Biblical Teachings on Homosexuality

This research paper explores the Biblical philosophy and teachings about homosexuality, the conflict between traditional religious principles and alternate sexuality, and the various practices and ideas within this sexual minority community. It also discusses how the traditional Christian view is reformed and more number of Churches are accepting same-sex partnerships.

Running head: BIBLICAL TEACHINGS ON HOMOSEXUALITY
BIBLICAL TEACHINGS ON HOMOSEXUALITY
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author note:

1BIBLICAL TEACHINGS ON HOMOSEXUALITY
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction..........................................................................................................................2
1.1 Background of the Research............................................................................................3
1.2 Thesis Statement..............................................................................................................4
1.3 Research Rationale...........................................................................................................4
2.0 Literature Review.................................................................................................................5
3.0 Research Method..................................................................................................................8
4.0 Research Analysis................................................................................................................8
4.1 Interpretations..................................................................................................................8
4.2 Biblical Verses...............................................................................................................10
4.3 Historical Perspective.....................................................................................................12
5.0 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................13
Reference..................................................................................................................................15

2BIBLICAL TEACHINGS ON HOMOSEXUALITY
1.0 Introduction
Homosexuality and religion has been historically in conflict with each other. Though
there are plenty of instances where religion has supported the idea of equality in the right to
love, however the general scenario has been a conflict between traditional religious principles
and alternate sexuality. Homosexuality combines within itself a number of alternate sexual
choices which may include Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender sexual orientation. To
understand about the Biblical philosophy and teachings about homosexuality, it is important
to understand the various practices and ideas within this sexual minority community and how
it conflicts with traditional religious teachings.
In the modern world gradually it is seen that equality in terms of love and sexual
choices are gaining momentum. Gay marriages are legal in most of the advanced nations
around the world today. Same sex love is just another form of love, which may be lesser in
number compared to opposite sex love, but the feelings and intentions remain same. Same
sex love and relationship is portrayed in very positive light in the movies and various other
forms across media. Human rights movement is closely connected with the movement of the
gay, lesbian and bisexual population to assert their rights to live a happy life and experience
the beauty in love. The world is slowly standing for the rights of equality in love.
However in the middle ages during the time of religious rising, it was difficult for
any alternate sexuality to merge with the natural course of social life. The general idea in
Christian theology is about the unnaturalness of same sex relationships. However the direct
mention of homosexuality in Bible doesn’t come very often. Alternate sexuality is not a
central theme in the Biblical discourse. There are about seven passages in Bible that refer
directly to homosexual behaviours in the Bible1. These passages have been interpreted in
1 Boswell, John. Christianity, social tolerance, and homosexuality: Gay people in Western Europe from
the beginning of the Christian era to the fourteenth century. University of Chicago Press, 2015.

3BIBLICAL TEACHINGS ON HOMOSEXUALITY
various ways by various scholars. There are scholars who have interpreted these passages as
the true nature of Biblical teachings to be not against homosexuality as a whole but against
the various practices within the community which may go unchecked, and there are other
scholars who have interpreted these to be altogether against homosexuality2.
1.1 Background of the Research
It is historically seen that the teachings of the Christians are against acts of same sex
nature. However it is also a fact that the traditional Catholic Church views all sexual acts that
are not related to reproduction to be sinful and something to be avoided. The Catholic Church
presently has a softer stand on the ideas about homosexuality and does not altogether
condemn homosexuals as sinners but homosexuality is regarded as an activity that may lead
one to commit sin3. Therefore it can be stated that the homosexual activities are sin and not
the people who are homosexuals are sinners. It is a scenario where the homosexuals must
remain asexual throughout their life in order to avoid from committing sins. There are a few
Christian Roman Catholic Churches such as some in Germany and two in Austria where
blessings can be provided to the same sex couple as well. German Bishop Franz-Josef Bode
in an interview stated that in Germany such blessings are now allowed.
In the protestant church there are various views regarding the issue and the liberal
faction often do not see the same sex relationships those are monogamous to be sinful. These
relationships are often blessed in the protestant churches. United Church of Canada and
United Church of Christ are two churches where such blessings are given. United Church of
Christ actually takes part in celebration of gay marriages. Sexual orientation are seen to be of
natural occurrence. These are the factions who are pro homosexual.
2 Dallas, Joe. "Christianity and Homosexuality." Accessed August 8 (2015).
3 Morris, Stephen. When Brothers Dwell in Unity: Byzantine Christianity and Homosexuality.
McFarland, 2015.

4BIBLICAL TEACHINGS ON HOMOSEXUALITY
However there are many American and African Fundamental Christian societies and
Christians who view homosexuality and homosexuals to be sinfu4l. The view is that
homosexuality must be avoided by any means and that may employ various remedial
measures. It is stated that the same sex relationships are against the design of God and it
violates the will of the Supreme Being5.
Before the advent of mainstream Christian practices there are evidences of same sex
practices in ancient Rome and Greece. There are evidences in Greece where older men were
in relationship with younger boys. In Rome there was evidence of slave master relationship
which had homosexual overtones. However after the rise of Christianity and the Judaic
prohibitions which were stated in the Leviticus 18:22 “Thou shalt not lie with mankind, as
with womankind: it is abomination”. The Leviticus is part of the Old Testament6. The verses
deal with various sexual offences and activities that are not expected as clean, these are
detestable.
1.2 Thesis Statement
The thesis statement of the paper is “Homosexuality and Christianity has been
historically in conflict, which is based on the Biblical teaching on the matter, however
with modernisation the traditional Christian view is reformed and more number of
Churches are accepting same sex partnerships.”
1.3 Research Rationale
The research deals with one of the most crucial aspects of society today. Both sexual
orientation a religious beliefs are crucial in the life of an individual. Therefore a balance
between these two aspects needs to be met so that the conflict is resolved. The research will
4 Nyeck, S. N., Ezra Chitando, and Adriaan van Klinken. "Christianity and Controversies over
Homosexuality in Contemporary Africa." (2016): 110.
5 Mathibe, Reneilwe. "The conflicts: Christianity and homosexuality." Agenda 29, no. 1 (2015): 81-84.
6 Chitando, Ezra, and Adriaan van Klinken, eds. Christianity and Controversies over Homosexuality in
Contemporary Africa. Routledge, 2016.

5BIBLICAL TEACHINGS ON HOMOSEXUALITY
throw light on the various Biblical teachings about the subject and how these are being
interpreted in the modern times7. This research will have direct impact on the social issues of
the homosexuals and also open new ways of academic researchers dealing with the subject.
2.0 Literature Review
A research has been made by Adriaan van Klinken on a group of Zambian tribe who
are identified as gay and Christian8. This article research about the negotiation between the
religious and sexual identity and critically explains the surprising reaction of some of the
scholars when they came to know about the religiosity of the lesbian, gay, bisexual,
transgender and the intersex people in Africa. The study explains that they are not only the
victims of the political discourses and the homophobic religious but they have agency which
resists the discourses of the demonization. They make claims to humanize themselves
towards the universal category of love.
As stated by Bean and Martinez, the evangelical Protestants are also called the vocal
opponents of the equality rights for the lesbians and the gays9. However there is an increasing
ambivalence in the evangelicals who support the equal rights but oppose the homosexuality.
The authors have widen the concept of the structured ambivalence to discuss why the
tolerance towards the lesbian and the gays are growing, even under the subcultures that
promote the human sexuality’s traditional view. Using the national survey information and
data the author have found that 35% Evangelicals have progressive attitude for the
homosexuality but are not so much religious observant.
7 Gnuse, Robert Karl. Trajectories of justice: What the Bible says about slaves, women, and
homosexuality. Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2015.
8 Van Klinken, Adriaan. "Queer love in a “Christian nation”: Zambian gay men negotiating
sexual and religious identities." Journal of the American Academy of Religion 83, no. 4 (2015): 947-
964. 9 Bean, Lydia, and Brandon C. Martinez. "Evangelical ambivalence toward gays and
lesbians." Sociology of Religion75, no. 3 (2014): 395-417.

6BIBLICAL TEACHINGS ON HOMOSEXUALITY
As opined by Subhi and Geelan, reconciling the religious and spiritual beliefs with the
sexual orientation can be one of the challenges for the homosexual of the Christian religion10.
The reason behind is that many churches teach that the behaviour of the homosexuality in
sinful. A qualitative study has been conducted on 10 who are Christian homosexual by semi
structured interview. The article explores the conflicts that may happen between the
homosexuality and the Christianity that was faced by the participants. Some of the
participants were not affected but majority of the participants were affected.
Achim Hildebrandt, explained why homosexuals are banned in 77 countries and why
the ban is still imposed on those countries11. The author also explained the roots of these ban
in relation with the religion. Previous studies have shown the influence of the Islam religion
on the prohibitions or ban on the same-sex acts. The Christian tradition influence depends
highly on the country’s modernity. If the level of modernity in the Christian society is high,
the influence of the Christian traditional ethics will be less on the legislation governing on the
homosexuality.
In the research conducted by Nkosi and Masson Drawing on social personality
hypothesis and using a subjective approach this phenomenological inquire about investigation
expected to investigate the person encounters, perspectives and sentiments of ten
understudies about their sexuality and their religion12. All members recognized that they were
either gay or promiscuous and considered themselves to be Bible-trusting Christians.
Snowball inspecting was utilized to recognize and welcome potential members to be a piece
of the exploration ponder. The specialist utilized a semi-organized talk with calendar to
10 Subhi, Nasrudin, and David Geelan. "When Christianity and homosexuality collide: Understanding
the potential intrapersonal conflict." Journal of homosexuality 59, no. 10 (2012): 1382-1402.
11 Hildebrandt, Achim. "Christianity, Islam and modernity: Explaining prohibitions on homosexuality
in UN Member States." Political Studies 63, no. 4 (2015): 852-869.
12 Nkosi, S., and F. Masson. "Christianity and homosexuality: contradictory or complementary? a
qualitative study of the experiences of Christian homosexual university students." South African Journal of
Higher Education 31, no. 4 (2017): 72-93.

7BIBLICAL TEACHINGS ON HOMOSEXUALITY
manage the meetings which were recorded with the members' assent. Information were broke
down utilizing topical substance investigation. The principle discoveries of the examination
demonstrated that members encountered the congregation as an exceptionally unwelcoming
condition and individual Christians as greatly judgemental. Sentiments of dismissal and of
disconnection were fortified by individuals and a framework that members felt ought to have
been strong13. This examination holds potential advantages for teachers and advising
professionals at college establishments as it gives the chance to find out about the elements
and perspectives of this frequently minimized gathering whose religious encounters may
unfavourably affect on their examinations.
As stated by Trammell, “gay Christian experience as painful, debilitating, and
embarrassing.”14 The researcher had researched on the narrative of a number of articles
published in the magazine called “Christianity Today”, to explain the traditional Christian
view about homosexuality in Christianity. Christian perceives his or her sexuality as a state of
evil torment as opposed to as a redemptive, confirming joy. Basically, the Christianity Today
declarations outline homosexuality more as an otherworldly issue than a sexual introduction.
Their overwhelming topics mirror the conventional zealous convictions as much as, if not
more so than, it does to the lived encounters of gay Christians. Obviously these essayists
address homosexuality as a harsh state from which one must be recovered by Jesus Christ and
his congregation15. In portraying gay points of view thus, the essayists attest their loyalties to
fervency, and reject their sexualities as in opposition to their religious convictions.
13 Fiore, Michelle. "Lesbian and Gay Perceptions of Felt and Enacted Stigma: Religion and
Homosexuality in the Bible Belt." (2018).
14 Trammell, Jim Y. "“Homosexuality Is Bad for Me”: An Analysis of Homosexual Christian
Testimonies in Christianity Today Magazine." Journal of Media and Religion 14, no. 1 (2015): 1-15.
15 Allberry, Sam. Is God Anti Gay?. ChristianAudio, 2014.

8BIBLICAL TEACHINGS ON HOMOSEXUALITY
3.0 Research Method
The research method is the process which is followed to collect data and information
for analysis. The research method is systematic and involves theoretical understanding of the
various resources that lead to the final analysis. The research method is decided based on the
goal of the research. Deciding on the research method is very important to reach the final
conclusion properly. In this case qualitative research is done and the data which is taken is
secondary data. This is because the information that are analysed already existed in the realm
of knowledge and these information are analysed and studied to reach a proper understanding
on the subject.
The research analysis will be done on thematic basis, and different themes will be
explored in order to understand the Christian view on homosexuality. The idea is to explore
how Biblical teachings had profound impact on the life of homosexuals and how they are
perceived. There are many factions of Christianity and these factions interpret the Biblical
injunctions in different ways. The thematic research method will be helpful in understanding
these various interpretations.
4.0 Research Analysis
4.1 Interpretations
There are various interpretations of homosexuality in Bible. There are Christian
Evangelists who are openly gay and who champion the causes of gay and homosexual people
through religious means16. Matthew Vines is one such openly gay Christian evangelists. He
has interpreted some of the famous verses of the Bible in order to present the religion in a
more gay friendly way. Roman 1:26-27 “Because of this, God gave them over to shameful
lusts. Even their women exchanged natural relations for unnatural ones. In the same way the
16 Harper, Brad. "Christianity and Homosexuality: The Journey of One Straight Evangelical Male
Theologian." Cultural Encounters 10, no. 2 (2014): 62-83.

9BIBLICAL TEACHINGS ON HOMOSEXUALITY
men also abandoned natural relations with women and were inflamed with lust for one
another. Men committed indecent acts with other men, and received in themselves the due
penalty for their perversion.”17 The following is the interpretation of Matthew Vines of this
Verse, “Paul is explicit that the same-sex behavior in this passage is motivated by lust. His
description is similar to the common ancient idea that people “exchange” opposite-sex for
same-sex relations because they are driven by out-of-control desire, not because they have a
different sexual orientation. And while Paul labels same-sex behavior “unnatural,” he uses
the same word to criticize long hair in men in 1 Corinthians 11:14, which most Christians
read as a synonym for “unconventional.” Christians should continue to affirm with Paul that
we shouldn’t engage in sexual behavior out of self-seeking lustfulness. But that’s very
different than same-sex marriages that are based on self-giving love, and we shouldn’t
conflate the two in how we interpret this text today.”18 The general interpretation of this verse
however is completely different and the traditional Christian pastors interpret this verse as
stating that homosexuality is a sin in Christianity and engaging in sexual activities of that
nature is forbidden in Christianity.
Apart from Christian evangelical interpretations different schools of Christian
churches have their own interpretations about the issue of homosexuality. As stated in the
earlier paragraphs, the Catholic churches in general interpret the act of homosexuality as
sinful but homosexuals are not seen to be sinners. The Churches which are falling under the
category of Lutheranism are divided along the opinion and Churches like he Lutheran
Church–Missouri Synod, the Lutheran Church of Australia, and the Wisconsin Evangelical
Lutheran Synod are the Churches which have opposed homosexual behaviours and these
have the intention to cure homosexuality through various means. However, Evangelical
17 Abrahamsen, Valerie. "Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western
Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century." Anglican and Episcopal History 86,
no. 4 (2017): 482-484.
18 Nytimes.com, "Debating Bible Verses On Homosexuality", Nytimes.Com, last modified 2015,
accessed August 11, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/06/05/us/samesex-scriptures.html.

10BIBLICAL TEACHINGS ON HOMOSEXUALITY
Lutheran Church in America opened options for gay and homosexual pastors to work inside
the Church.
4.2 Biblical Verses
The Bible constitutes of various verses which deals with homosexuality and same sex
behaviours. In Genesis 19:1 to 9 there is the account of Sodom. This has become one of the
central narratives in the context of homosexuality in Christianity. According to this story two
male angels were sent by God in the city of Sodom who were victimised sexually by the men
in that place. The house in which the angels came was of a man called Lot, who offered his
own daughters instead of the angels “Look, I have two daughters who have never slept with a
man. Let me bring them out to you, and you can do what you like with them. Don’t do
anything to these men, for they have come under the protection of my roof”19, however such
an offer was denied by the group of men who gathered around the place. Therefore it may be
said that homosexuality may not have been regarded as a sin in this part of the Bible but the
act of these men who had forced their sexual desire to be sinful20.
In the Timothy 1:8-10 verses it is stated “Now we know that the law is good, if any
one uses it lawfully, understanding this, that the law is not laid down for the just but for the
lawless and disobedient, for the ungodly and sinners, for the unholy and profane, for
murderers of fathers and murderers of mothers, for manslayers, immoral persons, sodomites,
kidnappers, liars, perjurers, and whatever else is contrary to sound doctrine…”21 Here it is
seen that the term Sodomite has been used which has been kept in the same category as
“ungodly and sinners, for the unholy and profane, for murderers of fathers and murderers of
mothers, for manslayers, immoral persons, kidnappers, liars, perjurers”. This verse is often
19 Abrahamsen, Valerie. "Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western
Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century." Anglican and Episcopal History 86,
no. 4 (2017): 482-484.
20 Van Klinken, Adriaan, and Ezra Chitando, eds. Public religion and the politics of homosexuality in
Africa. Routledge, 2016.
21 Gould, James B. "Theological Reflective Equilibrium and the Moral Logic of Partnered
Homosexuality." Philosophy and Theology (2016).

11BIBLICAL TEACHINGS ON HOMOSEXUALITY
interpreted as homosexuals being kept in the same category in Bible as other criminals.
However it is a question whether sodomites would necessarily mean those men who are
homosexuals or it would actually mean those men who have a similar attitude like the crowd
of sodomy of forcing sexual desire on another man.
Roman 1:24-27 states “Therefore God gave them over in the sinful desires of their
hearts to sexual impurity for the degrading of their bodies with one another. They exchanged
the truth about God for a lie, and worshiped and served created things rather than the Creator
—who is forever praised. Amen. Because of this, God gave them over to shameful lusts.
Even their women exchanged natural sexual relations for unnatural ones. In the same way the
men also abandoned natural relations with women and were inflamed with lust for one
another. Men committed shameful acts with other men, and received in themselves the due
penalty for their error.”22 These verses has been used in various ways by various scholars to
give their own interpretations. These verses has been used by the pastors who are against
homosexuality and consider same sex acts as sin. There has been a number of other
interpretations of these verses to prove that homosexuals are not sinners but the act of
homosexuality is a sin. This has been a standard modern definition of the term. However the
conservative approach is to see homosexuals as unnatural entities and homosexuality as
sins23.
4.3 Historical Perspective
Throughout the course of Christian history more emphasis has been given on the
activity of male to male homosexuality and for the most part of the time, female to female
homosexuality has been ignored by the Church24. The Christian theologians in the ancient
22 Williams, Jonathan Ryan. "Coming Out of the Congregation: An Interpretive Analysis of the
Communication of Homosexuality in Christianity in the Boone Area." PhD diss., Appalachian State University,
2016. 23 Jackson, Jonathan L. "Culture Wars, Homosexuality, and the Bible." The Bible in Political Debate:
What Does it Really Say? (2016): 87
24 Zekavica, Radomir G. "The relationship between Christianity and homosexuality from the
perspective of The Queen James Bible: Ideological or scientific correctly?." Sociološki pregled 50, no. 2 (2016):

12BIBLICAL TEACHINGS ON HOMOSEXUALITY
times mostly spoke against homosexuality in all forms. In the 4th Century St. John
Chrysostom stated that homosexuality was a crime that was worse than murder. His
statements are as follows “for suppose I were to see a person running naked, with his body all
besmeared with mire, and yet not covering himself, but exulting in it, I should not rejoice
with him, but should rather bewail that he did not even perceive that he was doing
shamefully. But nothing can there be more worthless than a man who has pandered himself.
For not the soul only, but the body also of one who hath been so treated, is disgraced, and
deserves to be driven out everywhere.” There were other scholars who were similarly against
homosexuality in early Christian era. “At the point when Paul affirms that guys and females
changed among themselves the characteristic utilization of the animal in that which is
unnatural, he approves the normal way”25, this was stated by Tertullian. Christian saint
Cyprian has written “If you were able... to direct your eyes into secret places, to unfasten the
locked doors of sleeping chambers and to open these hidden recesses to the perception of
sight, you would behold that being carried on by the unchaste which a chaste countenance
could not behold. You would see that it is in an indignity even to see... Men with frenzied
lusts rush against men. Things are done which cannot even give pleasure to those who do
them26”.
Christian emperor Constantius II had started the system of death penalty for any same
sex marriage that would take place within the purview of his kingdom, this happened in the
year 342. In 390 A.D the penalty of same sex relationship was being burnt alive which was
decreed by the emperors Valentinian II, Arcadius and Theodosius I.
229-246.25 Hunt, Stephen, ed. Contemporary Christianity and LGBT sexualities. Routledge, 2016.
26 Howard, James M. "Unchanging Witness: The Consistent Christian Teaching on Homosexuality in
Scripture and Tradition." (2017): 596-597.

13BIBLICAL TEACHINGS ON HOMOSEXUALITY
Much later during the middle ages the system did not change much and homosexuals
were condemned however in many places the penalty was reduced27. What was still followed
was the social taboo associated with the subject. St Peter Damian who had composed several
hymns and verses about Christianity, had portrayed homosexuality as something against the
society, ethics, morality and God Himself28.
5.0 Conclusion
It can be concluded from the above discussion that the historical evidence shows that
Christianity had been in conflict with the idea of homosexuality and same sex relationship or
marriages. The Christian theologians had been often in the early or medieval ages were
staunchly against any advancement towards establishing equality of the homosexuals.
However days are changing lately. There are Christian Evangelists who are straightforwardly
gay and who champion the reasons for gay and gay individuals through religious means.
Matthew Vines is one such straightforwardly gay Christian evangelists. He has deciphered a
portion of the celebrated verses of the Bible keeping in mind the end goal to display the
religion in a more gay inviting way. In the protestant church there are different perspectives
in regards to the issue and the liberal group frequently don't see a similar sex connections
those are monogamous to be corrupt. These connections are frequently honored in the
protestant houses of worship. Joined Church of Canada and United Church of Christ are two
places of worship where such blessings are given. Joined Church of Christ really partakes in
festivity of gay relational unions. Sexual introduction are believed to be of normal event.
These are the groups who are expert homosexual. In the cutting edge world steadily it is seen
that uniformity as far as affection and sexual decisions are picking up force. Gay unions are
27 Cooke, Andrew. "The Bible on the Question of Homosexuality. By Innocent Himbaza, Adrien
Schenker, and Jean‐Baptiste Edart; translated by Benedict M. Guevin, OSB Pp. xv, 147, Washington, DC,
Catholic University of America Press, 2012,£ 16.21." The Heythrop Journal 56, no. 5 (2015): 878-879.
28 Sprinkle, Preston, William Loader, Megan K. DeFranza, Wesley Hill, Stephen R. Holmes, and
Stanley N. Gundry. Two views on homosexuality, the Bible, and the church. Zondervan, 2016.

14BIBLICAL TEACHINGS ON HOMOSEXUALITY
lawful in the majority of the propelled countries around the globe today. Same sex love is
simply one more type of adoration, which might be lesser in number contrasted with inverse
sex love, however the sentiments and expectations stay same. Religions are evolving by the
day and there are more number of Churches and religious factions opening up their doors to
homosexual people.

15BIBLICAL TEACHINGS ON HOMOSEXUALITY
Reference
Abrahamsen, Valerie. "Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in
Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth
Century." Anglican and Episcopal History 86, no. 4 (2017): 482-484.
Allberry, Sam. Is God Anti Gay?. ChristianAudio, 2014.
Bean, Lydia, and Brandon C. Martinez. "Evangelical ambivalence toward gays and
lesbians." Sociology of Religion75, no. 3 (2014): 395-417.
Boswell, John. Christianity, social tolerance, and homosexuality: Gay people in Western
Europe from the beginning of the Christian era to the fourteenth century. University of
Chicago Press, 2015.
Chitando, Ezra, and Adriaan van Klinken, eds. Christianity and Controversies over
Homosexuality in Contemporary Africa. Routledge, 2016.
Cooke, Andrew. "The Bible on the Question of Homosexuality. By Innocent Himbaza,
Adrien Schenker, and Jean‐Baptiste Edart; translated by Benedict M. Guevin, OSB Pp. xv,
147, Washington, DC, Catholic University of America Press, 2012,£ 16.21." The Heythrop
Journal 56, no. 5 (2015): 878-879.
Dallas, Joe. "Christianity and Homosexuality." Accessed August 8 (2015).
Fiore, Michelle. "Lesbian and Gay Perceptions of Felt and Enacted Stigma: Religion and
Homosexuality in the Bible Belt." (2018).
Gnuse, Robert Karl. Trajectories of justice: What the Bible says about slaves, women, and
homosexuality. Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2015.

16BIBLICAL TEACHINGS ON HOMOSEXUALITY
Gould, James B. "Theological Reflective Equilibrium and the Moral Logic of Partnered
Homosexuality." Philosophy and Theology (2016).
Harper, Brad. "Christianity and Homosexuality: The Journey of One Straight Evangelical
Male Theologian." Cultural Encounters 10, no. 2 (2014): 62-83.
Hildebrandt, Achim. "Christianity, Islam and modernity: Explaining prohibitions on
homosexuality in UN Member States." Political Studies 63, no. 4 (2015): 852-869.
Howard, James M. "Unchanging Witness: The Consistent Christian Teaching on
Homosexuality in Scripture and Tradition." (2017): 596-597.
Hunt, Stephen, ed. Contemporary Christianity and LGBT sexualities. Routledge, 2016.
Jackson, Jonathan L. "Culture Wars, Homosexuality, and the Bible." The Bible in Political
Debate: What Does it Really Say? (2016): 87.
Mathibe, Reneilwe. "The conflicts: Christianity and homosexuality." Agenda 29, no. 1
(2015): 81-84.
Morris, Stephen. When Brothers Dwell in Unity: Byzantine Christianity and Homosexuality.
McFarland, 2015.
Nkosi, S., and F. Masson. "Christianity and homosexuality: contradictory or complementary?
a qualitative study of the experiences of Christian homosexual university students." South
African Journal of Higher Education 31, no. 4 (2017): 72-93.
Nyeck, S. N., Ezra Chitando, and Adriaan van Klinken. "Christianity and Controversies over
Homosexuality in Contemporary Africa." (2016): 110.

17BIBLICAL TEACHINGS ON HOMOSEXUALITY
Nytimes.com. "Debating Bible Verses On Homosexuality". Nytimes.Com. Last modified
2015. Accessed August 11, 2018.
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/06/05/us/samesex-scriptures.html.
Sprinkle, Preston, William Loader, Megan K. DeFranza, Wesley Hill, Stephen R. Holmes,
and Stanley N. Gundry. Two views on homosexuality, the Bible, and the church. Zondervan,
2016.
Subhi, Nasrudin, and David Geelan. "When Christianity and homosexuality collide:
Understanding the potential intrapersonal conflict." Journal of homosexuality 59, no. 10
(2012): 1382-1402.
Trammell, Jim Y. "“Homosexuality Is Bad for Me”: An Analysis of Homosexual Christian
Testimonies in Christianity Today Magazine." Journal of Media and Religion 14, no. 1
(2015): 1-15.
Van Klinken, Adriaan, and Ezra Chitando, eds. Public religion and the politics of
homosexuality in Africa. Routledge, 2016.
Van Klinken, Adriaan. "Queer love in a “Christian nation”: Zambian gay men negotiating
sexual and religious identities." Journal of the American Academy of Religion 83, no. 4
(2015): 947-964.
Williams, Jonathan Ryan. "Coming Out of the Congregation: An Interpretive Analysis of the
Communication of Homosexuality in Christianity in the Boone Area." PhD diss.,
Appalachian State University, 2016.
Zekavica, Radomir G. "The relationship between Christianity and homosexuality from the
perspective of The Queen James Bible: Ideological or scientific correctly?." Sociološki
pregled 50, no. 2 (2016): 229-246.