Biology Tasks

Running Head: BIOLOGY-TASKS
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Biology
student
7/2/2019

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Table of Contents
Task 1......................................................................................................................... 2
Task 2....................................................................................................................... 11
Task 3....................................................................................................................... 15
References............................................................................................................... 29

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Task 1
1.1
A) Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotes are the organism deprived of a cell nucleus or any other type of membrane bound
organelles, however certain prokaryotes are multicellular. Eukaryotes on the other hand are the
organism contain nucleus and their cells are arranged in a multifaceted structure (Spang et al.
2015).
Differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
 The most important fundamental difference is that the eukaryotic cells to contain a true
nuclei comprising DNA, while in the eukaryotic cell the genetic material is not
membrane bound.
 In eukaryotic organisms, the mitochondria and the chloroplast functions different
metabolic reactions and are expected to have been resulting from the endo-symbiotic type
of bacteria. On the other hand in the prokaryotic organisms the similar reactions take
place across the cell-membrane (Martin, Garg and Zimorski 2015).
 Prokaryotic cells are usually smaller than the cells of the eukaryotic organisms
 Prokaryotic cells have very compact type genome then eukaryotic cells, chiefly because
the eukaryotes have the genes which are lack in intron and big non-coding region.
 Prokaryotic organisms are different from eukaryotic organisms in the number of loops,
prokaryotes contain single loop of a steady chromosomal DNA stowed in the place

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named nucleoid, and on the other hand the in eukaryotic cells the DNA is present in the
strongly attached and arranged chromosome.
 Prokaryotic cells have a bigger surface area to the volume ratio providing them a higher
metabolic rate, an increased growth rate and subsequently a shorter generation period
then the eukaryotic cells (Spang et al. 2018).
Similarities between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
 The main similaritybetween prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that both contains
ribosomes
 Both type of organism contain DNA
 Eukaryotic cells contain cytoplasm in the cells, and prokaryotic cells also have cytoplasm
 Both the cells comprised of cell membrane
 Some of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell Have flagella (Martin, Garg and Zimorski 2015).
B)Adaption
Erythrocytes
Erythrocytes have the adaptation ability that makes them appropriate for performing their
functions. They contain haemoglobin which helps in transporting O2 molecules from the
organism’s lungs to the different parts of the body. They have more area to carryout additional
haemoglobin therefore able to carry more O2. The circular biconcave structure enhances the ratio
of surface volume and thus O2 can be diffused at faster rates (Sherwood 2015).

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Macrophage:
This particular blood cell has flexible membrane and the nucleus to allow them for changing
their shape and to get through the walls of a capillary. They also contain receptor that pick out
the foreign body like bacteria, and move out of the cell (Okabe and Medzhitov 2016).
Motorneurons
Neurons require being capable to quickly transfer electrical signals alongside their size. To attain
these purposes, the motor neurons contain lengthier axons and shorter dendrites. They carry
the signals from the spinal cord and brain to the site of affected organ. The axon, which is the
longand thin portion of the neurone alongside which the messages transmits, is enclosed in the
fatty myelin covering that function as the electrical insulator (Sherwood 2015).
Male gametes
Gametespossess the adaptation enhance the probabilities of the fertilization and successful
growth of an embryo. The sperm cell contain a tail to mobilize them towards the female gamete,
the mitochondrial part of thecells provide them energy, and the acrosome that discharges
enzymes to digest the membrane of the egg (Tortora and Derrickson 2017).

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1.2 A)
(Sources: Maanavan 2017)
DNA is actually a genetic material that transfers from one generation to another. Before the cell
divides and is separated in to fresh daughter cells by ether mitosis or meiosis, the biomolecules
and the cell organelles have to be copied for the distribution among the cells. The DNS is
available inside the nucleus, and must be replication to make sure that every cell achieves the
exact number of chromosome. The course of DNA duplication is termed as DNA replication.
The replication process occurs through many steps that include different proteins and enzymes.
The steps of DNA replication include formation of replication fork with the help of helicase to
break base pairs, beginning of replication by primer binding, elongation of the strands, and
termination (Raiber et al. 2015).

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B) DNA is composed of nucleotides named phosphate, the nitrogenous base, and the sugar de-
oxy-ribose. The specific nucleotide is either beingan adenine, guanine, cytosine, or the thymine,
totally dependent upon the nitrogenous base. There are many origin of replication where the
DNA replication can start from. There is a replication bubble at each site of the replication which
contains two different directions to follow, permitting the faster DNA replication (Jones, Seeman
and Mirkin 2015). Both the direction comprised of two ends called prime and 3 prime. DNA
replication takes place during the S phase of the interphase, and it occurs by the
semiconservative type of replication, this indicates that the DNA will divided in two different
parts and the second strand is derived from each parental DNA strand.
The process indicates that every daughter helix have a fresh strand and one old strand. The
enzyme separates the two DNA strands in to a lone strand called helicase, actually unwind and
unzip it. Further the SSB attaches to the one strand of the DNA molecule and stops them from
creating helix over again. After this, the enzyme called DNA polymerase adds fresh nucleotides
on the different side of the DNA (for every single strand) a complementary base pairing
(Alipanahi et al. 2015).
Additionally on the leading DNA strand, it can move straight down, however on the lagging-end,
it must place RNA primer and then it might come back, and further more. To the 3-prime end
there are new nucleotides are added, but not the 5 prime-end, as the strands of DNA move anti-
parallel to one another. To connect the DNA strands on a lagging strand where the DNA
polymerase enzyme had to backstitch, an enzyme called DNA ligase is used (Raiber et al. 2015).
Okazaki fragments

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Okazaki fragments formed during the DNA replication the short, freshlyproduced DNA
fragments that are designed on the lagging DNA strand. They are basically complementary to a
lagging template strand, collectivelyestablishingsmallsections of double-stranded DNA. The
length of Okazaki fragment is around 1,000 and 2,000 nucleotides in the Escherichia coli, and
isaround 100 and 200 nucleotides extended in the eukaryotes (Yoo and Aksimentiev 2016).
Question 3
A) Four types of tissues; Muscle tissues, epithelial tissues, connective tissues, and nervous
tissues (Sherwood 2015).
B) Muscle tissues: The muscle tissues are soft tissues with four distinct characteristics
namely (i) excitability, (ii) extensibility, (iii) elasticity and (iv) contractility. The muscle
tissue helps in the body’s contraction, activation and tension of the muscles, and
ultimately helps in the movement of the body (Betts et al. 2016). The muscle tissues are
categorized into three types, based on their function and location such as :
Serial
Number
Muscle tissue Function Location
1 The striated muscle
or the skeletal
muscles
Voluntarily muscles and can be
consciously controlled;
locomotion and maintenance of
posture
All over the skeletal structure
2 The non-straited
muscle or the
smooth muscles
Involuntary muscles; protection
and compartmentalization.
Walls of the internal organs
and structures namely
stomach, intestines, uterus,
urethra, blood vesels
3 The semi striated or Involuntary muscles; maintains Walls of the heart