average inventories will be 7500 bags, holding costs incurred
over each bags were 3750 and the delivery costs is of 600. Moreover, the costs of current
policies is 4350. Besides this, if there will be implication of new policies or techniques the
average inventories will be at 3000 bags, holding costs per year will be 1500 and the delivery
costs will be 1500. Therefore, the overall costs incurred in the new policies will be 3000 which is
cheaper and comparatively having lower costs (Sherwood & Kwak, 2017). Thus, it has been
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analysed here that the fewer numbers of inventories must be kept by the professionals as it will
have effective control over the costs. Thus, the fewer numbers of inventories will be implemental
in managing and making the payments of costs incurred in business tasks.
M3
There are two statistical methods have been used by scholar in this study such as data
analysis and descriptive statistics. Data analysis is identified as important statistical tools which
is used to transform data in to useful information to analyse the outcome of research. Sampling is
also identified as statistical methods which is used by scholar to identify the sample size.
D2
EOQ analysis over the rice bags demands and the deliveries made by supplier in a year.
On the basis of annual demand for rice bags which is 450000 on which the ordering cost is 20
and the holding costs is 2*25% that is 0.5. fewer numbers of inventories will be implemental in
managing and making the payments of costs incurred in business tasks
ACTIVITY 4
M4 A. Producing the line chart as per Activity 1
Private Sector Gross annual earnings:
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
Male employees
Female employees
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Interpretation: In order to ascertain the growth of earning capacities of male and female
employees in the private sector. It states that male worker are comparatively more efficient than
the female workers (Noor-Ul-Amin, Mushtaq & Hanif, 2018). The salaries payable to them is
higher than the women employees. Thus, in relation with such analysis it can be said that the
government need to make plans to improve the ambitions as well as bring women empowerment.
On the other side, it can be said that there is a requirement of improving the female employees in
each operational activities which will bring the new reforms in the operations (Hadzic, 2017).
Public sector gross annual earnings:
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
Male employees
Female employees
Interpretation: By analysing the above listed chart with ascertains that there has been
improvement in the earning capacities of both male and female employees in the public sector.
Therefore, the gap in between the earning capacities of such employees is comparatively higher.
Thus, to ascertain the growth of the salaries and earning capacities for both workers the gap
remains constant which means that there is no such changes in the salaries and wages occupied
by them (David Sam Jayakumar, Solairaju & Sulthan, 2018). Thus, it will be suggested to the
government that they must make changes into operations as well as bring new policies which
will be facilitative in improving the operational abilities in women employees. There is need to
15

make new reforms in the economy that will be helpful in improving the educational level of
society (Bhushan & Pandey, 2018).
B. Producing the ogive chart as per Activity 2
Interpretation: In relation with analysing the hourly work of UK sales personnel
employees in South-East region there has been revenue retained by them as per making efforts
per hoir. Therefore, the employees who worked less than 10 hours has earning capacity of 8%,
10-20 were having the revenue of 46%, 20-30 has generated revenue as 26%, 30-40 as 14% and
40-50 hour worker gather the revenue of 6%. However, the median of this analysis is 19.13
which is been analysed here that 10-20 and 20-30 hourly workers are comparatively more
efficiency as they are having the most appropriate revenue gains than other category workers
(Loucks & Van Beek, 2017). Thus, states that there is most accurate hours to work in a week is
10-30 which is assistive in bringing the adequate revenue and gains to the employees (Chen,
2017).
D3
Critical analysis of research provided understanding that graphical representation is used
to provide clear understanding about the information collected by scholar from primary and
secondary method whereas it is considered very time consuming method because it requires lot
of calculation and thematic representation of data.
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CONCLUSION
On the basis of above analysis it can be said that there has been use of various statistical
techniques and tools which brings the appropriate outcomes to the researchers. Moreover, in
relation with the outcomes determined on the basis of analysing the earning and revenue
generated by public as well as private sectors it can be said that there are various operations
which will be helpful and beneficial for the growth of employment in both the sectors. Therefore,
in the public sector the earning capacity of the workforce is quite favourable as they are more
capable of earning the adequate revenue. There has been analysis is on determining the adequate
quality of bags which were on the basis of per year consumption.
17

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Barth, M. E. & et.al., (2017). Bank earnings and regulatory capital management using available
for sale securities. Review of Accounting Studies. 22(4). 1761-1792.
Bhushan, S., & Pandey, A. P. (2018). Optimality of ratio type estimation methods for population
mean in the presence of missing data. Communications in Statistics-Theory and Methods.
47(11). 2576-2589.
Chen, C. H. (2017). Optimum process mean setting under the rectifying inspection plan. Journal
of Statistics and Management Systems. 20(6). 1121-1126.
Chiu, Y. T., & Chen, C. K. (2018). Multidimensional causality between industry structure and
industry strength on architecture design industry. Journal of Statistics and Management
Systems. 21(3). 387-400.
David Sam Jayakumar, G. S., Solairaju, A., & Sulthan, A. (2018). A new multivariate
generalized log-double exponential family of distribution of kind-1. Journal of Statistics
and Management Systems. 21(3). 337-372.
Hadzic, A. (2017). Textbook of regional anesthesia and acute pain management. McGraw-Hill
Medical Publishing Division.
Kaushik, S., Poonia, R. C., & Khatri, S. K. (2017). Comparative study of various protocols of
DDS. Journal of Statistics and Management Systems. 20(4). 647-658.
Loucks, D. P., & Van Beek, E. (2017). Water resource systems planning and management: An
introduction to methods, models, and applications. Springer.
Noor-Ul-Amin, M., Mushtaq, N., & Hanif, M. (2018). Estimation of mean using generalized
optional scrambled responses in the presence of non-sensitive auxiliary variable. Journal
of Statistics and Management Systems. 21(2). 287-304.
Sherwood, C., & Kwak, D. W. (2017). New insights into an old problem–enhancing student
learning outcomes in an introductory statistics course. Applied Economics. 49(56). 5698-
5708.
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Velinov, E. (2018). Diversity Management Globalization in Central and Eastern Europe: The
Case of Pharmaceutical Industry Abstract: This paper investigates the diversity
management in pharmaceutical small and medium-sized enterprises and specifically of
their official entities in Central and Eastern Europe. It argues that diversity management
measures vary between headquarters and subsidiaries as the country regulations on
diversity are different across Europe. Paper employs descriptive statistics showing that
the local .... European Research Studies Journal. 21(1). 82-89.
Online
Trends in self-employment in the UK: 2001 to 2015. 2018. [Online]. Available
through
:<https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentande
mployeetypes/articles/trendsinselfemploymentintheuk/2001to2015>.
UK Health Accounts: 2016. 2018. [Online]. Available through
:<https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/
healthcaresystem/bulletins/ukhealthaccounts/2016>.
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