Hypertension Awareness and Management

This assignment investigates the prevalence and impact of hypertension among young people. It involves designing questionnaires for both patients suffering from hypertension and general practitioners to gather insights into their understanding of the condition, contributing factors, and management practices. The aim is to analyze the data collected through these questionnaires to shed light on awareness levels, perceived causes, and challenges faced by young individuals dealing with hypertension.

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Table of contents
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction & Background context...........................................................................................6
1.1 Research aim ..............................................................................................................................8
1.2 Research Objectives....................................................................................................................8
1.3 Research question(s)..................................................................................................................8
1.4 Summary of subsequent chapters .............................................................................................8
Chapter 2: Literature Review.................................................................................................................9
2.0 Introduction................................................................................................................................9
2.1 Hypertension and related issues.................................................................................................9
2.2 Government policies act and regulations.................................................................................10
2.3 Impact of hypertension on healthy life style of people............................................................11
2.4 Risk to avoid..............................................................................................................................11
2.5 Link between psychosocial stress and hypertension................................................................12
2.6 Effects of psychosocial stress on hypertension.........................................................................14
2.7 Summary...................................................................................................................................15
Chapter 3: Methodology......................................................................................................................16
3.0 Introduction..............................................................................................................................16
3.1 Research Philosophy/Theoretical perspectives........................................................................16
3.2 Research Approach...................................................................................................................17
3.3 Data Collection Method ...........................................................................................................17
3.4 Sampling approach...................................................................................................................18
3.5 Analysing and Presenting Data.................................................................................................19
3.6 Reliability and Validity..............................................................................................................19
3.7 Ethical consideration................................................................................................................19
3.8 Limitations ...............................................................................................................................20

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3.9 Research Plan...........................................................................................................................20
3.10 Summary.................................................................................................................................21
Chapter 4: Findings & Discussion.........................................................................................................22
4.0 Introduction..............................................................................................................................22
4.1 Analysis of themes....................................................................................................................22
4.2 Chapter summary ....................................................................................................................32
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations....................................................................................34
5.0 Introduction..............................................................................................................................34
5.1 Conclusion................................................................................................................................34
5.2 Implications of study findings on practice................................................................................35
5.3 Recommendation.....................................................................................................................35
CRITICAL REFLECTION..........................................................................................................................37
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................................38
Appendix..............................................................................................................................................41

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ABSTRACT
Aim of study
Hypertension has become the common issue in young adults globally, Number of cases of
hypertension are increasing with the rapid speed. Study discusses psychosocial stress and
impact of hypertension in patients aged between 30-35 years. Aim of research is to explains
link between psychosocial stress and hypertension. Furthermore, it describes various
government policies and legislation to control over the hypertension cases in young adults
Methodology
Researcher uses qualitative and quantitative both technique for analyses the impact of
psychological stress of hypertension in young aged 30-35.
Results
hectic professional schedule they get isolated from social network and this isolation develops
loneliness in their life. These are the main causes due to which stress level is increasing in the
adult's life.
Conclusion
Most of the young adults have knowledge about hypertension but due to hectic life schedule
they have to maintain their blood pressure effectively. They get attracted towards unhealthy
diet such as fast food etc. Such type of food materials enhance cholesterol rate that later on
turn into hypertension disease.

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Acknowledgement
I like to express my sincere gratitude to my professor who has supported me a lot during this
research. Their patience, motivation, enthusiasm have supported me in completing this
dissertation in effective manner. I like to thank my parents for their moral support. I also like
to express my gratitude to my friends and peer group for their support and encouragement.

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Chapter 1: Introduction
1.0 Introduction & Background context
In the recent time, many people are suffering from hypertension. According to American
Heart Association (AHA), hypertension is the issue in which level of blood pressure increases
to unhealthy level that is higher than 130 mmHg. Approx. 85 million people are suffering
from this health problem. Recent report of WHO shows that hypertension has become a
common disease in young adults globally (Hu and et.al., 2015). If the person is suffering
from hypertension for long time, then it may cause coronary artery disease, heart failure,
peripheral vascular disease, vision loss, dementia etc. Primary and secondary are two types of
issues that are related with high blood pressure. About 90% cases are diagnosed are of
primary hypertension (Psychosocial Factors and Risk of HypertensionThe Coronary Artery
Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study, 2003). There are various factors that
cause such disease in young adults. Though, it occurs with old age people as well but in the
modern era adults takes their life style, career very seriously that increases chances of
occurring hypertension. Life style is considered as one of the most important component that
causes this illness among young people. In the modern era young people are moving towards
fast food eating. In these types of meals food makers use excess salt, fatty ingredients that
increase fats in the human body that results increase blood pressure level. There are various
kinds of advance technologies that are used by medical professional for examining level of
blood pressure in people. Monitoring blood pressure is the mechanism that is used to detect
hypertension. As per the report of AHA, African Americans mostly suffer from hypertension
or related issues such as heart attack, kidney failure, stroke etc. Now, it has become essential
for the people to do regular check up and take timely treatment of hypertension. Enhancing
awareness of people for the hypertension is the only solution that can support in minimising
death rate of young people aged 30-35 due to hypertension.
Statistical records show that from 1999 to 2009 death rate of people those who are
suffering from this medical problems has been increased by 17%. Records show that out of

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100000 approx (Chronic Psychosocial Stress and Hypertension, 2013). 18.5% people got
died due to hypertension. As per the report of AHA during 2007 death rate of African
American men death rate was 52% whereas death rate of white men was 17%. Ethnic
minority group in western countries are affected by hypertension. Now it has become the
public health burden in the nation. Psychosocial stress impact on the blood pressure that turns
into hypertension after a certain period of time. This stress may be due to personal, social or
economic factors. In the recent time people aged between 30-35 years spend their most of
time at their work (Staneva and et.al., 2015). They have to go through from chronic job
stress. This stress affects health of the people to great extent. Job strain model is considered
as most effective theory that clearly states job demand and job control are two main elements
that increases stress in the life of human being. Imbalance in personal and professional life
also increases tension in the life of the person that affects their health. Social relationships of
the people give them emotional and practical support. But negative of improper relationships
many times create psychological stress in the life of human being (Psychosocial Factors and
Risk of HypertensionThe Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA)
Study, 2003). In the busy working life, individual fails to maintain their personal
relationships. In such conditions, individual becomes isolated from the society after certain
period of time. Social isolation increase stress level that causes cardiovascular diseases in the
person. Isolation is also related with the hypertension risk. Marriage is important part of
human life, if person is not satisfied with their personal married life, then it may negatively
impact on their health and can cause this issue among them. Furthermore, economic factor is
another cause due to which stress level among people gets increased. Psychosocial stress
includes threats of social status, respect, lack of income sources etc. All these threats increase
stress level in the human body. In this condition, body releases stress hormones such as
cortisol, epinephrine that burst energy. These elements later on affect human body to great
extent (Effect of psychological stress on blood pressure increase: a meta-analysis of cohort
studies, 2016). Medical Subject headings (MeSH) has defined that stress is the type of
pathological process in which body fails to respond properly and that affect homeostasis. Due
to increasing stress level, chances of occurring hypertension get increased in young aged 30-
35.
Hypertension has become the most common issue in the recent time, maximum young
people are suffering from stress that leads to hypertension. Due to this medical problem,
death rate of young Americans is increasing. As psychosocial stress is increasing then blood

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pressure also gets increased. Due to this individual fails to response properly in normal
conditions. Many studies have been conducted on the same subject in which it is found that
stress and anxiety are two main elements that leads to hypertension in the human body. This
medical issue affecting life of the person and their psychology as well. It is essential to
minimise such problems and prevent young people from hypertension. That is the main
reason of conducting this study is to prevent people and reducing stress level.
Present research will develop understanding about impact of psychosocial stress of
hypertension in young aged 30-35. Furthermore, study will review previous literatures on the
same subject.
1.1 Research aim
“To understand impact of psychosocial stress of hypertension”
1.2 Research Objectives
 To identify link between psychosocial stress and hypertension
 To investigate effects of psychosocial stress on hypertension
 To recommend optimal prevention strategies
1.3 Research question(s)
 Explain link between psychosocial stress and hypertension?
 Investigate effects of psychosocial stress on hypertension?
 What are the optimal prevention strategies for minimising psychosocial stress of
hypertension in young people?
1.4 Summary of subsequent chapters
Structure of entire study is discussed as below: Chapter 1 Introduction: It would be the first part of the research in which brief
overview of subject will be given. Furthermore, in this chapter rationale and
significance will be described. Chapter 2 Literature Review: This would be second chapter; in this section, scholar
will review articles or literatures of other authors on the same topic. Chapter 3 Research Methodology: It would be next part in which researcher will
describe various methods that are applied to complete this investigation. Chapter 4 Findings and discussion: In this chapter, researcher will analyse the results
and will give findings.

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 Chapter 5 Conclusion and recommendations: This would be the last section in which
entire study will be concluded and scholar will explain own experience during this
research.
Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.0 Introduction
In this chapter researcher will review literature of other authors on the same subject. It will
help in developing understanding about the subject matter.
2.1 Hypertension and related issues
As per the view of Hu and et.al., (2015) measurement of blood pressure is determined
by identifying amount of blood is passing through vessels in the blood. Over a period of time,
this medical issue has been increased to great extent and now, it has become the global
problem. In the initial phase, individual suffer from headaches, breathing issues, flushing,
chest pain, blood in urine etc. It is essential that person takes immediate treatment whenever
these symptoms occur otherwise, it may cause difficulty for the patients. Schoenthaler and
Rosenthal, (2018) argued that hypertension is the risk which occurs due to consumption of
too much alcohol, living with wrong lifestyle, living with psychosocial stress etc. Millions of
teenagers and adults are suffering from this medical problem. Normal high blood pressure is
considered to be 140/90 mmHg whereas ideal blood pressure is 90/60 mmHg. If blood
pressure reaches beyond to 140/90, it creates issue in blood flow in vessels.
According to Golbidi, Frisbee and Laher, (2015) about 75 million American adults are
suffering from high blood pressure (Effects of Psychological Stress on Hypertension in
Middle-Aged Chinese: A Cross-Sectional Study, 2015). It is the fact which shows that 1 out
of 3 adult is living with hypertension. Approx. cost of the nation due to high blood pressure is
46 billion every year. Previous reports show that 30% deaths of young adults occur due to
hypertension. Johnson and et.al., (2016) stated that age is considered as one of the major
element due to which blood pressure level gets increased. People those who are over 60 years
suffer from hypertension. It is because in this age, arteries of the person become stiffer and

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narrow that creates issue in blood flow. Size and weight of individual is the leading cause that
increases risk of hypertension in young adults age between 30-35. If the person is
heavyweight, then this increases risk of increasing level of blood pressure (Effects of
Psychological Stress on Hypertension in Middle-Aged Chinese: A Cross-Sectional Study,
2015).
As per the view of Lovallo, (2015) consumption of too much alcohol and tobacco is
the main cause of hypertension. Due to using high amount of alcoholic drinks, vessels and
arteries of the human fail to perform their work properly that impacts on liver and increasing
blood pressure as well. Selection of wrong life style is another cause of poor health. When
person starts eating fast food in excess, then fats get increased in the human body that results
into high blood pressure. Fast food makers use fatty ingredients and excess salt to enhance
flavour of the food (Psychosocial Factors and Risk of HypertensionThe Coronary Artery Risk
Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study, 2003). That tastes amazing but it is not
healthy for the body. Rosengren and et.al., (2015) argued that psychosocial stress is the
leading cause of hypertension in young adults aged 30-35 years. In the modern era, young
people are engaged in their professional life. Increasing workload creates issue in their
personal life as well. When they suffer from heavy workload, then they fail to take care of
their health. Heavy stress is dangerous for the health of person. When individuals in the
stressful situation at that time body releases hormones temporarily that impacts on the blood
pressure level to great extent. In such situation individual fails to behave normally. Anxiety,
depression, isolation are most common issues due to which hypertension gets increased.
Whenever individual faced stressful situations then adrenaline and cortisol hormones released
by the body, these hormones increase heart beats rates and constricting blood vessels. This
enhances level of blood pressure in the human body and individual later on suffer from
hypertension. Isolation from society, poor economic conditions, unhealthy personal
relationship are many causes due to which stress level of the person gets increased. These are
the problems that lead to heart attack, stroke, diabetes, obesity in the persons. Due to high
level of stress arteries gets damaged that leads to heart diseases. This may cause self-
destructive behaviour. Stress and anxiety are the two main factors that contribute to
hypertension. That boosts level of blood pressure (Effect of psychological stress on blood
pressure increase: a meta-analysis of cohort studies, 2016).

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2.2 Government policies act and regulations
As per the view of Rosengren and et.al., (2015) government has made several laws
and regulations in order to improve wellbeing of individuals. Risk of increasing blood
pressure, cholesterol is increasing day by day. Due to this death in the county is increasing
with the rapid speed. In order to control over it authorities have made affordable care act. In
this government is providing health care services to these patients free of cost. It is the care
plan in which government provides free test for blood pressure check up, counselling,
counselling for diet and weight loss etc. Later on this act has created national prevention
strategy and health promotion plans. That has helped in improving life of people of the
country. Lovallo, (2015) stated that American Heart association public policy has been made
in this respect. The main agenda of this policy is to provide support to federal, state and local
authorities. This can help them in providing quality care services to patients with
hypertension. Furthermore, it provides guidance and direction to medical professions so that
they can perform their duties well. According to Golbidi, Frisbee and Laher, (2015)
hypertension clinical practice guideline 2017 were released by government. In this guideline
authorities provides direction for evaluating and managing the high blood pressure problems
in young adults.
2.3 Impact of hypertension on healthy life style of people
As per the view of Hu and et.al., (2015) hypertension impact on the life style of
human being to great extent. Whenever individual suffer from high blood pressure then in
such condition person fails to perform their daily work effective. High blood pressure reduces
their energy and they get tired soon that demotivate them. According to Rosengren and et.al.,
(2015) high blood pressure rate is bad for adults, individual come in touch with other disease
in such condition. In this condition person may get suffer from high body fat, low energy,
headache. Hypertension in the disease in which immune systems and nervous system fails to
perform their work effectively. That impact on the life style of human being to great extent.
Schoenthaler and Rosenthal, (2018) argued that hypertension does not rally affect
healthy life style. If the person is living with wrong life style or consuming wrong diet food
then it increases fats and blood pressure in the young adults. That later on turn into
hypertension. Due to wrong life style hypertension type of disease occur.

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2.4 Risk to avoid
As per the view of Hu and et.al., (2015) hypertension is the disease that is affecting
life of young adults those are between age 30-35 year. It is essential that person needs to
control over its blood pressure otherwise it may cause risk of heart attack, stroke and other
serious illness. The main risk in human being is that heavyweight. If the person is consuming
fatty foods then weight of the person may get increased. In such condition it may be negative
for the health of the person. In such condition adults are required to avoid this risk and they
have to do regular exercise so that their weight can remain in control. Golbidi, Frisbee and
Laher, (2015) argued that improper diet is the main cause of high blood pressure. When adult
consumes food in which high amount of salt, sodium, fats are present then it creates issues in
their body. To avoid this risk patients with hypertension are required to eat healthy diet such
as vegetables, fruits. They have to take care that they eat such material that have limited
calories and that are rich of potassium. By this way risk of hypertension can be avoided.
According to Schoenthaler and Rosenthal, (2018) hypertension is the serious illness, it
also develops many other disease in human body. In such condition individual is required to
use limited alcohol. Alcoholic drinks are dangerous for the health, it may destroy internal
organs of the person. Apart from this they need to monitor their blood pressure time to time.
This can support them in avoiding risk of death.
2.5 Link between psychosocial stress and hypertension
According to Younge and et.al., (2015) psychological stress is related with the
hypertension. Stress level gets increased in the human body due to imbalance in personal and
professional life, dissatisfaction in personal life, workload, economic issues etc. In such
stressful conditions, body of the person produces number of hormones. These hormones
enhance level of blood pressure in the human body. These hormones enhance heart beats
rates and narrow down to the blood vessels. In these situations, person fails to react normally
in some conditions (Psychosocial Factors and Risk of HypertensionThe Coronary Artery Risk
Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study, 2003). Staneva and et.al., (2015) argued that
there is not direct link between stress and hypertension. Psychosocial stressful situations do
not directly increase level of blood pressure in the human body. It occurs because in such
critical conditions individual start drinking alcohol. These alcoholic drinks enhance risk in
the body and develop long term high blood pressure conditions in the human being. Alcohol
and smoke are injurious to health. When person consumes such type of items regularly, then

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it develops long term issues in their body. Due to this, body parts fail to perform their work
properly and it impacts on immune system as well. Stress never increases blood pressure but
use of alcoholic drinks leads to hypertension in the person.
As per the view of Landsbergis and et.al., (2015) psychosocial stress is the main cause
that creates hypertension. In such condition, blood pressure elevations get repeated that
affects nervous system. After that, nervous system produces vasoconstricting hormones that
results in increasing level of blood pressure. Stress may be related with job strain, social
environment and emotional distress. On other hand Wainstock and et.al., (2015) argued that
psychosocial stress is not the leading cause of high blood pressure. There are people who are
engaged in heavy physical and mental exercise (Effects of Psychological Stress on
Hypertension in Middle-Aged Chinese: A Cross-Sectional Study, 2015). Transient
measurement shows that elite weight lifters have blood pressure level of 400/250 mmHg. In
addition, telephonic conversations are another main cause of high blood pressure. It is not
related with stress any more.
As per the view of Rosengren and et.al., (2015) hypertension is considered as
psychosomatic disorder, when individual is emotionally not fit then it increases their stress
level. Hypertension patients suffer from repression of anger. This anger affects body of the
person and its parts fails to perform their work effectively. This is the reason that enhances
hypertension issues in the human being. Hu and et.al., (2015) argued that hypertension causes
due to use of unhealthy food. For young adults those who are in the age between 30-35 years,
they are required to have adequate amount of protein, vegetables, minerals regularly. If the
person is consuming high amount of fast food which contains fatty ingredients, excess salts
etc. Then persons immune system gets failed to perform its work properly (Psychosocial
Factors and Risk of HypertensionThe Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults
(CARDIA) Study, 2003). In such condition blood sugar level of the person gets increased that
results in high BP. Increasing cholesterol affects human body. According to Golbidi, Frisbee
and Laher, (2015) psychosocial stress is linked with hypertension. Whenever workload gets
increased then individual feels stress because individual fails to take proper rest and make
balance between personal and professional life. This imbalance affect BP and blood pressure
rates gets high that results hypertension. Apart from this, if individual does not have adequate
economic sources then it enhances risk of hypertension. In such type of situations individual
fails to discuss their issues with others. If person discuss their problems with others, then it

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can support in improving health of the person. By this way, hypertension types of conditions
will not get arisen.
2.6 Effects of psychosocial stress
As per the view of Johnson and et.al., (2016) social relationship plays significant role
in the human life. But due to negative physical and psychological conditions individual
suffers from high stress level. Person may live without resources but unhealthy social
relationship affects their health conditions badly. Social isolation is related with post stress
BP recovery. Due to this, hypertension risk in the person gets increased. Staneva and et.al.,
(2015) argued that young people those who are between age of 30-35 can affected by various
factors such as pain, recovery, psychosocial; etc. These elements are directly or indirectly
associated with hypersensitivity. These elements are also related with cardiovascular activity.
Most of the people suffer from hypertension due to their emotional experiences (Effect of
psychological stress on blood pressure increase: a meta-analysis of cohort studies, 2016). If
they are facing emotional issues then it impacts on their health and their blood rotation in
vessels and arteries get influenced.
According to Johnson and et.al., (2016) psychosocial stress is the main cause of
increasing pressure level of blood. It is the situation that may lead after into hypertension
development. Study shows that approx. 3000 young adults those who are between 30-35 year
they have impatience behaviour (Wainstock and et.al., 2015). Young adulthood age is related
with higher hypertension risk. Depression and anxiety are included under chronic stress. It
occurs when person suffers from financial issues. If the individual does not have adequate
amount of income sources, then person remains in stress that sometimes increase their blood
pressure level. Wainstock and et.al., (2015) stated that stress not only leads to hypertension
but also creates many other diseases among young people. In the modern era persons do not
get enough time to spend with their families. In such hectic working life schedule, they start
using cigarettes, alcohols, fast food etc. Due to consumption of these materials, overall of
health condition of the person gets negatively affected (Effects of Psychological Stress on
Hypertension in Middle-Aged Chinese: A Cross-Sectional Study, 2015). That develops
obesity, heart attack, diabetes etc. disease among adults. That is the main reason that
youngsters are suffering from number of disease. They do not spend adequate time to do
regular exercise in such condition their body functioning gets affected and these parts fail to
perform their duties well. It is a fact that if the weight of human body gets increased then

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individual fails to perform their work well. That reflects through their psychosocial stress
(Psychosocial Factors and Risk of HypertensionThe Coronary Artery Risk Development in
Young Adults (CARDIA) Study, 2003).
Younge and et.al, (2015) argued that wrong life style is the main cause due to which
individual suffers from hypertension. In such condition it is required that persons make
changes in their life style. Patients with hypertensions are required to have healthier diet and
they have to quit smoking. By adopting this lifestyle individual health may get improved
soon. In the early stage it is required to take care and concentrate on not to take any kind of
stress. If person is following such schedule then it may help in controlling over blood
pressure by this way health condition of the individual will get improved soon. Stress can be
increased due to tension in personal and professional life. In such condition patients are
required to take consultation from the respected person. Consultant identifies their root cause
of the problems and provides them such suggestions through which people can live a
healthier life. Part from this regular physical exercise and meditation is the main treatment
through which individual can control over their anger and stress. By this way overall health
conditions of the individual can get improved soon
As per the view of Rosengren and et.al, (2015) Thiazide diuretics, Beta blockers,
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors etc. are several treatments through which stress
level of patients can be controlled. Thiazide diuretics are kind of pills that help in eliminating
level of sodium in the blood volume. Medical professional treats the hypertension by using
this method. Beta blockers supports in reducing level of load from the blood and open
vessels. By this way, heart beats of individual gets slower. It is another treatment that is
prescribed by the nursing staff to patients with hypertension.
2.7 Summary
From the above literature review it can be concluded that psychosocial stress is linked with
hypertension. Whenever workload gets increased then individual feels stress because
individual fails to take proper rest and make balance between personal and professional life.
This imbalance affect BP and blood pressure rates gets high that results hypertension.

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Chapter 3: Methodology
3.0 Introduction
Research methodology is the process of conducting investigation in effective manner. It is the
tool through which scholar can easily collect data and can meet with the overall objective of
research (Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault, 2015). Research methodology defines the way of
conducting study in effective manner. This chapter will discuss tools and techniques that are
being used for the present research on impact of psychosocial factors on hypertension in
young adults aged 30-35 years.
3.1 Research Philosophy/Theoretical perspectives
The manner in which study needs to be conducted is defined through research philosophy. It
is essential that researcher need to be aware with formulation of belief and assumptions so
that study can be conducted in effective manner. Positivism, realism and interpretivism are
two main types of philosophies. All these are used in different types of studies. Positivism is
the type of method that defines that reality is stable. It is the type of method in which scholar
has to structure the study in proper manner and have to take support of large sample size
(Lewis, 2015). On other hand, interpretivism philosophy uses in qualitative studies. In this
type of investigations scholar acknowledge studies in order to gather information about the
topic. It is essential to select type of philosophy in the dissertation and correctly conduct the
investigation. Realism is another type of philosophy that is considered as scientific method of
carrying out the research that includes such methods that can support in collecting scientific
information. In this type of tool, researcher develops theories about the topic and linked these
models from real experiences (Flick, 2015).
In the current dissertation on impact of psychosocial stress on hypertension, researcher
has applied realism philosophy. It is the subject in which it is essential to gather real scientific
information about psychosocial stress among young aged 30-35. By using this data, scholar can
be able to identify link between stress and hypertension in young adults. In the current
dissertation on impact of psychosocial stress on hypertension, researcher has applied positivism
philosophy. It is the subject in which it is essential to gather real scientific information about
psychosocial stress among young aged 30-35. By using this data, scholar can be able to identify
link between stress and hypertension in young adults.

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3.2 Research Approach
Research approach is the planning process of entire dissertation that helps in completing all
phases from data collection to interpretation in an effective manner. Selection of the approach
is done on the bases of nature of problem in the research. Inductive and deductive are two
main approaches that are used by researchers in different kinds of investigations. Deductive
approach is the method in which hypotheses is being formulated and these hypotheses are
being tested. Whereas inductive approach is another type of approach that concentrates more
on generating new theories rather than formulating hypotheses (Munn and et.al., 2014). In the
deductive approach, scholar has to develop hypotheses and has to test these hypotheses in
order to get accurate results, but inductive approach focuses on research questions so that
theory can be developed and accurate results can be find out. Deductive approaches are used
in the quantitative type of investigations but inductive approach is being used by scholars in
qualitative type of researches (de Brún and et.al., 2016).
In the present study on impact of psychosocial stress of hypertension in young aged 30-
35, scholar has applied inductive research approach. The main reason of selecting this inductive
approach is to examine data effectively so that research questions can be addressed properly. By
using this approach, scholar became able to identify psychosocial stress and its impact on
hypertension in young adults aged between 30-35 years.
3.3 Data Collection Method
Data collection is the most important part of dissertation, it is the process in which scholar
collects relevant information about the topic so that research problems can be addressed and
in-depth understanding can be developed. It is essential for the researcher to select
appropriate method for gathering details about the topic so that accurate results can be
obtained. Faulty data can create situation when researcher may get failed to answer research
questions. Faulty data also impacts on the validity of the study. Thus, data collection needs to
be in accurate manner so that entire study can be completed in effective manner (Lewis,
2015). Primary and secondary are two main sources of collecting data. Primary information
are such details in which researchers have to gather details by own. In this method, scholar
takes support of observation, interview etc. methods so that accurate data can be collected.
These sources support in gathering fresh information about the topic. On other hand,
secondary data are those sources in which scholar takes support of already available

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information. Books, journals, internet articles etc. are examples of secondary data collection
methods (Flick, 2015).
In the present dissertation, researcher has taken support of data collection both these
sources. In the current study scholar has applied questionnaire technique. Use of this tool has
helped in gathering in-depth detail about psychosocial stress in young adults and its impact on
hypertension.
3.4 Sampling approach
Sampling is the method in which researcher select number of people from entire population
for the dissertation. There are various kinds of sampling techniques such as simple random,
stratified, systematic, cluster etc. sampling techniques. All these have unique features and
applied in different types of investigations. Simple random sampling is the technique in
which scholar randomly selects samples from the entire population. Random sampling
method supports in gaining data without biasness. On other hand, stratified sampling is anther
sampling technique in which population is being divided into strata (Pesrsonneault and
Kraemer, 2014). These selected people have same characteristic and nature. Apart from this
systematic sampling is the technique in which scholar has to choose participant from the
complete list. In this method research selects the people those who are at particular place such
as respondents of every 10th number (de Brún and et.al., 2016).
a. papers selected and how they were selected?
In the present study, scholar has taken support of random sampling technique and
respondents have been selected randomly. Selection of accurate sample size is very important
in the research, it helps in gathering accurate detail about the topic. In the present study on
impact of psychosocial stress on hypertension in young aged 30-35 people. Scholar has
selected care users as sample those who are suffering from this hypertension disease. These
patients have been selected from two different hospitals (Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault, 2015).
In addition, GP's (General Practitioners) who are working in these hospitals and providing
care to these people are being included as sample in the investigation. 25 patients who are
experiencing this problem have been selected and by using non probabilistic sampling
method, scholar has selected 5 GP's.

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b. Inclusion/Exclusion criteria including justification
For selection of samples researcher has visited many hospitals and finally two hospitals were
being into consideration and their patients have been chosen randomly. Inclusion criteria is
being used for selection and prospective subjects are being included in the study.
3.5 Analysing and Presenting Data
Data analysis is the technique that helps the scholar in analysing all details and finding
results. It is the evaluation technique in which scholar takes support of analytical and logical
reasoning methods in order to find results (Lewis, 2015). There are various methods of data
analyses, selection of appropriate tool depends upon the type of investigation. If it is
qualitative study, then researcher takes support of thematic analysis tool in which investigator
prepares themes and responses are represented through charts and graphs. On other hand, in
the quantitative types of investigations, scholar uses SPSS tool, it is the statistical analysis
tool. In the present dissertation on impact of psychosocial stress on hypertension in young
adults aged 30-35, scholar has applied thematic analyses method (Flick, 2015). This has
supported the researcher in presenting responses in effective manner and reaching to the final
conclusion.
3.6 Reliability and Validity
All the data have been collected from authentic sites. They are reliable and valid. There is not
information which is not true. All the details are taken from others scholar's researches or
from websites.
3.7 Ethical consideration
Ethical consideration is essential part of research projects, if this part is being ignored then
entire study may get failed to meet the accurate results. In order to get authentic knowledge,
truth about the subject matter, researcher has to follow ethical aspects. Before conducting
investigation on hypertension patients, scholar has taken permission from concerned
authorities. Scholar has sent patients and medical professionals the consent letter through
email. In this consent letter, it is intentioned that all respondents are sharing their views
without any force. All these participants have signed these consent forms and sent back to

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scholar. After getting their permission, scholar has started doing research on this topic (Munn
and et.al., 2014). Furthermore, ethical permission have been taken from higher authorities to
conduct this research. The scholar has not leaked information with third person. He has kept
the information confidential and it is kept secure in password protected computers. Moreover,
investigator has not shared personal information of respondents with any other person, all
these details are being secured. Furthermore, investigator has not given monitory benefits to
any individual for sharing their views on the psychosocial stress and hypertension in young
adults aged 30-35 (Gast and Ledford, 2014).
3.8 Limitations
Scholar was having limited financial resources for completing this investigation.
Furthermore, time was another limitation of the study because in such short duration it was
difficult to complete this research.
3.9 Research Plan

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3.10 Summary
Use of positivism philosophy, primary data collection sources has supported in completing
entire study in effective manner. Use of appropriate tools are helpful in getting accurate
results.

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Chapter 4: Findings & Discussion
4.0 Introduction
This chapter will analyse the collected information and will discuss on the topic.
4.1 Analysis of themes
The table above summarises the key themes that emerged from the papers selected for this
study
Theme 1: Length of suffering from hypertension
Response Percentage
Less than one year 6 24%
Between 1 to 2 year 15 60%
Between 2- 3 years 3 12%
More than 4 years 1 4%
Interpretation: From the above discussion it is analysed that 24% respondents have view that
they are suffering from hypertension from less than one year. On other hand 60% answers
have viewed that they are suffering from this illness from one to two years. Whereas 12%

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participants said that they have this disease from 2-3 years. From the discussion it can be
interpreted that maximum people are suffering from hypertension from 1 to 2 years.
Theme 2: Information received for high blood pressure
Response Percentage
Relative and friends 4 16%
Health workers 16 64%
Pharmacy 3 12%
Others 2 8%
Interpretation: From the analysis it is found that 64% respondents get information that they
are suffering from hypertension from health workers. On other hand 16% answers received
this detail from their relative and friends. From the discussion it can be interpreted that
maximum people feel that they are ill and they have gone for check-up and medical
professional have make them aware that they are suffering from hypertension. That shows
that people do not have much knowledge about symptoms of this illness that is why they are
unable to examine themselves about this disease.
Theme 3: Risk from high blood pressure for health
Extremely risky 8 32%

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Somewhat 10 40%
Not at all 5 20%
I don't know 2 8%
Interpretation: From the above discussion it is analysed that 40% respondents have viewed
that hypertension it somewhat risky for their health. They think that there are many other
diseases such as cancer etc. those which cause more difficulty for the patients rather than
hypertension. On other hand 32% answers have viewed that it is extremely risky disease
because they fail to live a healthy life and they fail to perform their work effectively.
Theme 4: Main cause of hypertension
Psychosocial stress 15 60%
Unhealthy diet 3 12%
Poor exercise 5 20%
Others 2 8%

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Interpretation: From the above discussion it is found that 60% answers have viewed that
psychosocial stress is the main cause of hypertension. Answers have said that as they are
suffering from workload, family issues that is why they were unable to live a balance life that
causes hypertension among them. 12% answers have said that unhealthy diet is the main
cause of their disease because fast food eating increase fats in their body that enhance blood
pressure rate in the human being. Whereas 20% participants have viewed that lack of exercise
is the main cause of hypertension. From the discussion it can be interpreted that people live in
the stress that is why their blood pressure rate gets increase that has created the situation of
hypertension within them.
Theme 5: Issues faced by patients with hypertension
Low energy 8 32%
Headache 7 28%
Cardiovascular diseases 10 40%

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Interpretation: From the discussion it is analysed that 40% answers have viewed that due to
hypertension they have to face cardiovascular disease such as heart attack, diabetes etc. It is
the problem that increase chance of suffering from other serious diseases. On other hand 32%
participants have responded that due to hypertension their energy gets low and they fail to
perform their daily work effectively. Whereas 28% participants given answers that due to this
disease they remain with headache all the time.
Theme 6: reason of psychosocial stress
Economic issues 8 32%
Heavy workload 9 36%
Poor personal relationship 5 20%
Social isolation 3 12%

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Interpretation: From the above discussion it is analysed that 36% answers have viewed that
heavy workload is the main reason due to which psychosocial stress in them gets increased.
On other hand 32% participants have said that economic issue is the main reason that create
pressure of the person. If the young people does not have adequate income sources then it
creates issues for them and they many times behave abnormal in normal situations. This
increases risk of stress within them. Whereas 20% answers have said that poor personal
relationship is the main reason due to which they live under stress. If they are not satisfied
with their personal life then they act angry in normal conditions that increases their blood
pressure level.
For general practitioners
In order to collect data 5 doctors or GPS have been involved as sample in this
research.
Theme 1: How many young patients come daily in the hospital for treatment of hypertension
Less than 10 1 20%
Between 10- 20 1 20%
More than 30 3 60%

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Interpretation: From the discussion it is analysed that 60% answers have viewed that every
day more than 30 hypertension patients visit to their hospitals. On other hand 20% answers
have said that approx 10-20 patients come daily in the hospital to get treatment for this
hypertension. From the above discussion it can be interpreted that every day more than 30
young adults visit hospitals for their hypertension treatment. That shows that many young
people are suffering from this illness.
Theme 2: People are aware with hypertension and its causes.
Yes 4 80%
No 1 20%

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Interpretation: From the above discussion it is analysed that 80% answers have viewed that
yes they are aware with cause and risk related with hypertension. On other hand 20% answers
have said that they have no knowledge about causes, symptoms of this illness. From the
discussion it can be interpreted that maximum young adults aged between 30-35 years have
adequate knowledge about hypertension, its causes but they do not take timely treatment for
this disease and fail to leave a stress free life.
Theme 3: Government policies are effective to make people aware and control over the
hypertension patients
Strongly agree 1 20%
Agree 3 60%
Disagree 1 20%
Strongly disagree 0 0%

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Interpretation: From the above discussion on government policies it is analysed that 60%
answers have viewed that they are agreed that government policies are effective to minimize
number of causes of hypertension patients. On other hand 20% answers have said that they
are disagreed that these polices and legislations are effectively. They have viewed that
government needs to work more to make people aware about hypertension so that young
people can take timely precaution for this disease otherwise this illness will not be controlled
easily.
Theme 4: Reason of suffering from hypertension by young adults
Heavy workload 2 40%
Wrong life style 1 20%
Poor family relations 2 40%

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Interpretation: from the above discussion it is analysed that 40% answers have viewed that
maximum young people suffer from hypertension due to heavy workload. Working for longer
duration in office in heavy load environment create pressure in the mind of individual and
due to this blood pressure gets higher in the person. On other hand 20% answers have said
that due to wrong life style young people suffer from this problem. As they eat unhealthy
diet, drink alcohol due to which chances of increasing hypertension get enhanced.
Theme 5: Suggestion for improvement in blood pressure rate.
Regular physical exercise 1 20%
healthy diet 1 20%
Maintain personal and
professional life style
3 60%

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Interpretation: From the above discussion it is analysed that 60% answers have viewed that
by maintaining their personal and professional life young adults aged 30-35 year can improve
their health. This balance is beneficial controlling their anger and remain happy. By this way
blood pressure will be in control and individual will not suffer from hypertension. On other
hand 20% answers have viewed that healthy diet and physical exercise can support in
controlling over fats. By this way individual can be able to control blood pressure rate.
4.2 Chapter summary
From the above results it is analysed that many young adults are suffering from hypertension.
The main reason of suffering from this issue is high level of psychosocial stress. In the
modern era people have to face huge competition, they have to work under huge pressure so
that they can prove themselves in organization. This heavy workload is the main cause of
their high blood pressure. It not only enhance their blood pressure but also develops many
disease such as cardiovascular disease, stroke in them. From the above findings it is analysed
that most of the people are not satisfied with their relationship and this dissatisfaction
enhances their blood pressure. They sometimes feel angry and behave abnormal in normal
situations. Due to hectic professional schedule they get isolated from social network and this
isolation develops loneliness in their life. These are the main causes due to which stress level
is increasing in the adult's life. Government has made several policies to control over death
rate of young people with hypertension. Government policy of Affordable care act, American
Heart association public policy etc. are effective. Through these policies authorities are trying
to provide quality care services to patients with hypertension. But still people do not pay

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more attention on their health, they do not take healthy diet and do not follow healthy life
style. This increases chances of suffering from many diseases such as hypertension etc.
From the findings it is analysed that whenever individual suffers from high blood
pressure then person feel low energy within them. This creates issues for them because they
fail to perform their daily working activities effectively. Apart from this hypertension also
develops headache and many other cardiovascular diseases among them. By this way chances
of death in the person gets increased. It is very important that young people take care of their
health and they maintain their personal and professional life well. This is the only way
through which they can live stress free life and they can control over their blood pressure
rate.

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Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations
5.0 Introduction
In this chapter entire dissertation will be summarized and brief overview will be given about
the topic, research methodology and results.
5.1 Conclusion
From the above discussion it can be concluded that hypertension is the disease that is
increasing in young adults with the rapid speed. It is the medical problem in which blood
pressure in the person gets increased. Normal blood pressure is less than 120/80 mmHg but
when rate of blood pressure go beyond this rate then individual can suffer from this illness. It
is the disease that causes due to psychosocial stress in the human life. Young adults aged
between 30-35 years have to work under huge pressure in the organization. This heavy
workload creates critical situation for them and they may fail to react normally in some
situations. Sometimes they react angry in normal condition. Whenever they feel workload
then anger generate hormones in their body that enhance blood pressure rate in the human
body. It is considered as one of the main cause of stress. On other hand imbalance in personal
and professional life creates issues in the young people life. When person is not satisfied with
their personal life then individual remains in tension all the time. This dissatisfaction
increases their blood pressure and many other disease as well. From the discussion it can be
articulated that hypertension is the silent killer because this high blood pressure rate become
the cause of death of young adults.
From the above study it can be articulated that there are many young adults that want
to make their care. They take it very seriously and work hard to get suitable jobs. But
pressure and heavy workloads increases stress in their life and they fail to spend quality time
with their family. This is the cause that increases hypertension situation among young adults.
It is the illness that increases other disease in the human body such as stroke, heart
attack, kidney failure etc. As when person feels stress then individual drinks alcohol which is
injurious to the health of human body. Hypertension is highly related with behaviour changes
of the person. Use of such unhealthy food and drinks material causes many other issues in the
person. From the above study it can be concluded that many young people are suffering from
hypertension. Age is the common factor that increase blood pressure rate in the old people

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but high stress is the main cause of high blood pressure in young adults. They live under
pressure, they have to manage huge workload in their professional life. This sometimes
creates irritating situation for them and they fail to maintain balance in their personal and
professional life. This is the reason that individual feels anger and this anger enhance their
blood pressure rate. Most of the young adults have knowledge about hypertension but due to
hectic life schedule they have to maintain their blood pressure effectively. They get attracted
towards unhealthy diet such as fast food etc. Such type of food materials enhance cholesterol
rate that later on turn into hypertension disease.
From the above research it can be articulated that government has made several
policies to control over death rate due to hypertension of young people but still number of
cases of death of young people are increasing day by day. It is essential that government and
health care department formulates such policies through which individual can maintain their
workload of office and can live a happy personal life
5.2 Implications of study findings on practice
Present research will be beneficial for the patients those who are suffering from the
hypertension since long time. By this way they will get to know causes of this issue and how
they can prevent themselves from this medical problem. In addition, it would be significant
for other researchers because they will get new topic to conduct further research. It would be
helpful for medical professionals they will get idea of making people aware with the causes
and treatment of hypertension. By this way, they will be able to suggest new ideas to patients
so that their health condition can be improved.
5.3 Recommendation
There are various ways through which number of hypertension cases of young adults can be
minimized. These are as following:
 Health care department should organize health promotion camps on regular bases. In
these camps they have make people aware with the causes and symptoms of high
blood pressure and how this can be controlled. This can support to aware people and
young people will take care of their health. This will help in minimizing such high
blood pressure cases.
 Government should make legislation related to working hours and pay scale. By
making effective law government will be able to maintain workload of individual in

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their organization. By this way person will get mentally free and individual will be
able to give their time to family members. By this way stress level can get minimized
which will help in controlling over hypertension.
 Young adults should do regular physical exercise and they have to follow healthy diet
schedule. They should not use alcohol, smoking, fast food. Following healthy life
style can be better in improving health condition of young adults

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CRITICAL REFLECTION
From the above research I have learned many things that are beneficial for me and for my
career as well. Earlier to that I was having little knowledge about health care industry. But
this research has supported in developing my understanding about hypertension and
psychosocial stress. I have learned that heavy workload, poor economic condition,
dissatisfaction from personal relationship are the main causes due to which stress level gets
increased. I got to know that young adults aged between 30-35 year gone through lots of
stress that not only impacts on their life but also affect their health as well. Earlier to that I
was having perception that in the recent era young adults take care of their health and they
know importance of healthy diet. But while working on this topic I have realised that people
have knowledge about it but they do not have time to follow proper schedule. My research
skills have been developed while working on this dissertation.
I was unable to communicate well earlier with others, but in this research I had to
coordinate with many care users those who are suffering from hypertension and many general
practitioners those who are providing care to these patients. This study has supported me in
improving my communication skill and I become able to interact well with others. Now I am
able to present myself in front of others and able to give answers to their questions
confidently. Working on this dissertation is beneficial for my career growth because now I
am well aware research methodology and rationale of selecting these techniques in different
researches. By this way I would be able to conduct many researches in future effectively. If I
applied this experience in future then I would definitely be able to conduct as good
investigation on other health care topics.

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Appendix
Questionnaire for care users
Name
Age
Email Id
Since how long your are suffering from hypertension
 Less than one year
 Between 1 to 2 year
 Between 2- 3 years
 More than 4 years
From where did you get information of high blood pressure?
 Relative and friends
 Health workers
 Pharmacy
 Others
How dangerous is high blood pressure for your health?
 Extremely risky
 Somewhat
 Not at all
 I don't know
According to you what is the main cause of hypertension?
 Psychosocial stress
 Unhealthy diet
 Poor exercise
 Others
What is the main issue faced by you due to hypertension?
 Low energy