Community Nursing for HIV Disorder

This assignment focuses on community nursing principles in effectively handling and reducing risks of HIV among the vulnerable population in the nation. It discusses vulnerable populations, barriers to healthcare, and strategies for developing effective screening and prevention programs.

Running head: COMMUNITY NURSING FOR HIV DISORDER
COMMUNITY NURSING FOR HIV DISORDER
Name of the student:
Name of the university:
Author note:

1
COMMUNITY NURSING FOR HIV DISORDER
Human immune-deficiency virus can be defined as the transmissible organism that
participates in infecting the different human bodies through the support from the T-helper cell.
The infection is mainly seen to lead a progressive decline in the immune function and
subsequently leads to the situation of a state of immune compromise (Boyer et al., 2017). Mainly
because of the compromised immune system, individuals who are infected with the virus are
seen to become susceptible towards a variety of different types of opportunistic infections that
are refereed in healthcare as the AIDs defining illness. In individuals who do not get any
treatment, this viral infection often inevitably leads to death. HIV is a form of retrovirus. It is
actually an RNA virus and it has the ability for transforming its RNA into the DNA during the
replication procedure (Pearson et al., 2015). Due to the rapid replication, it has got the status of a
highly variable virus and therefore, it is one of the reasons why it becomes very difficult for
developing the vaccine. This retrovirus is indeed very much fragile and therefore they do not
survive outside the different host cell environment. This assignment would mainly be focusing
on the community nursing principles in effectively handling and reducing risks of HIV among
the vulnerable population in the nation.
This infection can affect any individuals who engage in unsafe sex, intercourse with
multiple partners, blood transfusions and many others. However, researchers are of the opinion
that the prevalence of the disorder has lessened in the general population due to proper health
promotion and allocation of resources but have not lessened among the vulnerable population.
Therefore, it is extremely important for the nursing professionals working in the communities to
identify the vulnerable population and develop interventions that would help them to reduce the
risks of them affecting by the disorder (Kim et al., 2016). Researchers are of the opinion that
there are some typical groups in the various communities of the nation who are more likely to be

2
COMMUNITY NURSING FOR HIV DISORDER
diagnosed late, less likely to be engaged with healthcare, accessing of different treatments,
adhering to different treatments as well as achieve viral suppression.
Rates of the disorder among the aboriginals and non-aboriginal Australians were
previously found to be similar at around 4 per 100000 people in the nation but transmission
modes are seen to be different with higher rates being more prevalent in the women, people who
inject drugs and those who are heterosexual. However, the rates of the newly diagnosed HIV
rates in the Aboriginal and the Torres Strait islander population as found in the reports published
in 2012-2014 showed that the number of the affected individuals of the native background is
higher than that of the non-indigenous population for about 5.9 versus 3.7 per 100000 (Poteat et
al., 2015). Another vulnerable population with susceptibility of being affected with the disorder
is the asylum seekers. Reports have shown increasing number of asylum seekers with HIV
infection being reported in the Darwin of the northern territory. It has shown that the introduction
of the HIV screening for those arriving by both and without visa in the nation has increased the
number form 18 in 2011 to 2012 to that of 30 in 2012 to 2013. They mainly tend to hide their
disorders with the fear of not knowing the acceptation rates of the nation and being unaware
about the behaviors that he would receive from others in the new nation where the citizens would
be knowing about their disorders (Eldredge et al., 2016) . The fear of stigmatization as well as
discrimination in the nation makes them hide their disorders and so they do not seek for any kind
of services from healthcares. Therefore, they tend to be one of the most important vulnerable
groups that professionals need to care for.
In the nation of Australia, this disorder continues to be the transmitted through the sexual
contacts between men. In the year 2013, reports provided by the government had shown that
about 70% of the total new HIV infections were seen to be present among the men who had sex

3
COMMUNITY NURSING FOR HIV DISORDER
with other men. It is seen that this population is highly affected and they need access to the
healthcare as well as prevention. They need to remain engaged in care for the reduction of the
community viral load and thereby helps in reduction of the number of new infections as well as
different types of HIV related co morbidities. The 2012 Global Men’s Health and Rights Study
had found interesting results (McCabe et al., 2016). They have found that men who have sex
with men are more vulnerable in encountering barriers for accessing treatment as well as
prevention at the different levels. Researchers are of the opinion that at an institutional level or
that of the systemic level, men who are seen to have sex with other men can encounter stigma as
well as criminalization of homosexuality and even discrimination. Often they feel that they
cannot disclose their preferences to that of the healthcare providers with the fear of being judged
regarding their sexual behaviors. This results in the leading of the situations where HIV testing
often is delayed and there is delay in the accessing of the treatment (Amaro et al., 2016).
Another vulnerable population is those people who are seen to inject drugs and are called
PWID (people who inject drugs). It is true that although Australian government had published
various types of developing and implementation of the harm reduction policies, in reality,
evidence based studies have shown that they experience reduced access towards healthcare
services and higher incidences of discrimination and poor treatment with the healthcare services.
Therefore, they are found to remain exposed to higher risks for the late HIV diagnoses in
comparison to men who have higher sex with other men as well as heterosexuals (Palacios et al.,
2015). Therefore, the community nursing professionals need to develop proper interventions
which should be evidence based and should be helping in reduction of the risks of being affected
with the HIV disorder.

4
COMMUNITY NURSING FOR HIV DISORDER
Sex workers are seen to be associated with the epidemic of the disorder since the time of
the onset and is mainly stated so because of the nature of their rework. Governments have log
debated about the advantages as well as the disadvantages of the regulation, prohibition as well
as tolerance and prostitution. The majorities of the today’s’ societies represent a “moral” as well
as the contradictory objections towards prostitution. There have been debates about the success
of the sex industry as the important source of commerce but on the other hand, they are seen to
condemn the procedures of earning money through sex (Liamputtong, 2015). Often such debates
result in creation of confusion as well as stigmatization about the wok of the sex workers making
them stay away from the help seeking behaviors regarding their perceptions that they would be
poorly treated and they would be judge regarding their professionals. Hence, the healthcare
professionals need to be very careful and need to establish interventions that would help in
reduction of the risk with equal participation and compliance with the interventions proposed.
It is very important for the community nurses to develop a comprehensive quality health
services for the vulnerable population by which they can help the vulnerable individuals to
overcome their apprehensive feeling of help seeking behaviors and undertake proper screening
and preventing services. A number of important points need to be kept in mind in order to
develop most effective services for the vulnerable populations. Proper access to quality and
comprehensive healthcare services, effective management and health literacy development of the
vulnerable population, HIV voluntary counseling as well as testing services like VCT and others
should be ensured (Batcheldor et al., 2015). It is the duty of the community nurses to develop
health promotional programs. This service would help in circulating the information about the
non-judgmental care services that they would be receiving from the professionals. This would
enhance the morale of the individuals of the vulnerable communities and would make them

5
COMMUNITY NURSING FOR HIV DISORDER
believe that they would receive high quality, sensitive, non-judgmental services from the
professionals. Researchers are of the opinion that when inter-personal confidence between the
vulnerable groups and that of the community health providers are promoted as well as well-
established, there would be hardly any issues that the vulnerable individuals will face in seeking
for different preventive and screening services. Effective healthcare providers and counselors
need to able to talk frankly about the different sensitive issues that would help in addressing the
different real practices as well as behaviors that would help in making the HIV transmission
more likely.
Another most important barrier that the vulnerable populations might face is the
ingrained stigma as well as discrimination, which are the constant impediments in the
appropriate interactions between the different health providers as well as the vulnerable
populations. Therefore, the different researchers who have worked on the issue have emphasized
on the building of the stigma free environment in the communities as well as in the healthcare
clinics by educating about the disorders not only among the vulnerable individuals but among the
other people as well (Baral et al., 2014). When the citizens would get to know about the disorder
in details and how it is affecting the quality of health of humans, their stigmatized and
judgmental behaviors would stop and the vulnerable population would get the courage to reveal
their concerns and no more hide their preferences or issues. This would help in early diagnosis of
the disorder that would help in saving the life of many people.
It is very important for the community nurses to make the vulnerable communities feel
empowered. Studies are of the opinion that when individuals feel empowered, they can
participate actively in effective decision-making, take access to healthcare services, and ensure
health-seeking behaviors effectively. The care services should be such that the vulnerable

6
COMMUNITY NURSING FOR HIV DISORDER
populations should be the key designers of their own services that will not “miss the mark” and
block access (Denno et al., 2015). The nursing professionals in such situations must learn about
the ways for providing services that would be appropriate for the specific groups like that of the
transgender along with the reduction of stigmas and discrimination of the healthcare services. All
the communities of the vulnerable population should be able to talk openly about the fabric of
their lives and the healthcare providers need to be able to listen and mandate (Kelly et al., 2017).
The active engagement in the design as well as the provision of the healthcare services is
extremely important for not only for the client comfort but would also help in creation of
systems that will accept and actively help the individuals to participate and consider themselves
an active part in decision making leading to their empowerment.
A number of miscellaneous actions need to be taken by the community nurses to make
sure that the vulnerable individuals take active participation in the screening programs. They
need to, come up with their concerns and development of their health literacy in place of
concealing their identity, professions and practices and thereby seek for support and educate
themselves about the ways by which they can reduce the risks of getting affected. The
community nurses undertaken the health promotion campaigns should spread awareness and
educate vulnerable population in a way by which they can establish through different non-
judgmental approaches. The drug-abusing individuals who use syringes should be supported and
educated them in harm reduction like effective injection techniques, proper access to clean
injecting mediums, safe disposal of the equipments. These can prevent the chances of
readmission of different blood borne viruses (Dawson et al., 2015). Researchers are of the
opinion that in case of homosexual men, at community as well as in individual levels, proper
access to the sustainable housing, income as well as connection with the gay community helps on

7
COMMUNITY NURSING FOR HIV DISORDER
playing essential roles in the facilitation of the services and caring for the group. Refugees as
well as asylum seekers are often seen to face stigmatization and discrimination and they are
found to mistrust professionals. Therefore, building of trust among the communities and
maintaining their privacy and confidentiality is also important.
From the above discussion, it becomes clear that a hue number of vulnerable population
in the nation is not accessing healthcare services for effective screening and prevention of the
disorders of HIV. Some of the main reasons are their poor health literacy, stigmatization and
discrimination and many others. Unless such populations become aware of their high risk of
developing the disorder and the importance of screening and preventive programs, the epidemics
of HIV in the communities will continue to haunt the nation. Therefore, community nurses
should take proper evidence based strategies and thereby implement them in ways by which they
can help the vulnerable individuals overcome the barriers the face and undertake proper
screening and preventing programs and develop their health literacy effectively. This will help in
developing a safer future for the individuals.

8
COMMUNITY NURSING FOR HIV DISORDER
References:
Amaro, H., Raj, A., Vega, R. R., Mangione, T. W., & Perez, L. N. (2016). Racial/ethnic
disparities in the HIV and substance abuse epidemics: Communities responding to the
need. Public Health Reports.
Baral, S., Holland, C. E., Shannon, K., Logie, C., Semugoma, P., Sithole, B., ... & Beyrer, C.
(2014). Enhancing benefits or increasing harms: community responses for HIV among
men who have sex with men, transgender women, female sex workers, and people who
inject drugs. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 66, S319-S328.
Batchelder, A. W., Gonzalez, J. S., Palma, A., Schoenbaum, E., & Lounsbury, D. W. (2015). A
social ecological model of syndemic risk affecting women with and at-risk for HIV in
impoverished urban communities. American journal of community psychology, 56(3-4),
229-240.
Boyer, C. B., Greenberg, L., Chutuape, K., Walker, B., Monte, D., Kirk, J., ... & Adolescent
Medicine Trials Network. (2017). Exchange of sex for drugs or money in adolescents and
young adults: an examination of sociodemographic factors, HIV-related risk, and
community context. Journal of community health, 42(1), 90-100.
Dawson, A. J., Nkowane, A. M., & Whelan, A. (2015). Approaches to improving the
contribution of the nursing and midwifery workforce to increasing universal access to
primary health care for vulnerable populations: a systematic review. Human resources for
health, 13(1), 97.

9
COMMUNITY NURSING FOR HIV DISORDER
Denno, D. M., Hoopes, A. J., & Chandra-Mouli, V. (2015). Effective strategies to provide
adolescent sexual and reproductive health services and to increase demand and
community support. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56(1), S22-S41.
Eldredge, L. K. B., Markham, C. M., Ruiter, R. A., Kok, G., & Parcel, G. S. (2016). Planning
health promotion programs: an intervention mapping approach. John Wiley & Sons.
Kelly, A., & Symonds, A. (2017). The social construction of community nursing. Macmillan
International Higher Education.
Kim, K., Choi, J. S., Choi, E., Nieman, C. L., Joo, J. H., Lin, F. R., ... & Han, H. R. (2016).
Effects of community-based health worker interventions to improve chronic disease
management and care among vulnerable populations: a systematic review. American
journal of public health, 106(4), e3-e28.
Liamputtong, P. (2015). Stigma, Discrimination and Living with HIV/AIDS. Springer.
McCabe, B. E., Gonzalez-Guarda, R. M., Peragallo, N. P., & Mitrani, V. B. (2016). Mechanisms
of partner violence reduction in a group HIV-risk intervention for Hispanic
women. Journal of interpersonal violence, 31(13), 2316-2337.
Palacios, J. F., Salem, B., Hodge, F. S., Albarrán, C. R., Anaebere, A., & Hayes-Bautista, T. M.
(2015). Storytelling: A qualitative tool to promote health among vulnerable
populations. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 26(4), 346-353.
Palacios, J. F., Salem, B., Hodge, F. S., Albarrán, C. R., Anaebere, A., & Hayes-Bautista, T. M.
(2015). Storytelling: A qualitative tool to promote health among vulnerable
populations. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 26(4), 346-353.

10
COMMUNITY NURSING FOR HIV DISORDER
Pearson, G. S., Hines-Martin, V. P., Evans, L. K., York, J. A., Kane, C. F., & Yearwood, E. L.
(2015). Addressing gaps in mental health needs of diverse, at-risk, underserved, and
disenfranchised populations: A call for nursing action. Archives of Psychiatric
Nursing, 29(1), 14-18.
Poteat, T., Wirtz, A. L., Radix, A., Borquez, A., Silva-Santisteban, A., Deutsch, M. B., ... &
Operario, D. (2015). HIV risk and preventive interventions in transgender women sex
workers. The Lancet, 385(9964), 274-286.
Stanhope, M., & Lancaster, J. (2015). Public health nursing-e-book: Population-centered health
care in the community. Elsevier Health Sciences.