CI7110 Data Communications
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Added on 2021-04-24
CI7110 Data Communications
Added on 2021-04-24
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KINGSTON UNIVERSITYFACULTY OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND COMPUTINGCI7110 DATA COMMUNICATIONSTITLECOURSEWORKSTUDENT NAMESTUDENT REGISTRATION NUMBERPROFESSOR (TUTOR)DATE OF SUBMISSION
ABSTRACTResearchers are constantly seeking better techniques to ensure that there is improved datacommunication especially in the areas of transmission and reception of data sent over digitalcommunication equipment. Data communication has a long history and is constantly beingimproved using the different innovations and technologies being developed. The datacommunication field is quite broad and the users are spoilt for choice as more and moretechnologies have been developed to ease communication especially over long distances. Thispaper seeks to address the aspects of data communication such as the digital communication,TCP/IP networks and the network security protocols. Communities in the traditional age useddifferent methods to communicate to each other. Some of the common modes were smokesignals, messengers, drums, and bottles over the sea. There are a number of caveats that can beisolated with such methods but the key drawback was on the unreliability of the communicationmode. Information needs to be received as it was transmitted. There should be no distortion orlack of communication thereof. This paper discusses the modern techniques that have beenemployed in seeking the reliability, availability, and efficiency. Keywords: Data communication, digital communication, mobile networks, satellitecommunication, information efficiency, network security, internet networks, encryption, trendsand advances.
INTRODUCTIONCommunication aims at ensuring the transfer ofinformation from the sender to the recipient. Thelegacy communication scheme includes thesender, transmitter point, channel ofcommunication, receiver point, and therecipient. Usually, in a real-life application thesource can either be analog or digital. Forinstance, a temperature and humidity sensor,DHT22 would like to collect the environmentalstatus in terms of temperature and humidity, thevalues are analog in nature. Analog inputs areusually converted to digital values for analysisand transmission. The transmitter can be used totransmit voice, data, video, or any multi-mediainformation from the source. Some of the major communication systems usedglobally are:(i)The public switched telephonenetwork(ii)Satellite systems(iii)Radio and TV broadcasting(iv)Cellular phones(v)Computer networks such asLANs, WANs, and WLANs.For transmission of information, these systemsconvert information into either electrical,electromagnetic and optical signals that areappropriate for the transmission medium orchannel of communication.History of digital systemsCommunities in the traditional age useddifferent methods to communicate to eachother. Some of the common modes weresmoke signals, messengers, drums, andbottles over the sea. There are a number ofcaveats that can be isolated with suchmethods but the key drawback was on theunreliability of the communication mode.Information needs to be received as it wastransmitted.Digital signals and spectraDigital systems convert their bit symbols intosignals for transmission while the analogsystems convert analog messages to signals forpropagation of information over the channels.
Many of the modern communication systems areusing the digital techniques to distinguishbetween discrete symbols which allows for theregeneration of signals as opposed toamplification. When the signals fail to amplify,the system is useful for data compression orsource coding, error correction or channelcoding, equalization and security. One can easilymix and retrieve signals and data carried overthe signals using digital techniques. Once thesignals are received on the receiver’s end, thereceiver recreates the signals or bits fromreceived signals so as to mitigate the channeleffects. The performance metric for analogsystems is fidelity, for digital it is the bit rateand error probability. Over the years, innovators and researchers haveascertained that digital communications are eastto regenerate the distorted signal and regeneraterepeaters along the transmission path that candetect a digital signal and retransmit the signalwithout errors. Unfortunately, that is notpossible with the analog communicationsystems. The digital signals are immune todistortion and interference. The digitalcommunication is rugged in the sense that it ismore immune to channel noise and distortion.The digital hardware implementation tends to beflexible and it permits the use ofmicroprocessors or the mini-processors such asArduino boards and PLC, they have a shorterdesign and production cycle hence they tend tomeet the economies of scale. The componentdesigns use the LSI and VLSI such that the costof production lowers even further. Digitalcommunication systems allow for multiplexingusing techniques such as the time and codedivision multiple access unlike the frequencydivision multiple access which is used by theanalog systems of communication. Moreadvantages are obtained from the utilization ofdigital techniques, such that one can combinethe formats for transmission through a commonmedium. The most common baud rate is 9600for communication system. It is the rate at whichthe signaling elements are transmitted and theprobability that one of the bits is in error is thebit error rate. These two terms are used in theperformance study of the digital signals.
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