Australian Safety Rules - Assignment

Application of Australian Road safety
techniques in developing countries
(Pakistan and Bangladesh)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In this research, there is discussion about implementation of Australian road safety to
developing countries i.e. Pakistan and Bangladesh. Road safety is one of the prime component
which has to be considered by people residing in society because number of accidents are
increasing day by day. It is important to create awareness among people regarding road safety
techniques. Australia is a developed country, so it has different safety rules compared to other
countries. There is discussion about case studies of three countries i.e. United nations, Canada,
New Zealand which already implemented Australian safety rules. In this research there is
discussion about what is different in Australian safety rules as compared to others and Australian
rules which are beneficial for developing country i.e. Pakistan and Bangladesh. In order to
implement Australian safety rules at Pakistan and Bangladesh, there are some challenges which
arise, so it is important to plan strategies through which it can be resolved.
At last, it is concluded that with following Australian safety rules, there is positive impact
on growth and development of country and there is reduction in number of accidents.
Bangladesh and Pakistan also analyse that number of accidents reduced after implementing
Australian safety rules.

Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
Problem Identification............................................................................................................2
Rationale of Research.............................................................................................................2
Aims & Objectives.................................................................................................................2
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................4
Case Studies 3 countries.......................................................................................................10
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................5
FINDINGS & DISCUSSIONS........................................................................................................7
Similarities and Differences between 3 countries..................................................................7
Identify key factors related to road Safety...........................................................................10
LEARNING ....................................................................................................................................1
CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................................................2
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................5

Topic: Application of Australian Road safety techniques in developing countries (Pakistan and
Bangladesh).
INTRODUCTION
Road Safety refers to measures as well as methods which used to prevent the road users
from being injured and killed. Mainly the road users are motorists, pedestrians, horse- riders,
vehicle passengers etc. The road safety is necessary for all the road users. Every year, more than
one million of people are injured in road accidents in Australia because to enhanced number of
vehicles. To prevent the death crisis and serious injury, there is a main focus of country is to
develop the best- practice road safety strategies. The road safety is necessary because in this
present time road accidents are enhancing tremendously. In Australia, driving rules assure that
drives of all the ages drive in safest possible manner. Under this strongest needs from obtaining
driving license, safety regulations and many others. In Australia, National Road Safety Strategy
was developed through state, federal and territory ministers in year 1992. It gives a proper
framework for the national collaboration on improvement of road safety that has included over
previous two decades. National Road Safety Strategy is an Initiative of Transport and
Infrastructure Council and is developed cooperatively through state, territory Commonwealth
governments. Under this, it is a responsibility of Australian government is to regulating the
proper safety standards for the new vehicles as well as allocating an infrastructure resources
consisting safety across local road networks and national highway. On the other hand, state and
territory governments are responsible for the planning, designing, funding and also operating
road network, managing the registration of vehicle, regulating as well as enforcing behaviour or
road users and driving licensing systems. It is a responsibility of local government is findings,
designings and also operating road networks in local areas.
In recognition of special relationship among Australia and New Zealand. Under this
government of New Zealand participated in Infrastructure council and Transport. The transport
agencies in territories and stated take main role in executing as well as facilitating Directions and
particular actions which set out in Action Plan and National Road Safety Strategy.
Under this research report, Pakistan and Bangladesh country will adopt the techniques of
Australia related to road safety because in Australia, accidents ratio is less and people can drive
safely. So, these both countries develop plan to implement the techniques of Australia in a better
manner.
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Problem Identification
Research problem is clear or definite expression about era of concern, condition to be
improves, complexities to be eliminated which exist in the scholarly literature with existing
practice that points to require for the meaningful deliberate and understanding of investigation.
This present report is taken in to consideration on Application of Australian Road safety
techniques in developing countries. Road safety is a major concern for people as well as
government. In this research, there are some problems faced by researcher. The main problem in
this research that need to identify is application of the Australian Road safety techniques in
Bangladesh and Pakistan. The environment of both countries are different from the each other.
So, in this context both the developing countries such as Bangladesh and Pakistan face some
issues in implementing the techniques related to Australian Road safety.
Rationale of Research
Main aim of conducting this investigation is to analyse the benefits of applying
Australian Road safety techniques in developing countries. The purpose of performing research
is to determine the issues for execution of Australian road safety techniques in Bangladesh ad
Australia. Under this, other purpose of research is to increase knowledge of a researcher about
the safety standards or road safety techniques of Australia in detailed manner. It will help in
provide the better opportunities in future context. With the help of this research skills,
knowledge, core competencies of a leaner will be enhanced in a better manner. In addition to
this, present investigation will make improvement in professional skills for an instance
confidence level, communication, research skills etc. It will helpful in provide the better career
opportunities to researcher in future.
Aims & Objectives
Aim: The aim of this research is “To analyse the benefits of applying Australian Road
safety techniques in developing countries (Pakistan and Bangladesh). A case study on Pakistan
and Bangladesh.”
Objectives
 To study concept of Australian Road safety.
 To determine different techniques used to ensure Road safety in Australia.
 To identify the Australian Road safety techniques that are suitable for Bangladesh and
Pakistan.
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 To examine the major challenges faced by Bangladesh and Pakistan in implementing
Australian Road safety techniques.
 To analyse different ways to overcome challenges faced by Bangladesh and Pakistan
while applying Australian Road safety techniques.
Questions
 What is concept of Australian Road safety?
 What are the different techniques used to ensure Road safety in Australia?
 What are different Australian Road safety techniques suitable for Bangladesh and
Pakistan?
 What are the major challenges faced by Bangladesh and Pakistan in implementing
Australian Road safety techniques?
 What are different ways to overcome challenges faced by Bangladesh and Pakistan while
applying Australian Road safety techniques?
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LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature review refers to the scholar paper in which investigator represents views and
perception of different authors on a single paper. Information presented on this section is
currently based on present knowledge, methods and findings which supports in identifying actual
outcome on specific topic. Present literature review section will provide in depth information on
three research questions that is concept of Application of Australian Road Safety Techniques in
developing countries and these are Pakistan and Bangladesh. In order to collect information,
secondary method of data collection has been used through researcher. The different sources of
collecting the secondary information are books, articles, journals, articles etc. On the other hand,
there has been considered the opinions as well as view points of different writers and authors
regarding specific research area in detailed manner. All of these research questions are explained
below one after one.
Concept of Australian Road safety
On the basis of opinion of Lenka Komackova and Milos Poliak (2018) it has been stated
that road safety is explained as process and methods which are mainly used to prevent the people
from any kind of risks or injury. Roads are the necessary to everyday lives. People use them in
some manner like through driving, travelling, walking and rising as passengers. Under this, it is
responsible for the driving tests as well as promoting the road use rules for an instance Highway
code. DVLA is general law enforcement as well as executive agency promoting through
maintaining the registers of vehicles and drivers. DVAL is responsible for the annual testing of
all vehicles and also enforcement checks on maintenance standards of coaches, lorries and their
compliance with legislations consisting rules of driver's hours. It is necessary for the people to
follow all the ethical standards as well as regulations which are developed through government.
Under this, Department for Transport is responsible for the road safety policy in several areas of
the road safety, from developing proper guidance for local authorises, reviewing road safety
legislations etc. In addition to this, Australian Road Rules are national body of legislations which
governing use of footpaths, roads and the other shared spaced through cyclists, drivers etc. there
are more than 350 rules and they have been involved in the operations since December 1999.
Operation of rules is amendments as well as monitored continuously take in to an account
changes in technology, behaviour of driver and road safety policy. Many of the modifications are
simple that clarifications improvement in their operations and interpretations. Son the other hand,
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there are some of the other changes related to road legislations are made by emending the
relevant laws. Under this, government provided the handbook to drivers that gives proper
overview of rules of road and legislations for licenses of drivers as well as registering vehicle in
Australia. Information includes within handbook has been prepared to aid in better informed
regarding road safety, drivers, registration of vehicles, road rules etc. The road rules are
framework for efficient and safe movement of the traffic on NSW roads.
There is a National Road Safety Partnership Program (NRSPP) that provides
collaborative network in order to support the Australian businesses in developing positive toad
safety culture, it is related to saving the lives without red tape. The partners with NRSPP identify
the road safety not as competitive benefit but as shared advantages. The government developed
road rules for safety of drivers.
Different techniques used to ensure Road safety in Australia
According to the view of Toroyan (2015) Australian driving rules are ensure that drivers
need to protect themselves in order to follow required techniques in better manner. There are
various techniques and methods which are used for ensuring Road safety in Australia country.
Australian drive keeping to the left of the road and it is different from some other nations. The
government intention to leverage technology in order to improve road safety. With Australian's
ever surging levels of motorisation and an enforcement which force that it is already stretched
thin, developing the use of technology which create system to regular traffic, catching offenders
and ensure about road safety. There are some techniques of Road safety which are described as
follows:
 Traffic conflicts techniques (TCT) – It is that method and tool which help in observing
and analysing the near accidents which are recorded and it is used for predicted
accidental risk and various events which happened in future time period. The set of TCT
is the recognition and recording of serious disputes and conflicts by human observers.
Such events can be classified by the fact that the quality to a difference is very
impending. In this, analysis of major conflicts has similarities with the examination of
accidents. The main difference is that events are leading towards conflicts which are
more relatively explained, as they are directly ascertained by especially trained.
 LIDAR Gun – It is light and easy to use, LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) gun is
that method and technique which assist law enforces to catch and book vehicles that cross
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the speed limit. It is invisible infrared beam that are target a person vehicle and predicted
whether it is violating the speed limit and it is not based on variations. LIDAR guns can
help in evaluating and measuring the distance between two vehicles that can assist in
identifying and detecting instances of tallgating and evidence and store pictures of license
plates.
 Speed Indication Display – It is the technique which is based on effective idea which
non confrontational warnings can be equally appropriate in protecting an individual from
flouting various traffic regulations. It is termed as digital speed boards which are installed
on roads which informed transports or vehicles whether they are under limit or not. In
this, such type of devices are fitted with radar sensor that is capable to predict speed of
vehicles and show data on LED demonstration for the conveyance.
 Speed controller – The union government currently develop the installation of speed
governors compulsory in all technical vehicles in Australia. It is one of the essential
device which put a cap on the speed that can be reached which is below the vehicle's
natural maximum speed. The technique and device has a program of sensors which can
identify how fast a vehicle is going and when this will cross the determined limit so it
control the flow of air and fuel of engine. It can be analysed that speed governors are one
of the most appropriate solutions which ensure about vehicles remain within speed limit.
 Variable message signs – It is refer as LED boards which can assist in display essential
data and information that required to be communicate with the commuters. It can be used
to update their country road users on real time road and traffic situation in the regard of
major failures, over-crowding and many more. Inductive Loops – When integrated in the surface of the road, induction loops can aid in
controlling traffic by detecting at the time when large number of transports are waiting at
a junction and transfer information to traffic signals. It can be change according to the on-
ground condition. Such loops develop use of electromagnetic sectors which analyse the
change in frequency when a vehicle enter in the area.
Implication of Australian Road safety techniques for Bangladesh and Pakistan.
According to the James William, 2017, Road accidents are one of the main causes of
death in all over the world. Nowadays a certain kind of road safety devices or techniques are
applied to reducing the number of death rate by managing traffic effectively. There are basically
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five technology or techniques used by Australian for reducing road accidents such as LIDAR
Gun, Speed Indication Display, Speed Governors, variable message signs and inductive loops
etc.
As per the point of view of Nadeem and Loiacono, Siemens, (2013), In Pakistan and
Bangladesh, LIDAR Gun is more suitable and appropriate because there is huge traffic and
number of accidents have been increased day-by-day. It has a narrow beam divergence so that a
specific vehicle can not be targeted. Therefore, Light detection and Ranging gun is a best
technique that support law enforces to catch as well as book vehicles or transport that cross the
speed limit. It is also effective for Bangladeshi and Pakistani because this technique can identify
the distance betwixt 2 vehicles which can assist detect case of tailgating and store image of
license plates.
On the other hand Guerrero-Ibanez, Zeadally and Contreras-Castillo, (2015), Variable
Message Sign introduces as a LED boards which can show essential information that requires to
be communicated to commuters. It is also consider as a best technique of road safety which will
help a citizen to drive safely. Thus, it will be effective by reducing rate of accidents in
Bangladesh and Pakistan. Along with this, there are different road safest devices which should be
followed by Bangladeshi and Pakistani including, driver feedback signs, dynamic message signs,
mobile variable message signs, speed bumps, Roadways reflectors, Barrier walls etc. Therefore,
all these techniques are essential but in Pakistan and Bangladesh, barrier Walls are should be
followed as a device of road safety for controlling and managing the traffic. Such kind of device
may also be applied for controlling and managing the crows at particular events. Such it is more
essential and useful device for managing traffic as well as accident in roads.
According to the Vegni, Biagi and Cusani, (2013), Driver feedback signs is also consider
as a type of techniques which is designed to maximise driver speed awareness and also road
safety for residential communities, educational corridors, road construction sites, police
enforcement zones, military bases and just about anyplace speeding is a issue. This is a best
method to slow traffic and essential in Bangladesh and Pakistan in creating enforcement
decisions and planning based on time to time to gathered information.
Therefore, above discussed all these techniques will be essential for a targeted countries.
With the assist of Variable Message Sign, LIDAR Gun etc. traffic can be controlled and
managed by an individual. In Australia, there are different rules and regulations related to road
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safety such as; they require a global driver's licence to drive in Australia, it is a illegal not to
wear a seatbelt, rules on drinking alcohol and driving etc. All these are major rules which is
follow by Australia. Apart from this, all these regulations and techniques should also applied
Bangladeshi and Pakistani which will also assist them in reducing number of accidents and
people's death in specific nations.
Challenges faced by Bangladesh and Pakistan in implementing Australian Road safety
techniques
According to the view of Goniewicz (2016) there are various issues and challenges which
are faced by Bangladesh and Pakistan at the time of implementing Australian Road safety
techniques. LIDAR gun has some challenges in which normal weather situation have negligible
impact on device performance but it can impede operators abilities in order to target vehicle.
This includes occasions when sun is directly behind the target vehicle, night-time and it is that
device which is used within stationery vehicle with a soiled wind shied. Heavy weather may
reduces the range of device and it is specially heavy fog will render it unusable. Speed Indicators
Devices are a variation of standard vehicle activated signs that can be moved around in difficult
manner. Sometime it does not easily flash the current speed limit. Such signs are run on batteries
and it is attached to any current post by the side of road. It is not effective as other permanent
treatments and signs could be vandalised. The major challenge occurs is that SIDs need to
positioned on a relatively straight stretch of road which should allow the radar technique to
correctly judge the speed of motor vehicles. The challenge faced by Bangladesh and Pakistan
while implementing speed governor is that there are small number of population in these
countries. So there is no reason to execute such technique in such areas where common public
are run their vehicles. It is seen that the road are short length so this is not possible for them is to
detect transports who are come with high speed. They are not able to slow down and stop the
vehicle because they does not have latest techniques and methods which control traffic rules and
regulations. Along with this, variable message signs are create major issue and challenges in
Bangladesh and Pakistan nations where they are not able to directly communicate with their
commuters. For implementing this technique, there is world class road infrastructure is
required for the development of industry. In Bangladesh and Pakistan, there are various problem
which create issue for executing this device such as traffic congestion, poor road condition,
accidents, low visibility, weather condition and avoid all traffic rules and regulations by the
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public. They are not able to develop accurate strategies and policies which are helpful in lead
traffic towards right direction due to poor technologies and methods.
On the other hand, while implementing Inductive loops in Bangladesh and Pakistan so
there are various challenges occurs such as such countries are not well advanced in current time
period. For this, they does not able to detect all small and big vehicles which run around the
roads. This is required for such nations is to use appropriate device while developing such
technique so there is reduction in damaged road deterioration and heavy vehicles. At the time of
executing such device, it is mainly disrupting the traffic during installation, sensitivity to
temperature fluctuations. Sometime, if they does not analyse and examine all factors or
infrastructure so this is directly affected by metallic road construction materials and occurs high
risk of loop and feeder conductor stealing.
Different ways to overcome challenges faced by Bangladesh and Pakistan while applying
Australian Road safety techniques
As per the view of Sivak (2015), Road traffic is dangerous and risky in current time
period. There are various modes and methods of transportation such as railways and air traffic,
the road traffic is not developed with safety as a jumping off point. There are various ways
through which Bangladesh and Pakistan can easily overcome such challenges while applying
Australian Road safety techniques in the countries that are explained as follows:
Update technologies– It is required for such nations is to update and upgrade
technologies which are useful in overcoming above described issues and problems in better
manner. With the help of this, they can easily seen the vehicle status and position and able to
slow down their speed which can lead towards accident. This is necessary for the Bangladesh
and Pakistan counties is to adopt latest techniques and methods which assist them in seeing all
happening problem which are create challenge for the country in effective manner. Along with
this, Bangladesh and Pakistan is under developed nations have very low technologies which are
not designed in that way in order to reduces the traffic control and manage in proper manner. In
addition to this, it is one of the essential technique through which they can overcome certain
challenge which occurs while executing new techniques and device. It is required for
government is to update and upgrade their adopting technologies in order to maintaining safety
and security of the common people. It is necessary for an individual is to follow all rules and
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regulations which are developed by government regarding traffic safety. In the country, they are
mainly concentrate on maintaining and managing all road safety techniques and devices.
Work on improving road infrastructure – It is another main way through which
respective countries can easily overcome such challenge in better manner. It is necessary for
such nations is to develop world class infrastructure of roads that are helpful in increasing
growth and success of the countries. Along with this, it is possible for such countries is to adopt
latest methods and techniques through which they can make proper improvement in maintaining
and developing great infrastructure. For overcoming with the challenge, it is needed for
Bangladesh and Pakistan nations in order to improving and make changes in their current
condition. The poor condition of roads create chances of accidents and damage to the people as
well as country growth or development level. If they require to implement all the above describe
techniques of Australia so this is necessary for them is to manage and maintain all roads in better
manner. Apart from this, it is required for countries government is to develop appropriate
schemes and strategies in order to approve the proposal of developing roads.
Fix traffic lights – This is another major way by which Bangladesh and Pakistan nations
are lead towards higher success and growth in better manner. Due to unavailability of traffic
lights, there is low visibility at night time so this is create more chances of accidents. It can be
analysed that on some roads there is no viability of transports so this can lead towards more risk.
There are various challenges occurs which includes poor condition of road, low visibility and
weather condition. Then they are fix the lights and bulbs on roads which reduces the possibility
of increasing accident base. This is necessary for government is to give advice to every person is
to concentrate and focus on road while drive a vehicles. In addition to this, they need to
implement variety of strategies and schemes which are helpful in managing such risks and
dangers. This is required for government is to fix all lights at each street of the road so an
individual does not have any problem to drive the vehicle and transport.
Case Studies 3 countries
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Australia is developed nation and there are several road safety rules as well as implemented by
them for controlling road accidents (Garbarino, and Et. al. , 2016). Below mention is the
overview of traffic rules and regulation detail of these are as follows :-
 Obtaining a driving license - In Australia minimum age group of obtaining license in 16
years after passing test. After completing 12 months of driving individual can gain
provisional license. As well as driver will qualifies for provisional license and then P2 is
gained when he/she get 18 years old. Individual who is 20 years or older than it then they
are eligible for full driving license.
 Speed Limit – Speed limit in outside the build up area is 100km/h as well as within the
build up area is 50km/h. Along with this, speed limit imposed at school crossing and
Koala crossing are 25km/h as well as within some residential areas there is fixed limit of
40km/h.
 Road signs – it is related to the regulatory, warning, direction and temporary which ned
to be followed by individual while driving vehicles (Waizman, Shoval, and Benenson,
2015).
 Traffic lanes – on roads lines are denoted for cycles, bus (lanes are painted with red
boxes and written Bus Only in white). Bicycle lanes are coloured with green which is
only for the use of bicycle riders.
 Traffic lights – It follow sequence of red, yellow and green as well as have arrow lights at
the intersections. At a red arrow light, individual is not allowed to turn in the direction of
the arrow. Whereas, Yellow arrow cautions the driver about the turn of lights preparing
them to stop their vehicles. Last, Green arrow light permits turn in the direction of the
arrow.
 Safety rules – It is important for driver to worn seat belts as well as passengers also while
vehicle is in motion. Children who have any medical issue or disability have to be seated
on front seat and driver have to carry their medical certificate. Along with this, children
with age group of 6 months to 7 years should be seated on rear passenger seats.
 Driving rules – It is not legal to drive vehicle after taking alcohol, drugs and any other
prescription medicines which impact on driving skills. Alcohol level in blood should not
exceed the limit of 0.05%. Moreover, Australia is following zero tolerance policy for
drivers who are driving with provisional license. It is important to check local weather

while going for long driver such as floods, bush-fires, cyclones or any other which may
happen anytime. Horns have to be use for warning pedestrians as well as other vehicles of
dangers.
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 Parking rules – Sign related to parking are displayed along duration of vehicle which can
be parked for particular day. In no parking Zone more than 2 minutes parking is not
allowed.
These are some road safety rules as well as regulation of Australia and implementation of
these result in less car accidents within respective nation (Jones, 2016). Although, introducing
laws are not enough there is requirement of following all these by the population of Australia
which is necessary for their well beings as well as for family members also.
According to the Canadian Motor Vehicle Traffic Collision Statistics 2016, number of
vehicle fatalities within Canada was 1,898 which rise up by 2% in comparison of 2015 which
was 1,860. In 2016, 10,322 serious injuries was there because of motor vehicle collisions in
Canada it has get down by 4% from 2015 which was 10, 748. Apart from this, number of people
fatalities per population are 100,000 was 5.2 which was not changed from the rate seen within
previous two years. Although, number of fatalities per billion travellers was 5.1 which is
unchanged in comparison of 2015 (CANADA ROAD SAFETY WEEK – THE FACTS AND
STATS, 2018). Thus, it shows that after implementing road safety rules and regulation similar to
Australia result in reducing road accidents.
Average rate of road fatalities at global level is 17.4 deaths per 100,000 people, with low
income nations going through with a higher prevalence as well as nations which have higher
income level are seeing low rates of human death. In addition to this, Australia’s number of road
death is roughly half of those in the United States, our fatality rate is nearly twice as bad as the
United Kingdom. Australia was previously ranked 14th out of 34 OECD nations for deaths per
100,000 but has since slipped to 17th place as other countries see high level of reduction in
human death rate per year (Car Accident Statistics 2019, 2019). Europe has some of the lowest
fatality rates in the world largely in thanks to measures put in place by the European Road Safety
Charter. In simple terms, Australia having low rate of accident in comparison of several other
nation it is because of their road safety rules as well as regulation.
Drink and drive is one of the major cause for road accidents as well as injuries in New
Zealand roads. Although, as per government or legal bodies rules and regulation drink and drive
is illegal because it may result in loss of human life or any major injury. Thus, blood alcohol rate
for human body while driving vehicle is 0.06% it is same in Australia also because drink and
drive is not safe.
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Latest statistics from the World Health Organization (WHO reveal that 1.35 million
people die because of the roads per year (Kumar, and Toshniwal, 2015). In addition to this, road
traffic injuries are now one of the leading injuries cause of death among young people, according
to new statistics from the World Health Organization (WHO) (Road injuries leading cause of
death for the young, despite safety gains: UN report, 2018). Each and Every year the lives of
approx. 1.35 million people are cut short as a result of a road traffic crash. Between 20 and 50
million more people suffer non-fatal injuries, with many incurring a disability as a result of their
injury. Road traffic injuries cause considerable economic losses to individuals, their families, and
to nations as a whole. These losses arise from the cost of treatment as well as lost productivity
for those killed or disabled by their injuries and for family members who require to take time off
work as well as school to care for the injured. Road traffic crashes cost most nations 3% of their
gross domestic product. More than 90% of road traffic deaths occur in low- as well as middle-
income nations. Road traffic injury death rates are highest in the African region. Even within
high-income countries, people from lower socio-economic backgrounds are more likely to be
involved in road traffic crashes.
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodology can properly introduce to the theoretical analysis of different
methods appropriate to a research. It refer as most important and useful section used by each
researcher to identify best methods and approaches to field of study. Main purpose of this section
is to help an investigator by providing accurate and reliable data about the study (Alvesson and
Sköldberg, 2017). In this section different methods will be included such as research approach,
research design, data collection technique, data analysis technique, research limitation, ethical
consideration etc. All these are highly essential and useful for an investigator to gather
appropriate information or data regarding the research or topic. Some useful methods will be
determined as under:
Research approach: This section will be divided into two parts such as inductive and
deductive research approach. Those type of approaches are essential but in order to identify
benefits of road safety techniques, deductive approach is more suitable. As with the use of this
approach, researcher can easily measure concepts quantitatively as compare to inductive
approach (Kumar, 2019).
Research Choice: Qualitative and quantitative are consider as a best type of research
methods. For this project, quantitative method will be selected by the researcher because it help
them, by providing information about the topic in form of facts and numbers (Neuman and
Robson, 2014). On the other side, qualitative research is not suitable for this project because it
has limited outcomes due to structured method.
Research design: Each activities of study is mainly depend on research design which is
used by an investigator for identifying impact of road safety techniques in developing countries
such as Pakistan and Bangladesh. There are mainly three kind of research design which is
descriptive, experimental and exploratory (Silverman, 2016). According to this project,
descriptive design is more appropriate because it help a researcher in driving valid conclusion
about the study.
Data collection technique: There are basically two types of data collection techniques
such as primary and secondary. Under primary research, questionnaire will be more suitable for
accumulating reliable data about the study (Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault, 2015). On the other
side, for gathering secondary information, books, magazines, journals etc. will be used. Both
types of techniques are essential but according to the topic, secondary source of data collection
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will be applied because it given information in form of percentage or numbers. Along with this,
primary research is not appropriate for this project because it require more time and cost of an
organisation or researcher also.
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FINDINGS & DISCUSSIONS
Similarities and Differences between 3 countries
With the help of above mentioned information, it can easily be said that there are many
countries in all over the world, that has developed specified road side safety rules and regulations
but clashes with each others. This could be understood with a good example, where Australia,
Canada, New Zealand and United Nations are some of the countries that has developed there
policies (laws) considering each other's conditions in different cases.
It can be said that some of there policies regarding alcohol and more are same, and on the
other hand in different areas rules and regulations do not match with each others due to the
constitutional acts and economic, cultural differences. Since Australia has been the primal
country who has built road safety rules and regulations, it has influenced many business
countries for the same. If it is talked about similarities then there are certain policies which has
been built among nations like Canada, New Zealand and United States just like Australia did.
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(Source : The Worst Countries In The World For Drunk Driving, 2019)
According to the study which has been done by the Forbes, it directly shows that South
Africa is one of the most dangerous countries in the world for road accidents with 25.1 deaths
per 100,000 people every year. Shockingly, nearly 6 out of every 10 fatalities (58 percent) on
South Africa's roads can be attributed to alcohol consumption.
It is being analysed that, even though fatal accidents on Canadian roads have fallen 43
percent since 2000, the rate of death from alcohol impairment is still high for a developed nation
at 34 percent of all road accidents. Across the border in the United States, 31 percent of all road
deaths have been linked to alcohol consumption while in Australia, the death rate comes to 30
percent. In the United Kingdom and Germany, road deaths involving alcohol consumption are
rarer at 16 and 9 percent respectively.
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Illustration 1: The Worst Countries In The World For Drunk Driving

(Source : Canada’s 2008 Road Safety Ranking Among OECD Member Countries, 2017)
With the help of above mentioned graph, it can easily be said one of the major objective
regarding the RSS 2015 are to raise public awareness, enhance enforcement of traffic laws.
Considering the above graph, it is being found that Canada is at 7.18, Australia at 6.90 and New
Zealand are some of the nations which has high fatality rate. This is why, it is much required for
these nations to work on the same and develop much more stronger road safety policies.
Similarities within road safety rules : If it is talked about, alcohol level concentration limit i.e. 0.02 g/dl or less for young and
novice drivers is an effective way of reducing drink–driving related crashes for this
group. An evaluation was conducted of six studies of fatalities and injuries among drivers
in three states in the United States (Massachusetts, Maine and Maryland) and four
Australian states (Victoria, Western Australia, Queensland and Tasmania) with alcohol
limits ranging from 0 to 0.06 g/dl (20). This basically has helped both the nations to
reduce the rising fatality rate linked with alcohol.
 Minimum age for legal purchase or drinking of alcohol: It has been analysed that, all of
these nations (Canada, New Zealand and United Nations) has considered and specified a
minimum age for both the public consumption and purchase of alcoholic beverages. This
has helped in reducing the drink and driving cases among young drivers. This action
9
Illustration 2: Canada’s 2008 Road Safety Ranking Among OECD Member Countries

which were taken by these nations through focusing upon Australian policies were also
directly or recommended by UNICEF. Another major similarity between road safety rules of these three nation (Canada, New
Zealand and United Nations), is the minimum age of the getting licence of driving. As in
these nations, the minimum age of getting licence for driving is 18 year. If they find any
child of age less then it driving any vehicle, then they use to take strict actions against
that child and also against their parents. Also, the rules for this are similar as rules of
driving with out licence. This is because, a child less then age of 18 year is not able to
any licence and if they have a licence, then it is not a original one.
Differences within road safety rules :
 Considering the heavy vehicle regulation of Australia, which was commuted in February
2014, Heavy Vehicle National Law, where a truck can take a load of 4.5 tonnes,
commenced in Queensland, Tasmania, SA, NSW and Victoria. On the other hand, if it is
talked about United States the load a truck can take up to 4.6 tonnes.
 National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act, Canada it can be said that on highways, a
speed limit has directly linked with individuals where there actions might take them to
face a range of issues regarding the sFame (Road transport legislation, 2018).
 Along with this, another difference between rode safety rules of these nations are related
to the level of pollution which vehicles use to emit. As all the three nations have their
own rules and regulations for this, where they have cleared about the maximum level of
pollution which a vehicles can emit in environment of nation. Along with this, they have
different rules for different vehicles also.
Identify key factors related to road Safety
Understanding risk factors impacting the road accidents is necessary area in road safety
investigation. There are many different factors which influence road safety such as behaviour of
driver, condition of vehicles and infrastructure etc. These all factors negatively impact on the
road safety. These all the factors are necessary but in this present time most essential factor us
driver behaviour due to consecutive building highways (Salmon, McClure and Stanton, 2012).
Make improvement in infrastructure quality is mainly understood as developer of main
advantages in context to minimizing the risks. There are some main key factors concerned with
road safety mention below:
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Change in quality of performance- Under this, transport engineering and also operating
characteristic related to road network give situations for enhance road safety. On the basis of
global investigation of the road engineering, better safety advantages prices are from the
separated transport (Vasconcellos, 2014). On the other hand, impact of the road safety network is
possible to explain as an indicator of a road network safety performance that is depend on
qualitative methodology for proper assessment of qualitative aspects and road network at
regional level.
Vehicle safety- It is a main factor that influencing road safety. The vehicle performance
and design have the two potential impact on the safety. First is minimizing crashing risk and
second is reducing consequences when the accidents can be occur.
The speed, size and mass of vehicle have been long necessary concerns for producers and
for the safety analysts. In this, when the accidents occur, vehicle speed and mass are two
necessary aspects identifying the accident risk and severity. The fatality risk is based on ratio of
masses of vehicles if one car is half as to heavy as other then in this case driver in lighter can has
twelve times fatality risk. On the other hand, accidents through nature consists the rapid
reductions in speed because the occupants vehicles are continue to move at prior speed,
protection devices in order to minimize likelihood as well as severity of affect (Wegman, Zhang
and Dijkstra, 2012).
Driver behaviour- Behaviour and performance of Driver are main big challenges in
improving road safety. It finds that strong safety impacts for enhanced use of the seat belts as
well as control speed of car. In this, education of driver has develop little affect on safety
standards. Enhanced enforcement and the better awareness of drunk driving legislations has
make improvement in safety (Small, 2013). It is necessary that the driver should be properly
educated and trained. In addition to this, complex high level skills are acquired more experience
that can give contribution to minimising risk of crash. For analyse factors which affecting road
safety, it is essential to deal with the driver, driver skills and behaviour in a proper or effective
manner.
Traffic facility: facility provided by traffic lights are seen as the main factor which
influences road safety and ignorance of this might result into enhancement of number of
accidents. It can be said that there are probable chances that traffic signs are mainly dependent
on technology and in case if these technical conditions changes then it would might affect road
11

safety. For instance: If traffic light of road is not showing proper signals then it would definitely
show wrong signals which might become reason for a major accident as people will not get
proper assistance due to technical error and they may mislead and become victim of the accident.
In addition to this, it can be further said that there are some more sub factors of this factor such
as traffic accident emergency rescue, serviceability of traffic marking etc. It has been analysed
that traffic accident emergency rescue refers to the team who is responsible for handling
issues(accidents) which took place at road. Throughout the evaluation, it has been analysed that
there are numerous of cases which become serious due to carelessness of available people. It can
be said that this team is well trained and owns ability to handle accident cases which occurs at
road side. It has been further evaluated that if in case any accident occurs at roadside then
availability of this team will be helpful in managing situation and saving life of victim. On the
other hand, another factor which is the major part of this analysis includes serviceability of
traffic marking. This factor states that traffic signals are completely based on technology and in
case if these technology based tools are not updated and managed at regular basis then it would
definitely become useless and could create risky situation for all as without proper servicing they
will not work in effective manner. In order to overcome this issue, it is required by traffic team to
update their system at regular basis so that any error in situation could be managed. This will
definitely reduce number of accidents. In addition to this, it has been further identified that traffic
team is required to be trained by medical staff. This training will aware them about various
situations which might occur during accident. It can be further said that this training is helpful in
managing situation when medical staff is not available on the spot. As a result, it can be said that
by maintaining traffic facility individuals can easily reduce chances of accident and impact of
major accidents on victims condition.
Socio economic factors: It is the another factor which is considered as the main factor of
road safety. This factor includes influence illiteracy, unemployment, urban population and Gross
national product. It has been evaluated that if literacy rate is low in the nation then there are high
chances of accidents as they are not able to understand norms related to accidents. These
illiterate people also do not understand various consequence and carelessness becomes reason of
accident. For instance: if the car driver is not literate then it is being assumed that they are not
aware about traffic signals and other related things. This becomes major reason of accident as
these illiterate people do not understand actual meaning of traffic signs which creates confusion
12

in their mind and results in a major accident. It has been further identified, it is essential for all to
conduct various training sessions so that these illiterate people can enhance their knowledge on
traffic signals which will be helpful for them in understanding meaning of each and every signal.
As a result, they will be aware of all traffic rules. This would also place positive influence on
number of accidents as after enhancement of knowledge these illiterate people will follow every
law which will result in decline of accidents.
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Approaches for road safety:
It is advised to all countries including Australia to adopt an effective approach for road
safety. They must concern on promoting a level of ambition which seeks in eliminating the death
and serious injuries, which may arise due to road transportation system. In context with
Australian market, it is advised to its regulatory bodies to adopt two main approaches that are –
Safe System Approach and National Road Safety Strategy. Here, safe system based on the
principle that not compromise the life and health of a person. This system mainly designed for
improving road transport network by taking human vulnerability and fallibility into account. The
main goal of safe systems in transportation is to ensure that any mistakes or errors do not lead to
a crash or serious injury. It must be sufficiently controlled as well as do not cause a life-changing
injury or death of human beings. In this regard, major responsibility for implementing safe
system is shared by each associated persons. It includes road contractors, planners, policy
makers, engineers, media, vehicle manufacturers, enforcement officers, fleet managers, road
safety educators and more. Along with this, the main guiding principles of safe system approach
to road safety are -
 As all road accidents cannot be prevented but traffic injuries can be reduced.
 Responsibility as well as accountability for safety on road must shared by automobile
companies, road users and more.
 Road traffic system must be designed to cope up from human error and taken
vulnerability of living beings into account.
Therefore, governing on these principles, road safety approach emphasis on four main
components that are- Vehicle design and safety equipment i.e. health and seatbelts; speed limits
of vehicles by enforcing road user measures; establish strict rules to prohibit drinking, usage of
mobile phones and other while driving; traffic management. Thus, to establish Zero towards
reducing the accidents and major injuries, safe systems approach mainly aim to achieve the same
objectives. It focuses more on improving management of roads, providing guidance for people
related to driving, maintaining speed of vehicles and more. Along with this, it also helps in
setting the interim target for moving systematically to improve road safety management.
Therefore, Government of Australia must concern on implementation a proper approach for
strengthening up the transportation system and road safety management.
Approaches of road safety:

At the present time exploit proven interventions for early gains become difficult for
Australian people in order to face challenges in the market because of high level reviews
regarding the safety management. For this top level of management conduct enough data to
collect and analyse the risk and current activity of the market in an effective manner. By this all
countries should generate data in order to gain final outcomes in an effective manner. Including
the least deaths and injuries by road users. So that careful data should focus on the changes
understanding the different trends in order to improve the all factors in a good way. After this all
countries or Australian people should follow the effective road system management in order to
provide better arrangements foe people. By focusing on it government needs to identify the lead
agency and their roles and responsibilities efficiently. Therefore, Australian government should
follow knowledge transfer initiatives in order to support adequate investment to accomplish the
goals and objectives in an effective way. Government should also invest in the road safety for
reducing the road accident and road issues effectively. So now business investments needs to be
developed in a effective manner. Lastly, government should take initiatives in the road safety
programmes in order to secure country people and must develop the unique strategies that always
reflects on the political behaviour like electoral cycle effectively. For all this improvement or
changes Australian government develops few strategies and rules which are given below:
National road safety strategy: According to this Australian government initiated an
inquiry in to the national road safety strategy in the year of 2017. on the day of 12 September
2018 national road safety strategies panel offered Australian government report at the parliament
house effectively. The NRSS inquiry was chaired by two independent experts whereas, Associate
professor and director and CEO of the Australian market head provided lot of safety tips to their
people in order to save them, effectively. There are few key elements which are defined by them,
given below:
 Firstly they identified the key factors which all are involved in the road crash death and
serious injury trends including the recent counting of people in 2015to 2016.
 In the case of review of effectiveness of the NSRR 2011to2020 and generally support the
plan of action with the particular reference to the maximization in death and serious
injuries from the road accident and crashes over the last two years.
 In the next form they identified the different issues or problems for consideration in order
to develop of the post 2020 national road safety strategy in the action plan, in order to
2

focus on how Australian can recognise that move towards in the safe road transport
system which reduce the harm to all kind of people in the effective manner.
 Lastly they all advised that arrangement for the management in regards with road safety
issues NRSS should follow the best coordination and always use the contribution or
capacity for all partners in an effective manner.
3

LEARNING
Based on the above mentioned report, it can easily be said that researcher's knowledge
linked with road safety rules and regulations will directly enhances. Along with this, researcher
has also became aware of the facts and figures that are linked with road safety among different
nations like New Zealand, Canada and United Nations. This would directly help in
understanding of the weaker and stronger constitution followed by nations related to road safety
measures. On the other hand, researcher might also improve knowledge regarding what
modifications are required to be made within the countries on which analysis has been done
under the investigation.
The research into consideration is based on the benefits of applying Australian Road
safety techniques in developing countries like Pakistan and Bangladesh. This is a wide area of
academic research which provide an in-depth analysis over the chosen area of study, thus this
study helps an individual or learner in developing their idea or knowledge base in regards to the
aspect of applying Australian Road safety techniques in developing countries. This study
explores knowledge in terms of applying road safety measures for reducing the chances of road
issues and deaths. In this modern era road accidents are a common issue which are faces by
countries and governments are concern on reducing road issues for implementation of a friendly
and good environment. This study is effective for an individual to gain knowledge about the
issues that are faces by countries by not applying road safety measures, this also represents the
positive impact of Australia Australian Road safety techniques over developing countries. This
also provides a brief idea in regards to the execution of research methodology that which gives a
right direction to the researcher in implementing all research activities in systematic manner.
This study also signifies the importance of data collection, thus this study also enhance the
ability of collecting data from different sources. This is a wide area of investigation and in this
information is gathered from different sources, so the ability of researcher regarding data
collection has also increased.

CONCLUSION
From the overall analysis of the project it has been concluded that Australia is a land of
extreme weather situations where some aspects of the country may be influenced through flood,
bushfire or cyclones. Due to such kind of natural issues the road safety in Australia in high as
compared with other countries. The government of Australia has made suitable road safety rules
in respect to maintaining proper safety and security of vehicles and pedestrians. Austral is also
famous for its tourists attractions, thus it is also refers as a most tourist attraction place and this
cause high traffic error and hampers the living of people. The potential motive of a country is to
reduce traffic and provide a traffic free environment, However government of countries taking
initiative to decrees road traffic by making appropriate rules and legislations which are requires
to be followed by each individual in respect to making their self safe from road deaths. The
National Road Safety Strategy is a basic initiative of the Transport and Infrastructure Council, or
it is mainly established cooperatively through the Commonwealth and state and territory
governments. Australia's first National Road Safety Strategy was constituted through federal,
state and territory transport Ministers in 1992. It provided a framework for national collaboration
on road safety improvement that has evolved over the past few decades. The potential straegy of
road safety for the duration of 2001 to 2010, has aims to attain a 40 percent reduction in the per
capita rate of road deaths. In the duration of 2001–2010 strategy, Australia was considered as
one of the first countries to formally follow the Safe System approach to road safety
improvement. The potential reason behind using safe system approach is to making the country
traffic free and reduce the deaths that occurs due to high road safety errors. The Safe System
approach takes a holistic view of the road transport system and the interactions of its various
elements. It aspires to create a road transport system in which human mistakes do not result in
death or serious injury. Many serious road crashed are preventable and history has render
evidence in regards to the right intervention which has positive influence over the country or its
living. Since the year of 1970, Australia has rapidly attained huge and lasting road safety gains
through road improvements, ethical road practices, proper rules, legislations, safer vehicles,
lower speed limits, graduated licensing and prospering behavioural programs that are targeting
drink driving, seatbelt usage and speeding. An appropriate study and other objective evidence
have demonstrated the success of each of these initiatives in reducing road trauma. This progress
influences other countries to adopt the safety measures used by Australia in respect to
2

maintaining traffic and road trauma. Australia has a National Road Safety Strategy, which is
agreed by all its states and territories, that was drawn up and is managed through the Australian
Transport Safety Bureau on the behalf of the safe systems formulation. The Department of
Substructure and Regional Improvement has a range of purpose that support the Australian
government's role in road safety. These involves managing vehicle safety modular for new
vehicles, handling the National Black Spot Program and other road funding, administering the
“keys2drive”1 and “Seatbelts for Regional School Buses” programs, producing national road
safety statistics, and coordinating the National Road Safety Strategy. This consist to be the key
aspect of Australian road safety and these are also recognised by other developing countries in
respect to managing their road issues and reduce the chance of road accidents. As per the proper
study of the project it has been analysed that there are various countries like Newzealand,
Canada and United Nations are concern over following the safety system of Australia in respect
to maintaining their living standards and reducing the chances of road conflicts. These three are
the most developed countries which are applying Australian Road safety techniques as to
decreasing chances of road accidents and trauma like Australia. There are various developing
countries like Bangladesh and Pakistan where road safety is the major issue and has a huge
impact on the overall countries. As per the global road safety report, around 1.2 million
individuals are killed on the roads every year and as many as 50 million else are injured, and
over 90% of the deaths occur in the low and middle income countries or regions. Low and
middle income nations also have a increasing road traffic fatality rate around 20.2 deaths per
100,000 population than the estimation of high income countries around 12.6 deaths per 100,000
population. Furthermore, the total number of road traffic deaths and injuries is forecasted to rise
by 80% in low-income and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2020 compared to 65%
worldwide. For reducing such kind of issues and road errors countries are concern over
implementing proper road safety measures. Australian road safety techniques are proved to be
safe and secure in nature, thus this is the reason developing countries are focused over applying
Australia Road safety techniques in respect to smooth development of the country. However
proper implementation of safety rules and measures are reducing causes of road deaths, which
has positive impact on the overall economic growth of a country. The number of traffic deaths in
developing countries are assailable road users like pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists. Hence,
it is peremptory that more effort be devoted to analysing the challenges and reducing the traffic
3

injuries in developing countries, particularly among the vulnerable road users. Australian road
safety involves proper knowledge regarding road norms like proper side which is to be
considered for driving, licence, proper use of safety measures like wearing seatbelt, preferring
helmate, non drinking drive, proper road conditions etc. These measures the significantly applied
by developing countries in regards to reducing the chance of traffic and road deaths. Pakistan and
Bangladesh is recognised to be the developing countries which are having motive to attain higher
growth and sustain development through managing road errors, because road issues are the major
cause that affect the development of country. The country government has taken strict actions
about the traffic rules and norms which are requires to be followed by individuals for decreasing
cause of road issue and deaths. Australian Road safety techniques has positive impact on the
overall growth and development of developing countries, like Bangladesh and Pakistan. Proper
road safety techniques leads a country towards right direction to attain sustainability growth and
reduce the factors that influences road errors.
4

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