Child Welfare and Protection Systems

This assignment provides an in-depth analysis of child welfare and protection systems, covering various aspects such as policy and practice on children's exposure to domestic violence, workforce development, and the overlap of witnessing partner violence with child maltreatment. It also explores the concept of mother abuse and its relation to youth justice, child welfare, or domestic violence. The assignment draws from recent research and publications in the field, including the Munro review of child protection and the Lancet's publication on child maltreatment.

Examine developments in the policing of
child abuse and child protection issues

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1) Developments in policing of child protection issues and child abuse....................................1
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION
Child abuse refers to sexual, physical maltreatment of a child which can be through
parents or any other persons in a bad manner. It includes any kind of failure and an act through
parents which results in reach the current and actual harm to children and it can be occur in an
organisation, at home, communities and also school’s children interacts with. There are many
different policies which are developed through government to stop child abuse (Gilbert, Parton
and Skivenes, 2011). On the other hand, child protection refers to protection of a child from
exploitation, violence, neglect and also abuse. Under this given report mentions about the police
which responses towards human trafficking and international aspects of the criminal activity.
There will discussion about the perspectives of media on investigation of sexual and rape
offences. Developments in policing of child protection related issues and child abuse will also be
discussed under this given report.
TASK 1
1) Developments in policing of child protection issues and child abuse
Child abuse is a kind of sexual molestation and also physical maltreatment of children. It
is a crime under which children are abused in a bad manner. It is sexual, physically and mentally
torture of children through parents or some of the other related people. It is a kind of serious
problem which each and every country children face in a bad manner. Child abuse can be in the
form of physically as well as mentally. It is a type of reach the harm from abusing the children
from physically as well as mentally. Because of the fear, children cannot say anything from any
people about their torture. Some of the households which are suffering from the anger and also
have alcoholism problems which can on high occurrence of the child abuse as comparison to the
without household people (Gilbert, 2012). The results which are related to child abuse can be for
the long term and short term injury or can be cause death. It is spread through out the world and
it can be occurring in any income group level, cultural and also ethnic. In order to protecting the
children from abuse, there are some of the issues which arise to protect the child. In some of the
cases, children are exposed to various kinds of exploitation, abuse and also violence with own
characteristics. Changes in policies, social norms and legal system can improve the situation of
child as per various circumstances. It is necessary that government implements some of the rules
and legal systems which can save the rights as well as health of children from any kind of abuse.
There are three different kind of child abuse and these are given below:
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Domestic abuse- Children which live under the homes where the domestic violence
develop in environment which is unpredictable, filled with the anxiety and tension through any
fear. Under this, child is domestically abuse and teenagers are also suffered from the domestic
abuse in relationship.
Neglect- It is an ongoing failure in order to meet the basic demands of consumers. It is a
very dangerous and under this child can suffer from any kind of long term serious harm.
Sexual abuse- In this, when a child is forced to take part in any kind of sexual activities,
it does not have any type of physical contact but it can also be through online.
Physical abuse- It is a deliberately to hurt children which causing the injuries like for an
instance broken of bones, cuts, bruises and burns (Finkelhor and et. al., 2010).
Female genital mutilation- It is a full or partial removal of external genitalia of females
for reason of non- medical.
Emotional abuse- Those children which are suffering from any neglect or emotional
maltreatment.
Online abuse- It is refer as the part of abuse which happens from the web through social
networks due to playing games and using mobiles more.
Resources as well as publication concerned to federal and state civil legislation on abusing and
neglecting the adoption and welfare of child. There are some laws which are made through
governments related to child:
State laws on child neglect and abuse- Under this law is addressing, responding and also
reporting the child abuse, neglect and maintaining the records related to child, save children from
any domestic violence.
State laws on adoption- It is a law which is related to addressing in country adoption, domestic
adoption and also post adoption related issues.
Federal laws- Resources and publication on the federal legislation and also policies regarding
abuse of children and neglect the adoption and welfare of children. It is necessary that
government should take some of the complex as well as strict action against the criminal people.
Under the child abuse case, police should investigate all the allegations related to the
abuse if in case child is suffering from any harm (Dingwall, Eekelaar and Murray, 2014). It is a
legal responsibility of police to safeguard the child under age of 18 with some of other agencies
like for an instance schools, authority and also professionals of health care. It involves sharing of
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information which are held through police and it should be relevant in order to protect children
from any kind of harm. Legal system and legislations are helpful in protect the children from any
kind of mental and physical abuse. There are some of the acts which introduced through
government of United Kingdom mention below as above:
Children Act 1989- On the basis of this act, it is formulated for protection of child in England.
There are some of the key principles which are situated through this act and in this includes:
 Paramount nature of welfare of children. Needs and expectations around the duties of children care.
Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act, 1988- It gives the federal funding of the support of
government of assessment, prosecution, investigation, treatment related activities and also
prevention which gives grants to the non- profit firms and also public agencies for demonstration
of projects and programmes (Cross and et. al., 2012). It is helpful in neglecting the child abuse
and protect them. On the basis of this act it is a responsibility of health care organisation to treat
the abused child in a fair or better manner.
Minimum of protection system because of mis- execution of national programmes and
legislations or absence of policies, there is protection given to vulnerable of children. In addition
to this, there are some programmes which introduced through UNICEF and for child protection,
it is conducting some programmes for children which are vulnerable abused from their parents
by many different reasons like for an instance armed dispute and conflict situations. Violations
of right of children to protect them in any country. The protection of child is a big issue in every
country and UNICEF give the much priority to it.
It refers to a practice or an action of transporting of people in an illegal manner from one
area or country to the other. Its main purpose to force people for labour and sexual exploitation.
It is a kind of human trade for the purpose of sexual slavery, exploitation and forced labour for
trafficker. It is serious crime and violation of rights of human. In United Kingdom, more child
transporting in illegal way. In addition to this, statistics related to magnitude of the child
trafficking are very complex for obtain. On the basis of International Labour Organisation that
about 1.2 million of children are trafficked every year (Annerbäck and et. al., 2010). Child
trafficking has been globally recognized as most serious crime which exist in each region or
country of world. Day by day, this issue increasing. United Kingdom is destination country for
children, women and men which is primarily from Asia, Africa and Eastern Europe which are
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related to trafficking of human for aims of forced labour and sexual slavery involving domestic
servitude. Among all the responses, main purpose of human trafficking is sexual exploitation. It
is necessary to the traffickers that all victims should be cooperative at the time of doing their
business.
The most prominent country in the world for the children trafficking is United Kingdom.
In addition to this, cops play an important role to stop this kind of criminal offense over there. In
this some of the cases are too complex and the senior officers believe the lack sympathy of
people for victims. Cops find it too difficult to handle and manage such consideration due to its
complexity (Gilbertand et. al., 2012). The United Kingdom police are falling for tackle the
human trafficking as well as modern slavery, leaving the perpetrators to regular exploit the
people. The police of United Kingdom regularly work to track those individuals whom involved
in crime related to human trafficking. Regarding this there is an act formulated by United
Kingdom government which identify as “Modern Slavery Act 2015”. The main purpose behind
designing of this act to tackle the slavery in United Kingdom and also consolidates past offences
related to slavery and trafficking. In addition to this, there are 50 stated and federal of United
State passed a legal constraint which define the human trafficking as most serious crime and
particularly stiff some of the penalties for this kind of offense to know regarding perception of
the police regarding human trafficking which impact on response strategies and also
investigation. Agencies, investigators and officers are regularly going to encounter with victims
of human trafficking. Regarding this police is very active and take strict action against the
victims of human trafficking. This criminal offense is getting expand days after days. There is an
anti-human trafficking unit of Scheme which are introduced by government of United Kingdom
given below as above:
 Take up crusade against all necessary aspects like for an instance prosecution, prevention
of crime related to human trafficking through developing institutional mechanism and
also working with all stakeholders such as police, NGo's, prosecution and many others.
 Capacity regarding developing and also training of the persecution personnel and police
specially at grass root in order to raise response of law enforcement to organized crime
related to human trafficking (Hamby and et. al., 2010).
In order to international and domestic concern regarding the individuals which are
exploited for the commercial sex as well as labour and in addition to this, there is a legislation
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which is passed through government in 2000 year, developing any new crime of the human
related trafficking and also devoting some of the resources to identify the prosecution and
victims in an effective or proper manner. For stopping trafficking of human, there is an
organisation which is Modern Slavery Human Trafficking Unit (MSHTU) led through NCA. Its
main role to give central expertise pointy, coordination and support for United Kingdom
response to the modern slavery as well as human trafficking (Hunter, Nixon and Parr, 2010). It is
the responsibility of police to protect public and safeguard them from any kind of trafficking.
In context to this, crimes are enhancing day by day in every nation and in various number
of communities in all over the world. So under this, there is a need of solid data to international
community to the gauge challenge and also effectiveness or efficiency of responses. In order to
address the threat, global efforts for address the transnational organized the crime. At global
level, drug is a serious crime which impact on the health of people as well as social interests like
for an instance health of people. From this, the social cost will Alfonso be negatively affected.
On the other hand, terrorism is also regarded as a most serious crime at international level
because of the political impacts by large- scale of the indiscriminate violence, facilitated through
advancement of technology to company of the criminal firm. People are associated with an
investigation and also proscription of trafficking of people but the police plays big role in
combination of TIP by protection. In most of the different countries, people are biggest
representative of the government and it should see as most necessary instruments in order to
combating an TIP. The main issue of human trafficking is sexual exploitation if men, children
and also women and the international and national in creating repel crimes. It is not only serious
threat but expresses gross violation of the rights of human. In context of trident and also assist
the victims of the human trafficking, government introduced victim-centre strategy. Human
trafficking is in its different forms which continues to offer some of the difficulties for the
agencies of enforcement (Lonne, Harries and Lantz, 2012). Under this, many different countries
children and some people come for exploitation purpose. It develops the bad effect on health of
children in a bad manner.
Rape is a kind of sexual assault and it is a crime which means to strip or plunder
something resources. It is unnecessary touch which is regarded as a sex. Act which may carried
out through abuse of authority, physical force against that person which is incapable for giving
any kind of valid consent. In addition to this, rape investigation is a kind of process of collect
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facts and figures regarding suspected of rape involving the forensic identification of perpetrator,
rape types and some of the other details. In context to this, there is an act which is introduced by
Parliament of United Kingdom and it is helpful in replace the old or previous sexual offences
with more particular as well as the explicit wording. It develops many new offences like for an
instances assault through penetration, non- consensual voyeurism and many others of any corpse
part. It is a kind of unwanted sex offense and treat person without its permission. In context to
media representations, sex is a crime which is more frequently and it means to sexual abuse of
child and rape, it involves some acts like for an instance voyeurism and exhibitionism (Munro,
2011). Media gives an attention towards these kinds of cases and also try to give better
judgement to the victim. Attention of media tends to focus on the violent crimes which are
prominent topics in the entertainment media as well as news. Coverage of the media is criticized
by people for focusing in responsibility and actions of victims, its behaviour like for an instance
flirting, drinking. There is a case of two women victims which are suffering from the rape related
issue. Scandal of Julian Assange, under these two females are involves which making an
accusations of sexual molestation and also rape again that person. In addition to this, media
represents the case of these two women in a better manner to give them justice. The arguments
against and for referencing rights of victims to the privacy shall examined and then draw a
conclusion which will be develop jurisdictional approach. There is other issue from enhancing
the online technology on news quality of the coverage of more crimes with an emphasis of the
rape remove all the negative repercussions.
There is a feminist perspective which are taken place as a basic foundation, notion
society is depends along the gendered constrrapeuctions which organise social participation,
standards and identity for judge the others and also self. The coverage of media about rape which
has been brought to attention of public as unexpected results (Parton, 2010). Related to Julian
Assange, there are some questions are raised in the United Kingdom and United States countries
where the anonymity of victim should have maintained in media. Media helps the people which
are go through from this kind of cases. It is necessary that media should maintain the more
freedom in context to privacy as well as expression freedom. Media tells all people in all over the
world regarding wrong things and behaviour of one people to another. Julian Assange person
will regularly face all arrest related issues if that individual leaves Ecuadorian embassy. Related
to this case judge give arrest warrant to that person. Media secures these two women which are
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rape victim. It is essential that media should be in favour of victim people which faces the
problem of sexual offered and also rape. Because these both words change their life. There are
many controversies stated in the rape and some questions are to be asked from the criminal as
well as victim. In addition to this, there are many rules and legislations are formed through
government of United Kingdom and also open some of the training classes so that girls can
protect herself from any kind of unwanted things, it can be mentally as well as physically
tortured. Sometimes police and media both are in the favour of victim but most of the times not.
Media has more power to provide justice to those people which are suffering from any kind of
sexual offense and rape (Pelton, 2015). There are in some cases victim person suffers from the
mental health related problems. So regarding this, there are some of the legislations which every
firm as well as programmes should be conducted to aware people about the causes of rapes or
any kind of sexual offences which can develop impact on that victim person as well as family in
a bad manner (Stalker and McArthur, 2012). On the other hand, government should implement a
new strict rules related to criminal.
CONCLUSION
It has been concluded from the above given report that human trafficking is a serious
issue which is faced through many people. Under this, there was a discussion about the response
of police regarding the human trafficking. There are some of the other activities which are
conducted at international level. Under this given report also discussed about the developments
in policy of child protection issues and abuse of child in bad manner. There are some of the rules
and regulations which are developed through government of United Kingdom to protect people
from any kind of human trafficking.
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REFERENCES
Books & Journals
Annerbäck, E.M. And et. al., 2010. Prevalence and characteristics of child physical abuse in
Sweden–findings from a population‐based youth survey. Acta paediatrica. 99(8).
pp.1229-1236.
Cross, T.P. And et. al., 2012. Child welfare policy and practice on children's exposure to
domestic violence. Child abuse & neglect. 36(3). pp.210-216.
Dingwall, R., Eekelaar, J. and Murray, T., 2014. The protection of children: State intervention
and family life (Vol. 16). Quid Pro Books.
Finkelhor, D. and et. al., 2010. Trends in childhood violence and abuse exposure: evidence from
2 national surveys. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine. 164(3). pp.238-242.
Gilbert, N., 2012. A comparative study of child welfare systems: Abstract orientations and
concrete results. Children and Youth Services Review. 34(3). pp.532-536.
Gilbert, N., Parton, N. and Skivenes, M. eds., 2011. Child protection systems: International
trends and orientations. OUP USA.
Gilbert, R. and et. al., 2012. Child maltreatment: variation in trends and policies in six developed
countries. The Lancet. 379(9817). pp.758-772.
Hamby, S. and et. al., 2010. The overlap of witnessing partner violence with child maltreatment
and other victimizations in a nationally representative survey of youth. Child abuse &
neglect. 34(10). pp.734-741.
Hunter, C., Nixon, J. and Parr, S., 2010. Mother abuse: a matter of youth justice, child welfare or
domestic violence? Journal of Law and Society. 37(2). pp.264-284.
Lonne, B., Harries, M. and Lantz, S., 2012. Workforce development: A pathway to reforming
child protection systems in Australia. British Journal of Social Work. 43(8). pp.1630-
1648.
Munro, E., 2011. The Munro review of child protection: Final report, a child-centred
system (Vol. 8062). The Stationery Office.
Parton, N., 2010. Child protection and safeguarding in England: Changing and competing
conceptions of risk and their implications for social work. British Journal of Social
Work. 41(5). pp.854-875.
Pelton, L.H., 2015. The continuing role of material factors in child maltreatment and
placement. Child Abuse & Neglect. 41. pp.30-39.
Stalker, K. and McArthur, K., 2012. Child abuse, child protection and disabled children: A
review of recent research. Child Abuse Review. 21(1). pp.24-40.
Taylor, R.W., Fritsch, E.J. and Liederbach, J., 2014. Digital crime and digital terrorism. Prentice
Hall Press.
Online
Child Abuse, 2018. [Online]. Available through:
<https://www.psychologytoday.com/conditions/child-abuse>.
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