Building and Construction: Footing System for Low Rise Buildings

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Question 1
The main objective of NCC is to assist in the provision of the relevant requirements for health,
safety, amenity as well as sustainability on the design and construction of new buildings. This
includes the new building work in entire Australia.
Question 2
What class is referred to as low-rise commercial as far as NCC is concerned?
Class 6
Question 3
The class 2 buildings are basically apartment buildings. They are purely multi-unit residential
structures where individuals may live below or above one another. Also, it can be a single story
which is attached to dwellings.
CLASS 3 BUILDINGS
Apart from class 1 and class 2 residential buildings, there are also class 3buildings which may be
permanent or temporary common living places for numerous numbers of people having no
relation. Class 3 buildings not only include hostel, guest house, boarding house and backpackers
of larger sizes than those of the class 1 building but may also incorporate fruit pickers, shears'
quarters for workers or an accommodation dormitory style. They can also be of care-type
accommodations rather than class 9 buildings for disabled, the old and the young people.
CLASS 4 BUILDINGS

These are residential buildings located inside non-residential buildings and just found within
class 5 building to class 9 building, for example, the storage facility that encloses the residence
of the caretaker.
CLASS 5 BUILDINGS
These are buildings usually meant for office works like the commercial and professional
practices. Class 5 buildings do not include other class buildings like 6,7,8 or 9. They may include
architects’ offices, general medicine practitioner office, offices for government agencies and
lawyers.
CLASS 6 BUILDINGS
These acts as places for stocking retail goods and particularly they are shops that supply services
directly to the consumers. Class 6 buildings may include shopping Centre, market, public
laundry, funeral parlor or a dining room.
CLASS 7 BUILDINGS
Class 7 buildings are categorized into two, that is, class 7a buildings which are majorly for
carparks and class 7b buildings which are the wholesales for displaying goods and the
warehouses.
CLASS 8 BUILDINGS
Class 8 buildings can easily be described on the basis of a factory to be buildings where activities
like sales and trading take place. Such a building may be used for various purposes on the goods
to be traded on, for example, finishing, repairing, cleaning, packing, production, altering and

assembling. The buildings may include a mechanic workshop, abattoir for food manufacturing
and laboratory however small in size it is.
CLASS 9 BUILDINGS
These are public buildings classified into three classes which are class 9a, class 9b, and class 9c.
Class 9a buildings are the hospitals or the health care buildings in which the patients under
treatment may require to be assisted physically in case of an emergency. These may be clinics
where the patient may lose consciousness and not be able to move after subjected to treatment.
Therefore, close supervision of medical care should be in place after the treatment for a given
period of time.
Class 9b buildings are buildings where people meet for different reasons like political, religious,
civil and social practices. These buildings may be schools, public transport buildings,
universities, pre-schools, childcare centers, and many others.
The class 9c buildings are particularly buildings for old people. The elderly suffer from the
inabilities resulting from the old age and therefore need personal care and assistance to leave the
room in case of an emergency.
Question 4
Application of the structural Principles to the planning of demolition or erection of any
structure
Performance criteria
 The main structural principles which are known to apply to the demolition or erection of
low-rise commercial structure are taken through advanced identification

 The performance of the structure structurally is properly described in terms of the
impacts they do have on the properties of the sections as well as methods of construction.
 The structural properties of performance including beams, slabs, retaining walls and
columns are properly explained and applied in the construction work planning
 Demolition of the structures in existence to be coordinated in accordance with the
planning and legislative requirement for safe work practices.
Planning, coordination as well as management of the footing system
The setting of the footing system to be done in accordance with plans of the building
The assessment of the structural integrity of the footings to be done in accordance with the
accepted principles of the construction industry.
Laying of the footing to be done as already specified in the plan of the building. The
performance to be checked in conformance with the documentation of the project
The provision of the termite barriers, as well as damp coursing and other techniques which are
relevant, are planned, taken through implementation and finally checked in accordance with the
standards, codes as well as industry practices.
Planning, coordination, and management of the wall cladding system on the wall structural
systems
There is the identification of the construction principles of the wall cladding and wall system
together with its performance properties.
Planning for the floor system: The floor system to have its layout plan as already specified in the
planning of the building. Its conformance with the project documentation to be checked.

Planning for wall cladding as well as wall system: Relevant codes to be used in the
installation of the external doors and windows. This goes alongside applications of the
manufacturer specification.
Roof cladding and roof system planning and management: Assessment of the structural integrity
of the building element of the roof system as well as roof cladding system. Its compliance with
the relevant codes to be checked. All the processes required to be put in place just to ensure that
the quality of the finished system of roofing is met.
Question 5
Pressure and structural stress are measured in N/m2(Newton per square metre).
Question 6
The structural forces and loads are measured by the use of Newton(N).
Question 7
A collection of members that are connected in such a way to serve its primary purpose. Such
types of structures include a rigid frame. The members that are connected in a manner that
constitutes structure are called structural members. They include columns, beams, grid, beam-
Column.
Question 8
Primary loads
It can refer to the axial load which equipment is forced to in the process of operations. Also, it
may refer to a load that arises from the equipment as it performs its primary design.

Question 9
Components of dead loads
They include loads which tend to be constant overtime. Such kind of loads constitutes the
structure’s weight itself as well as immovable fixture like plasterboards, walls or carpet. They are
also called static loads.
Question 10
Properties of a force
 It is a scalar quantity i.e it has both magnitude and direction
 Force is measured in Newton
Question 11
Section Modulus
It refers to the geometric property for any given cross-section as applied in the design of the
flexural members or beams. The other geometric characteristics which are useful in the design
include a moment of inertia, area for shear and tension and finally the polar moment of inertia as
used in the stiffness property.
Question 12
Vertical Compression Member

Vertical columns in a building are also called columns, Stanchions or posts. Columns which are
long will have a buckling effect when they are subjected to the plane of the load axis. The short
columns will, however, behave like members which are under pure compression.
Question 13
Industry professional to be consulted during the planning as well as the construction process
Architect: This kind of professional is having the responsibility of ensuring that they come up
with architectural drawings or design for the proposed building which is done in consultation
with the client.
Quantity Surveyor: This kind of professional is usually consulted as far as the project costs are
concerned. This kind of cost estimate will be done with the aid of architectural design.
Land Surveyor: Such professionals are an integral part of the planning. They are consulted in
matters related to the land topography. They charge a fee of 1.6% of the total costs of the project.
Engineers: They are responsible for providing pieces of advice concerning design as well as
construction work supervision. They include electrical, civil, mechanical and finally structural
engineers.
Environmental experts: These professionals are useful in the carrying out of the environmental
impact assessment of the building or construction work under the proposal.
Question 14
The material used in the construction of low rise commercial building structures.