Chronological Development and Future of Computer Networks and Networking Technologies

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................2
CHRONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT.....................................................................................................................2
HUMAN-CENTRIC DESIGN ASPECTS (PAST).......................................................................................................3
OSI MODEL.............................................................................................................................................................3
TCP/IP MODEL.......................................................................................................................................................3
NETWORK ACCESSORIES.............................................................................................................................................4
Keyboards........................................................................................................................................................4
Computer Mouse.............................................................................................................................................4
PRESENT-DAY TECHNOLOGIES..........................................................................................................................4
PROTOCOLS.............................................................................................................................................................4
INTERNET SPEED GROWTH...............................................................................................................................5
HUMAN-CENTRIC DESIGN ASPECTS (PRESENT).................................................................................................6
FUTURE OF COMPUTER NETWORKS AND NETWORKING TECHNOLOGIES..........................................................7
SOFTWARE DEFINED NETWORKING (SDN)....................................................................................................................7
CLOUD COMPUTING..................................................................................................................................................7
INTELLIGENT NETWORKING.........................................................................................................................................8
IOT........................................................................................................................................................................ 8
REFERENCES.....................................................................................................................................................9
1

Introduction
A computer network consists of a collection of computers and other hardware devices connected together using
communication channels or transmission media so that they can communicate with each other. A typical
computer network comprises of at least 2 computers, transmission media, network interface device and
network operating system software. There are two broad types of network configuration; peer-to-peer networks
and client/server networks.
Chronological development
The table below summarises the developments in Computer Networking.
Year Development
1940 Teletype machine was produced and utilized by George Stibitz to send guidelines from
his model in Dartmouth College to an adding machine in New York and got results in
same way [1].
1950’s Semi-Automatic Ground Environment(SAGE) and Military Radar System were developed
and used as early networks of communicating computers.
1960 Airline Reservation System SAMBRE (Semi-Automatic Business Research Environment)
was developed and used two connected mainframes.
1962 Intergalactic Computer Network was created by J.C.R Licklider to permit information
and projects in computers to be accessed in anyplace on the planet [1].
1964 Time sharing system was developed at Dartmouth for sparse users of huge computer
systems.
1965 Lawrence G. Roberts developed first WAN (Wide Area Network).
1972 Commercial services that used X.25 were created and deployed.
1996 Mr. Brent Townshend invented 56k modem [1].
2001 Home broadband entered standard use and grew quicker than web dial-up
administrations [1].
2010 100 Gigabit Ethernet was fully completed[1].
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Human-centric design aspects (past)
OSI Model
This model comprises of the following layers:
Physical Layer – This layer manages mechanical, electrical and timing issues. The protocols related with the
physical layer are reliant upon network type.
Data-link Layer – This layer handles communications between different network nodes. It has 2 sublayers, Media
Access Control (MAC) and Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayers.
Network Layer – It establishes paths for data movement via the network. It handles translation of logical
addresses to physical addresses.
Transport layer - This layer conveys messages between arranged hosts and the fracture and reassembly of
messages.
Session Layer – This layer handles sessions between the applications communicating.
Presentation Layer – This layer defines the linguistic structure that two PC network hosts use in communication.
Application Layer – It handles end-user services, such as emails, transfer of files, management of networks
among others.
TCP/IP Model
This model comprises of the following layers:
Host-to-Network Layer – At this layer, the host needs to interface with the system by means of some protocol
and the protocol must enable it to send IP packets.
Internet Layer - This layer licenses hosts to infuse packets into any system and travel autonomously to their
goal. Packet switching is the key capacity and Internet Protocol (IP) is in charge of guaranteeing that packets get
to the correct address.
Transport Layer - This does same functions as OSI Transport Layer. It utilizes Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
or User Datagram Protocol (UDP).
Application Layer - This layer is answerable for providing end-user services and compares to OSI application
layer.
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