Breast Cancer Prevalence and Risk Factors in Australia
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This paper analyzes the prevalence and risk factors of breast cancer in Australia. It also discusses the social and environmental determinants relating to breast cancer and the services available for people with breast cancer in Australian health systems.
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Running head: BREAST CANCER PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS1 Breast Cancer Prevalence and Risk Factors in Australia Student’s Name Institution’s Affiliations Date
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BREAST CANCER PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS2 Breast Cancer Prevalence and Risk Factors in Australia Introduction Breast cancer is among the leading causes of deaths in the world. The cancer cells develop in the tissues of the breast, especially the ducts and lobules. About 10% of women in Australia develop breast cancer in their life time. Breast cancer is the second most prevalent type of cancer in Australia after skin cancer. Breast cancer normally occurs in women, and sometimes, it may also be observed in men due to some social, behavioral, environmental, and biomedical risk factors (Autier et al., 2010). This paper succinctly analyses a case study about a woman called Jade, who lives with her son Miller in South West Sydney. Description of Breast Cancer and its Prevalence Breast cancer is the leading type of cancer in women. The interaction of various determinants increases the incidences of the disease in women, and the prevalence depends on the lifestyle of an individual. The epidemiological data obtained from breast cancer screening in Australia have shown that more than sixteen thousand people had breast cancer (Branley, 2015). The incidences of breast cancer are higher in women as compared to men. In this case, more than fifteen people screened with breast cancer were women, while less than five hundred patients were men. The prevalence of breast cancer is higher in those people who smoke tobacco and consume a large amount of alcohol. The incidences of breast cancer have also increased in Australia in the last twenty years as a result of the changes in the lifestyles of the people. Breast cancer is also related to age because the cases of the disease are lower in girls as compared to women who have reached menopause stage (Chen et al., 2011). From the case study, the development of breast cancer on Jade might have resulted from genetic factors. It
BREAST CANCER PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS3 is mentioned that Jade's mother had died from breast cancer; therefore, Jade is likely to have inherited the disease from her mother. Analysis of the Social and Environmental Determinants Relating to the Breast Cancer Social and environmental factors contribute to the occurrence and incidences of breast cancer in most parts of the world (Owen et al., 2010). The social determinants contribute to the changes in the lifestyle of the person. From the analysis of the case scenario, it is evident that Jade has been an active social smoker and consumes a lot of alcohol daily. These personalbehaviorscontributedtothedevelopmentofherbreastcancer.Prolonged consumption of alcohol increases the risks of breast cancer (Luxford, Safran & Delbanco, 2011). Overweight is another social factor that might have contributed to the development of breast cancer in Jade. Being overweight results in the deposition of too many fats in the breast tissues. Dense tissues increase the risk of breast cancer occurrence. Another factor that might have also contributed to Jade's breast cancer is lack of physical activities. In this case, sedentary lifestyles increase the risk of breast cancer because it leads to the deposition of fats in the body and also in the breast tissues. Jade's overweight might have resulted from the sedentary lifestyle. Services Available for People with Breast Cancer in Australian Health Systems The Australian government has made a lot of efforts to ensure that the affected people receive appropriate medical services from qualifies specialists based in most of the healthcare systems in the country. One of the services is the Medicare services provided by the government through levying and taxation. The aim of providing Medicare services is to promotequalityhealthcareprovisiontoallpeopleregardlessof theirfinancialstatus (Kirkeleit et al., 2013). This service is provided Peter MacCallum and Melbourne Hospital. Another service available for Jade and other people with breast cancer is breast surgery. This
BREAST CANCER PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS4 is important in preventing the spreads of the cancer cells from the right breast to the left one. Breast surgery is available in the Royal Women's Hospital, the Royal Melbourne Hospital, and Peter MacCallum. Follow-up care is another service recommended for people with breast cancer in its early stages. Jade is required to attend to the follow-up care services for the specialists to monitor the conditions of breast cancer and provide appropriate medication and nursing care. Follow-up services are available in The Royal Women’s Hospital and The Royal Melbourne Hospital. Critique of the Breast Cancer Services in Australia The provision of Medicare services is aimed at promoting equality in terms of medical and healthcare provision because it is a type of medical insurance. Medicare promotes early screening and treatment of breast cancer; therefore, it is both preventive and reactive service (Giles-Corti et al., 2010). Medicare insurance provides financial support to theidentifiedpatientafterthescreeningprocess.Medicareserviceshavetwomain components involved in covering the medical expenses. The first component is the direct payment made to the public hospitals to cover all medical expenses. breast surgery is an operative procedure intended to reduce the spread of the tumor cells to other tissues and cells. The surgery prevents the metastases of breast cancer to other types of cancers like liver cancer. Breast surgery is a reactive service because it improves the responds of the breast cells the chemotherapy(Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer 2002). Lastly, follow-up services are important reactive services because the specialists provide pivotal consultation that helps in the identification of appropriate measure to prevent the deterioration of the condition. Jade should attend all to these services to prevent the spread of cancer to other tissue and also to the left breast. Recommendation and Conclusion
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BREAST CANCER PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS5 Breast cancer is the second type of cancer with the highest incidences in the world; therefore, increases mortality rates. It is important to recommend appropriate interventions and actions to prevent the spread of cancer to the other tissue. In the case scenario, Jade should reduce alcohol consumption and the number of cigarettes she smokes in the day. Reducing the consumption and the frequency of smoking reduces the risks of breast cancer. Jade should also participate in physical activities to reduce the deposition of the fats that cause hardening of the tissues in her breasts. Another recommendation for Jade’s case is to visit a specialist who can identify the link between Jade’s breast cancer and her mother’s condition. This is because breast cancer is a genetic condition that can be inherited from parents. Mammography is another recommendation for Jade’s case because it enables early screening and treatment of breast cancer. Most of the breast services offered in Australian health systems are reactive; therefore, preventive services should also be introduced to prevent the increased incidences of breast cancer and reduce mortality rates in the country.
BREAST CANCER PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS7 Owen, N., Healy, G. N., Matthews, C. E., & Dunstan, D. W. (2010). Too much sitting: the population-healthscienceofsedentarybehavior.Exerciseandsportsciences reviews,38(3), 105.