Chronological Development and Future of Computer Networks and Networking Technologies

This article discusses the chronological development of computer networks and networking technologies, including the OSI and TCP/IP models, network accessories like keyboards and computer mice, and present-day technologies like protocols and internet speed growth. It also explores the future of computer networks and networking technologies, including SDN, cloud computing, intelligent networking, and IoT.

TA T TBLE OF CON EN S
T TIN RODUC ION..................................................................................................................................................2
A PM TCHRONOLOGIC L DEVELO EN .......................................................................................................................2
MA T A P T PA THU N-CEN RIC DESIGN S EC S ( S )..........................................................................................................3
MOSI ODEL.............................................................................................................................................................3
T P P MC /I ODEL.......................................................................................................................................................3
N TE WORK ACCESSORIES.............................................................................................................................................4e oard
K yb s........................................................................................................................................................ 4
omp ter Mo e
C u us ............................................................................................................................................. 4
P T A TRESEN -D Y ECHNOLOGIES............................................................................................................................4
P TRO OCOLS............................................................................................................................................................. 4
T T P TIN ERNE S EED GROW H.................................................................................................................................5
MA T A P T P THU N-CEN RIC DESIGN S EC S ( RESEN )....................................................................................................6
T MP T T A T TFU URE OF CO U ER NE WORKS ND NE WORKING ECHNOLOGIES...........................................................7
S T AOF W RE DEFINED N TE WORKING (SDN)....................................................................................................................7
CLOUD C MP TO U ING..................................................................................................................................................7
I T TN ELLIGEN N TE WORKING.........................................................................................................................................8
IOT........................................................................................................................................................................ 8
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................................................9
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ntrod ctionI u
A comp ter net or con i t o a collection o comp ter and ot er ard are de ice connected to et er inu w k s s s f f u s h h w v s g h us g
comm nication c annel or tran mi ion media o t at t e can comm nicate it eac ot er A t picalu h s s ss s h h y u w h h h . y
comp ter net or compri e o at lea t comp ter tran mi ion media net or inter ace de ice andu w k s s f s 2 u s, s ss , w k f v
net or operatin tem o t are T ere are t o road t pe o net or con i ration peer to peer net orw k g sys s f w . h w b y s f w k f gu ; - - w ks
and client er er net or/s v w ks.
ronolo ical de elopmentCh g v
T e ta le elo mmari e t e de elopment in omp ter et or inh b b w su s s h v s C u N w k g.
earY e elopmentD v
1940 Telet pe mac ine a prod ced and tili ed eor e ti it to end ideline romy h w s u u z by G g S b z s gu s f
i model in artmo t olle e to an addin mac ine in e or and ot re lt inh s D u h C g g h N w Y k g su s
ame as w y [1].
1950’s emi A tomatic ro nd n ironment A and Militar adar tem ere de elopedS - u G u E v (S GE) y R Sys w v
and ed a earl net or o comm nicatin comp terus s y w ks f u g u s.
1960 Airline e er ation tem AM emi A tomatic ine e earc n ironmentR s v Sys S BRE (S - u Bus ss R s h E v )
a de eloped and ed t o connected main ramew s v us w f s.
1962 nter alactic omp ter et or a created ic lider to permit in ormationI g C u N w k w s by J.C.R L k f
and pro ect in comp ter to e acce ed in an place on t e planetj s u s b ss y h [1].
1964 Time arin tem a de eloped at artmo t or par e er o e comp tersh g sys w s v D u h f s s us s f hug u
temsys s.
1965 a rence o ert de eloped ir t A ide Area et orL w G. R b s v f s W N (W N w k).
1972 ommercial er ice t at ed ere created and deplo edC s v s h us X.25 w y .
1996 Mr rent To n end in ented modem. B w sh v 56k [1].
2001 ome road and entered tandard e and re ic er t an e dial pH b b s us g w qu k h w b -u
admini trations s [1].
2010 i a it t ernet a ll completed100 G g b E h w s fu y [1].
2

man centric de i n a pect pa tHu - s g s s ( s )
ModelOSI
T i model compri e o t e ollo in la erh s s s f h f w g y s:
P ical a er T i la er mana e mec anical electrical and timin i e T e protocol related it t ehys L y – h s y g s h , g ssu s. h s w h h
p ical la er are reliant pon net or t pehys y u w k y .
ata lin a erD - k L y – T i la er andle comm nication et een di erent net or node t a la erh s y h s u s b w ff w k s. I h s 2 sub y s, Media
Acce ontrol MAss C ( C) and o ical in ontrol la erL g L k C (LLC) sub y s.
et or a er t e ta li e pat or data mo ement ia t e net or t andle tran lation o lo icalN w k L y – I s b sh s hs f v v h w k. I h s s f g
addre e to p ical addre ess s hys ss s.
Tran port la er T i la er con e me a e et een arran ed o t and t e ract re and rea em l os y - h s y v ys ss g s b w g h s s h f u ss b y f
me a ess g s.
e ion a er T i la er andle e ion et een t e application comm nicatinS ss L y – h s y h s s ss s b w h s u g.
Pre entation a er T i la er de ine t e lin i tic tr ct re t at t o P net or o t e in comm nications L y – h s y f s h gu s s u u h w C w k h s s us u .
Application a er t andle end er er ice c a email tran er o ile mana ement o net orL y – I h s -us s v s, su h s s, sf f f s, g f w ks
amon ot erg h s.
T P P ModelC /I
T i model compri e o t e ollo in la erh s s s f h f w g y s:
o t to et or a erH s - -N w k L y At t i la er t e o t need to inter ace it t e tem mean o ome protocol– h s y , h h s s f w h h sys by s f s
and t e protocol m t ena le it to end P pac eth us b s I k s.
nternet a erI L y T i la er licen e o t to in e pac et into an tem and tra el a tonomo l to t eir- h s y s s h s s fus k s y sys v u us y h
oal Pac et itc in i t e e capacit and nternet Protocol P i in c ar e o aranteein t at pac et etg . k sw h g s h k y y I (I ) s h g f gu g h k s g
to t e correct addreh ss.
Tran port a ers L y T i doe ame nction a- h s s s fu s s Tran port a erOSI s L y t. I tili e Tran mi ion ontrol Protocol T Pu z s s ss C ( C )
or er ata ram Protocol PUs D g (UD ).
Application a erL y - T i la er ih s y s an era le orsw b f pro idin end er er ice and compare to applicationv g -us s v s s OSI
la ery .
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T e i re elo o t e and T P P la er in mmarh f gu b w sh ws h OSI C /I y s su y
et or acce orieN w k ss s
e oardK yb s
T e e oard a een and i till t e a ic inp t de ice or comp ter or e eral ear noh k yb h s b s s h b s u v f u s f s v y s w t la o t. I s y u
ori inate rom earl t pe riter T e ir t t pe riter a introd ced ing s f y y w s. h f s y w w s u 1860.
T e T la o t a e ta li ed in and ince t en it a een t e tandard la o t or all n lih QWER Y y u w s s b sh 1874 s h h s b h s y u f E g sh-
lan a e e oardgu g k yb s [5]. T e ot er common e oard la o t i t e ora and i pported pop larh h k yb y u s h Dv k s su by u
operatin temg sys s.
omp ter Mo eC u us
T e de i ner o t e P mo e i o la arl n el art T e primar P mo e made in t e ah s g f h C us s D ug s C E g b . h y C us , h 1960s w s
de cri ed a t e po ition pointer or a di pla tems b s h X-Y s f s y sys [5]. t a later called a mo e in li t o t e act t atI w s us gh f h f h
t e lin too a ter a mo e tail T e primar roadl acce i le mice ere o ered Micro o t in and ith k k f us 's . h y b y ss b w ff by s f 1983 s
pre alence a relentle l de eloped o er earv h s ss y v v y s
Pre ent da Tec nolo ies - y h g s
Protocols
A protocol i an a reement et een partie on o a corre pondence ill occ rs g b w s h w s w u . Protocol ite t at nction atsu s h fu
et or la er areN w k y ro ta leu b or ro ted protocol T e ta le elou s. h b b w mmari e ome ro ta le protocolsu z s s u b s;
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Protocol e criptionD s
o tin in ormationR u g f
protocol Ps (RI )
P i a orce l protocol t pe tili in di tance ector al orit m t i ed inRI s f fu y u z g s v g h . I s us
A and A and a a ma im m capa ilit o opL Ns W Ns h s x u b y f 15 h s[2].
nterior ate a ro tinI g w y u g
protocol P(IGR )
P nterior ate a Protocol i a protocol made i coIGR (I g w y ) s by C s .
t maintain m ltiple metric or ro te to et er it dela load and idtI s u s f u s [2] g h w h y- , b w h
and relia ilitb y.
pen orte t pat ir tO sh s h f s
P(OS F)
pen orte t Pat ir t P i cate ori ed a lin tate ro tin protocolO Sh s h F s (OS F) s g z s k s u g [2].
P operate in t e internet protocolOS F s h .
n anced interiorE h
ate a ro tin protocolg w y u g
P(EIGR )
P protocol ma e e o optimi ation to red ce ro tin n teadineEIGR k s us f z u u g u s ss,
and idt and proce in po er a e in t e ro terb w h ss g w us g h u .
order ate a ProtocolB G w y
P(BG )
order ate a Protocol P maintain a ta le or nternet protocol PB G w y (BG ) s b f I (I )
net or t at t en a t ori e t e net or reac in a ilitw ks h h u h z s h w k h g b y.
ntermediate tem toI Sys
ntermediate temI Sys (ISIS)
T i protocol i tili ed to determine t e e t a to promote data ram in ah s s u z h b s w y g
pac et itc ed net ork sw h w k.
nternet peed ro tI S G w h
T e peed o internet ro at t e rate o per earh s f g ws h f 50% y . T e orm la or calc latin internet peed ro th f u f u g s g w h
is c n*1.5^ , n i t e ear c i a con tant elo i a ample i re and ta le o in t e ro t o internets h y s, s s . B w s s f gu b sh w g h g w h f
peeds .
eary 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
itkb s/s 1.2 2.7 6.1 13.7 30.8 69.2 155.7 350.3 788.2
eary 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
itkb s/s 788.2 1773.5 3990.3 8978.2 20200.9 45452.1 102267 230101
nternet peed ro t i reI s g w h f gu
5

man centric de i n a pect pre entHu - s g s s ( s )
ince t e mid en t e i e o or in en ironment related m c lo eletal i e M a increa edS h -1990s, wh h ssu f w k g v us u sk ssu ( SD) h s s
ar reac in con ideration T ere i re irement or intere t in rnit re and P perip eral t at aref h g s . h s qu f s s fu u C h s h
er onomicall intended to a oid or in en ironment related o ndg y v w k g v w u s. T e ollo in are ideline or e ecti eh f w g gu s f ff v
and pain ree comp ter e-f u us :
 e ad ted to allo o r arm to re t at a de ree an le to t e e oardB jus w y u s s 90- g g h k yb
 Allo eparation o monitor and e oardw s f k yb .
 a e a c air t at pport o r ac in an pri t eated po ition it a li t arc t at ma or ma notH v h h su s y u b k u gh s s w h s gh h h y y
contain a l m ar roll or t e lo er acu b f h w b k
 Po ition t e monitor to e directl in ront o o at lea t inc e and at e e le els h b y f f y u ( s 18 h s) y v
 eep eet lat on t e loor it t e le in a parallel po ition and or t e erticall c allen ed a ootre tK f f h f w h h gs s , f h v y h g , f s
ma e neededy b
 in a ard cop doc ment e a doc ment older to eep it at e e le elIf us g h - y u , us u h k y v
or t e mo ile er contemplate a e recorded di erent client et p ic re larl incorporate nonF h b us s, s h v ff s u s, wh h gu y -
impartial tance t at client recei e en tili in er atile inno ation alon ide ome con irmation propo ins s, h s v wh u z g v s v , gs s f s g
t at more dra n o t term o tili ation i related it more di treh w u f u z s w h s ss. t i ad i a le t at er don t tic in anI s v s b h us s ’ s k y
i en po t re or too long v s u f g.
t re o comp ter net or and net or in tec nolo ieFu u f u w ks w k g h g s
T e t re o comp ter net or in a een e peciall di ic lt to predict eca e ith fu u f u w k g h s b s y ff u b us i tec nicall comples h y x,
net or operate on orld ide cale and are ell commerciali ed ma in it c allen in or o er er tow ks w -w s w z , k g h g g f bs v s
6

nder tand c allen e and ee trend o e eru s h g s s s. H w v , i net or tec nolo ro t contin e a ic l a it a inf w k h gy’s g w h u s s qu k y s h s
t e pre io ear e ill a e n mero ad tment in t re ere are a e e ampleh v us y s, w w h v u us jus s fu u . H f w x s:
o t are e ined et or inS f w D f N w k g (SDN)
o t are e ined et or in i a recent arc itect re t at i d namic rea ona le practical er atile andS f w -D f N w k g (SDN) s h u h s y , s b , , v s
e pect to ma e tem coordinated and adapta le t ill li el en ance arran e control p inx s k sys s b [7]. I s w k y h g by ush g
ine e to react a ter to c an in ine re irementbus ss s f s h g g bus ss qu s. arc itect re compri e t ree la er a o nSDN h u s s h y s s sh w
in t e i re eloh f gu b w;
lo d omp tinC u C u g
lo d comp tinC u u g re er to con e ance o comp tin er ice data a e anal tic net or in o t are andf s v y f u g s v s, b s s, y s, w k g, s f w
ot er ia nterneth s v I [8]. t re o clo d center aro nd rid and m lti clo d deplo mentFu u f u s u hyb u - u y s.
rid ol tion o ld impl t at or load ill nat rall mo e to t e mo t treamlined and inanciall aHyb s u s sh u y h w k s w u y v h s s f y s vvy
condition in li t o e ec tion need ec rit in ormation re idenc application or load alitie end client, gh f x u s, s u y, f s y, w k qu s, -
re e t and acti itqu s v y.
ntelli ent et or inI g N w k g
An intelli ent net or i a net org w k (IN) s w k e n ell omm nication e earc t e con entional rame orb gu by B C u s R s h h v f w k
tandard ran e t a e panded telecom capacitie pa t it intere tin a ic limit o empo erin p one calls g . I h s x 's s s s s g b s f w g h s.
7

A later orm o called Ad anced ntelli ent et or A pre ent t e po i ilit o an admini trationf f IN v I g N w k ( IN) s s h ss b y f s
a tonomo en ineerin ma in it imple to add ne admini tration it o t in tallin ne telep one earu us g g k g s w s s w h u s g w h g .
oTI
T e nternet o T in i a net or o comp tin e ipment mec anical and comp teri ed mac ine articleh I f h gs s w k f u g qu , h u z h s, s,
creat re or indi id alu s v u s t at e en or and AP to connect and data e c an e ia nternet oT depend onh us s s s Is x h g v I . I s
tec nolo ie c a application pro rammin inter ace AP i ata mana ement tool predicti eh g s su h s g g f s ( Is), B g D g s, v
anal tic A and mac ine learnin t e clo d andy s, I h g, h u radio re enc-f qu y identi icationf (RFID).
8

e erenceR f s
1. ta ord "A rie i tor omp ter et or Tec nolo i al l "[1] K. S ff , B f H s y Of C u N w k h gy | V su . y ,
i al l
V su . y nline, 2018. [O ].
A aila le ttp i al l comm nit in o rap ic tec nolo rie i tor comp ter net orv b : h s://v su . y/ u y/ f g h / h gy/b f-h s y- u - w k-
tec nolo Acce ed Ah gy. [ ss : 28- ug- 2018].
2. "T pe o o tin Protocol P P P P P P Protocol[2] y f R u g - RI - IGR - OS F - EG - EIGR - BG - ISIS s |
ree ima n o com"F W xI f . ,
ree ima n o com
F W xI f . nline A aila le, 2018. [O ]. v b :
ttp ree ima in o com ro tin protocol t pe tml Acce ed Ah ://f w x f . / u g- - y s.h . [ ss : 28- ug- 2018].
3. er and a n A protocol or pac et net or intercomm nication[3] V. C f R. K h , “ f k w k u ,”
Tran omm n
IEEE s. C u ol., v .
M ppCO -22,1974, . 637–648.
4. i iccio n ine ield and Mannin Alternati e or interconnection o p lic pac et[4] V. D C , C. Su sh , J. F , E. g, “ v s f f ub k
itc in data net orsw h g w ks,”
Proc t ata omm n mp
. 6 h D C u . Sy o A M pp., N v. 1979, C /IEEE, . 120–125.
5. A Mpit iopo lo "A rie i tor o e oard t e irt o t e Mo e omp ter i tor "[5] . z u s, B f H s y f K yb s & h B h f h us - C u H s y , Tom's
ard are nline A aila le ttp tom ard are com re ie i tor oH w , 2018. [O ]. v b : h s://www. sh w . / v ws/h s y- f-
comp ter tml Acce ed Au s,4518-37.h . [ ss : 29- ug- 2018].
6. lar T e de i n p ilo op o t e A PA internet protocol[6] D. C k, “ h s g h s hy f h D R s,”
Proc MM mp
. SIGCO ’88 Sy .,
tan ord A ppS f , ug. 1988, . 106–114.
7. M o e " at i o t are de ined net or in e inition rom at com"[7] . R us , Wh s s f w - f w k g (SDN)? - D f f Wh Is. ,
earc
S hSDN,
nline A aila le ttp earc dn tec tar et com de inition o t are de ined net or in2018. [O ]. v b : h s://s hs . h g . / f /s f w - f - w k g-
Acce ed ASDN. [ ss : 28- ug- 2018].
8. onell " lo d comp tin Pa t pre ent and t re A ead in t e lo d "[8] C. D y, C u u g: s , s fu u - h h C u s ,
omp ter ee l com
C u w k y. ,
nline A aila le ttp comp ter ee l com lo A ead in t e lo d lo d2018. [O ]. v b : h s://www. u w k y. /b g/ h - - h -C u s/C u -
comp tin Pa t pre ent and t re Acce ed Au g- s - s - -fu u . [ ss : 28- ug- 2018].
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