Leadership and Management in Various Contexts

This assignment delves into the multifaceted world of leadership and management across different sectors. It examines leadership principles and styles through a lens of creativity, elite sport, organizational change, clinical biochemistry, project management, global leadership, diversity in academia, strategic management, and law enforcement. The analysis incorporates theoretical frameworks and practical examples to illustrate the application of leadership concepts in real-world settings.

Leadership and Management

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................2
Difference between the concept of management and leadership...........................................2
The difference between the concept of leadership and management.....................................3
Analysis of Transformational Leadership..............................................................................6
Management Development programme of Marks and Spencer.............................................9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
Leadership and management are mostly considered as a synonym but leadership is one of
most important part of management at workplace. Leadership is ability of a team leader or
manager to inspire, motivate, influence team members to accomplish set desired goals.
Leadership is considered as a process of directing, guiding and also influencing behaviour and
work performance of organisational members. A leader is a good listener, creative, innovative,
honest and capable of decision making. On the other hand, management is the art of getting
things done by manpower & with the available resources of the organisation. It basically
involves planning, organising, directing, coordinating, staffing & controlling the human,
financial and other resources of the organisation effectively to achieve business goals and
objectives successfully.
The report will outline about specific style of leadership that is “Transformational
leadership style”. Transformational Leadership helps leaders of firm in enhancing morale and
motivation level of employees for success of business organisation. Further the study will
identify Management development programme of Marks and Spencer with the motive of
focusing on leadership development.

MAIN BODY
Difference between the concept of management and leadership.
Leadership is the set of actions where a leader guides and supervise the work to its team
members or workers for the attainment and achievement of the objectives of the company. Not
everyone has a potential to be a leader, it requires a lot of knowledge, confidence, skills, patience
and enthusiasm to be an efficient leader. A leader is a good listener and is a person who is always
open to suggestions by the members of its team.
According to Amanchukwu, 2015, Leadership is an activity that involves an individual
who lead and it involves people who take orders, therefore it is a two-way process. To be a good
leader there is no specific style available but the leader should be dynamic in nature who can
change the style of leadership with the given situation to get the best result. Further,
Paliszkiewicz, 2015, stated that there are a lot of leadership styles like autocratic style which
suggest difference of leading where a leader gives order and assignsduties to its employees
where the power lies with the leader itself and employees are not allowed to give suggestions and
decisions are made by the leader. However, Berson, 2016, discussed about democratic leadership
style where the leader leads its team members by welcoming their ideas and suggestions as well.
The leader encourages team to participate in decision making and also the leader listens top each
and every member of the organisation and then come up with the best decision. This encourages
the workers to give their best performance and motivates them as they think they are being
recognised. According to Arnold, 2015, free rein leader never interferes in the life of its
subordinates. This style lacks responsibility and authority, and there is no control on the
employees. It enhances friendship among the groups and give flexibility to people in working
which affects the productivity of the company.
The last style of leadership is paternalistic approach where leader consider as father and
its members as children and guides them throughout and protect them like a child (Mertkan, and
et.al., 2017). This is suitable for the firms where the workers are teenagers or are young in age
but companies with mature adults cannot follow this type of approach as adults will not like it
and it will lead to irritation among the employees which will decrease the productivity.
Management simply means getting things done by others by using human resources in a
most effective manner to achieve goals of company in a specified time limit, it is required
everywhere. It includes various functions from planning, organising, coordinating etc. According
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to Roberson, 2016, Management involves leadership, taking decisions and coordinating its
employees and their work all together.
Management is considered both as a science as well as art as it involves observation of situation
then analysing the problem and providing the solution to the problem and it is an art as well.
Manager of the company Marks and Spencer has to deal with complexities everyday from
competitors to maintaining quality of the product and therefore he needs to be intelligent, skilled,
knowledgeable and dynamic in nature where in any situation he can come up with the solution.
The importance of management has increased a lot in recent years where each and every
company needs a manager. For example, in Marks and Spencer the management focuses on
involving employees in the decision making process to have sense of responsibility. The
employees of Marks and Spencer report their working to the higher authorities mainly manager.
Further, here are lot of employees who motivates the employee and manager follow democratic
style of leadership in the company and create friendly environment of working. (Xu, 2016).
The scope of management is growing day by day, the degree of management can be done
in various fields like finance, human resource management, e-commerce etc. This all fields have
their own specialisation and expertise and by studying them future managers get ready.
The difference between the concept of leadership and management.
BASIS OF DIFFERENCE Leadership Management
Meaning Potential of an individual to
persuade or influence them by
their own behaviour and
motivate to put in their best
efforts for the organisation to
achieve success efficiently and
smoothly depicts leadership.
Management means getting
things done through others in
an efficient manner to achieve
goals of the organisation. It
includes various steps like
planning staffing, etc. and is
needed at every stage of
workplace.
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Area of focus Leadership deals with
managing people. The leader
make sure that the followers
are motivated and stay
influenced to achieve common
goal.
Management focuses on
managing work with optimum
utilisation of resources and to
achieve objectives of the firm
within specifictime frame.
Personality Personality of leaders is
mostly charming, smart and
intelligent. People love to
follow them and listen to them.
They themselves tend to be a
good listener with soothing
personality and utmost
knowledge and intelligence
with dynamic personality
which helps them, to change
their behaviour according to
the situations.
Manger's personality is more
likely to be a person who solve
problems and have logical
explanations of each and every
issue. Manager's focus is on
fulfilling work tasks and
utilising resources with a
practical approach.
Involvement It involves people as without
followers there cannot be any
leader. Evert leader needs a
follower which give them
strength to work harder.
It involves a line and series of
tasks and without work there
cannot be any management
because ultimately the goal is
to manage work and to attain
business objectives.
Risk Leaders are mostly risk takers
as they have bunch of followers
and also leaders are more likely
to be daring.
Manager tries to averse the risk
as they take calculative risk
which cannot affect the
organisation.
Thinking process Mostly involved heart when
thinking and taking decision.
Mostly involved mind when
taking decisions.
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Responsibility Delegate their responsibilities
to followers and work with
them and for them.
Delegate their responsibilities
to subordinates and workers
and make sure they are
working efficiently.
Orders through Leaders give orders by their
power of influence and
personality which has an
impact on others and leader
gain followers.
Managers need position and
authority to show their power
and give orders to workers and
subordinates.
Functions Leadership involves listening,
motivating, inspiring, building
relationships within the group
and teamwork within the
individuals.
It involves planning,
organising, directing,
coordinating and controlling
people (Berson, 2016).
Science and art Leadership is an art that not
everyone is capable of doing.
It involves skills.
Management is both art and
science. It involves skills as
well as systematic approach
and experimentation.
Communication Based on oral and verbal
communication.
Based on written
communication.
Encourages Leaders encourages creativity,
ideas, innovations and change
in the organisation.
Management encourages
stability and growth of the
organisation in order to
achieve success of the
organisation.
Problem solving Approach to solve problems is
to come up with creative
solutions, motivating
employees and give the best
results.
Approach to solve problems is
to make strategies to work
smoothly. To solve the
problem rules and policies are
implemented effectively.
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Leadership and management concept are both very important and essential for an
organisation and enhance the working and performance of the administration. Neither of them is
superior or inferior, all are just different from each other but go hand in hand. If a manger
manages its work but has the quality of a leader, it will help the manager to control its workers
and work more efficiently and on the other hand if leader possesses the trait of manager where
leader can manage the employees and can lead them towards the attainment of goal (Western,
2019).
Analysis of Transformational Leadership.
Transformational Leadership style helps the leader in encouraging, motivating and
inspiring the employees of the organisation for successful attainment of business goals and
objectives. With the help of such leadership style new and innovative methodology, concepts of
performing work are determined by the motivated employees of organisation. In this style, leader
works with their team member to evaluate or assess any changes required, develops strategies for
making such changes accordingly. According to Armstrong, 2015, Transformational leader is a
person stimulating, motivating, encouraging and inspiring the team member to achieve desired
business goals and objectives. Transformational Leadership helps the organisation in enhancing
the morale, motivation level of the employees for the success of business organisation. It also
helps in evaluating the job performance of employees by understanding strengths and
weaknesses of employees. Transformational Leadership Style contains following characteristic:
 Enhances the authenticity and a sense of cooperation among employees;
 Ensures open communication in the organisation;
 Focuses on motivation and growth development factor;
 Emphasizes on ethical working environment having good code of conduct, clear values
and standards
 Creating a business culture in which employees are more dedicated towards achievement
of organisational goal rather than personal goals and objectives
 Provides training sessions, induction programmes, coaching & allows employees in
taking ownership & relevant decisions of tasks.
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Jørgensen, 2017, stated that Transformational leaders inspire employees to change
expectations, perceptions and motivations to work towards common goals with shared
perspective. Transformational leaders take care about the personal needs, desire and the
development necessary for followers.
Transformational leaders fosters motivation level, confidence level, improves the
performance & morale of team member with the help of different mechanisms which helps in
connecting team members with project. For enhancing performance level, a role model inspires,
challenges for seeking initiatives for task ownership and determines strengths and weaknesses of
members. Transformational leadership style also focuses on enlightenment of leadership
development programme to motivate & inspire team members and employees so that their
performance level improves and increases leading to success of business organisation. The 4
components of Transformational leadership are as follows:
1. Idealized Influence (II) – Transformational leaders serve as a role model for its
followers in positive aspect which influences others to become like the leader.
Willingness to take risk and establishing & adopting the code of conduct, values,
standards, ethical principles in the process for the successful attainment of organisational
goals.
2. Inspirational Motivation (IM) – This aspect helps leaders in in boosting confidence
level of employees which improves the performance level for future success of the
organisation. Inspirational motivation can be defined as the ability of leader to encourage,
inspire, motivate and build confidence in the followers. The future goal of the
organisation should have a clear and precise vision which has to be communicated
properly to each followers and work towards the achievement of such future goal in-spite
of focusing on achieving individual goal.
3. Intellectual Stimulation and Creativity (IS) – The leader emphasizes on followers to be
more creative and innovative in performing a particular task. The leader also ensures that
followers participate in decision making process, management programmes, group
discussion. Followers should evolve new solutions, techniques, methods, concepts, ideas
and thoughts for solving different types of tasks and problems of the organisation. Leader
helps the followers in succeeding in their efforts by providing a clear vision about
business goals and how to achieve goal.
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4. Individualized Consideration (IC) – This element of transformational leadership
focuses on determining each team member or follower's specific needs and desires. Thus,
by seeking personal attention of leader, each team member feels self-actualised and it
helps in building trust amongst the members of the organisation. As each team member
has some needs which are required to be fulfilled with time as per Maslow's Hierarchy of
needs theory, which helps in motivating & inspiring the employees of the organisation
and thus helps in successful attainment of organisational goal on time effectively. For
example, some employees get motivated by hike in their respective salary while some get
motivated with promotion in their job post. The leader always recognise which factor
motivates employees and how it affects & improves the performance level of such
motivated employee, what changes the organisation is getting from such motivated
employees’ performance.
In transformational leadership, these 4 components named Idealised Attributes & behaviours,
Inspirational Motivation, Intellectual Stimulation and Individualized Consideration together
become Transformational leadership behaviour.
Transformational leadership have 5 personality traits which are as follows:
1. Extraversion – Extraversion defines the personality having characteristic such as
enthusiastic, friendliness, cheerful, shows affiliation towards other. A person having such
personality traits like to participate in social gatherings, meetings and also enjoy being
with people, always remain full of energy & feels comfortable.
2. Neuroticism – Also known as ' Emotional Stability ' which defines the person' s ability to
remain stable, calm and balanced. Neuroticism individual when have high score are more
moody than average one and this can be understood by emotion such as anger, anxiety,
depression etc.
3. Openness to experience – Innovative and creative ideas, thoughts, methods, expression
and emotion responsiveness are linked with tendency of an individual of openness to
experience.
4. Agreeableness – One of the main personality traits which defines that how an individual
behaves differently in organisation, society and social boundaries. The characteristic of
an individual behaviour can be determined by emotions such as kind, cooperative,
sympathy etc.
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5. Conscientiousness – The word conscientiousness belongs to the personality traits of
remaining careful, aware, diligent and conscious. It implies the desire of performing a
task well and in such manner, which helps the organisation in achieving successfully the
set desired business goals and objectives effectively. Conscientious person is more
organised, capable & efficient in performing and achieving both individual and
organisation goal as a whole as compared to non-conscientious, easy going person.
As per the views of Western, 2019, Transformational leadership style creates and fosters
climate which challenges the team members, employees and managers to evolve and develop
new, creative and innovative ways of forecasting, planning and thinking and thus encourages in
the implementation of new tasks, projects along with a clear vision. The transformational
leadership style is an inspirational, motivational and encouraging theory which helps the
organization in re-framing the future business goals and objectives.
Thus, transformational leadership practices result in high level of employee satisfaction,
high performance levels, high confidence and motivation level among team members and leader.
Transformational leaders design a clear vision by looking towards future and relevant changes
required in future both for team member and organisation for betterment and successful
attainment of individual and organisational goals as a whole.
Management Development programme of Marks and Spencer
Management development programme is type of training programme which is designed to
enhance and develop management skills of managers. This programme establishes self-
awareness, helps in sharing and learning practices with colleagues to enhance each other’s
abilities. It enhances managing skills and also help in gaining management tools and techniques.
Management Development Programme of Marks and Spencer focuses on developing
understanding among employee to manage own work by creating management training
programme. M and S is one of the leading multinational retailers and therefore focus of
management is on identifying growth and training needs of workers with regard to vision,
mission and business objectives. It is mainly based on three key aspects which are discussed
below: consists of -
Managing self
In accordance with this managing self stage programme management of Marks and
Spencer focuses on welcoming of members of the programme with welcome message and
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further with group introduction. The UK based employee of supermarket chain now are now
able to wor with international people which include suppliers, co-workers and also different
customers. This programme enable them to manage themselves when they will work with
international people. It creates variation among people in the company on managing themselves,
and to manage international projects. Marks and Spencer set out 3-year plan strategy for self-
awareness of the employees. It also makes individual development plan for its employees so that
they can be aware of where they stand in the company. Managing self is considered as an
essential part for the purpose of developing good and effective leadership techniques, skills and
attributes. In accordance with this phase focusing on leadership is essential concern. where
Marks and Spencer can consider the group discussion as an important factor as by that the
company figure out from the employees' interaction that who among them has leadership quality.
(Management development programme, 2018).
Managing people – In management development programme the second point to focus
after managing self is managing people. It helps in enhancing the performance of the company
and people as well. If people are managed it will automatically make the work efficient. In
Marks and Spencer, the focus of management is on increasing awareness of people about their
culture . It makes cultural perspective as a centre point to develop curiosity among employees to
learn about different global markets and manage its people through engaging workforce which is
different in culture and dynamics with motivation. The managers of M and S are focused on
managing equality and diversity among the employees which helps the business in making
coordination and innovation in working practices. It also manages conflicts between its
employees and manage them through coaching as well. Organising and conducting training
sessions, induction programmes and management workshops helps the organisation in
determining the strengthens, weaknesses, needs, aspirations of diverse employees which on
fulfilment satisfy and motivates employees and thus improves their work performance leading to
effective attainment of organisation goals timely. To increase leadership among people the Mark
and Spencer should create groups of people and should make them do team building activities to
see who emerges as a leader.
Managing work – The last step is to manage work. It involves creative thinking,
innovation decision making and providing solutions. In this step the company seek for a
partnership among employees to enhance results. Managers of Marks and Spencer delegated
their work among different departments to ensure cooperation among employee and to mange
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systematic flow of work. Defined business goals by team leader or managers helps the
employees and organisation as well in successful attainment of future goals. As the work is
divided between different departments and company focuses on dividing responsibilities between
each and every worker so the company through delegating work among the workers can enhance
the leadership among each and every individual and create discipline among the disciplines when
they work for the company.
In Marks and Spencer, the focus needs to be on managing leadership programme. To
enhance leadership skills among people the employees are recognised who has influenced and
motivated members in the company globally. It has organized management development
programme for this emerging leader to develop global mindset and cultural competence which
will help them to manage people more efficiently. The company should provide them with
training to deal with international market and its environment so that it can develop the
leadership skills of the employee.(Mendenhall and et.al., 2017).
In accordance with Management development programme of Marks and Spencer, it can
be said that it is important for the firm to imply to use of Transformational leadership style. In
this leadership style, employees of Marks and Spencer can be inspired, motivated and
encouraged for achieving the organisational goals and objectives effectively. The team leader in
Marks and Spencer consults with its team member before making final decision as a result of
which employees or team member feels motivated and inspired. There will be a group influence
in the final decision; even through it is made by the leader. Transformational leadership style
creates and fosters climate which challenges the team members, employees and managers to
evolves and develop new, creative and innovative ways of forecasting, planning and thinking and
thus encourages in the implementation of new tasks, projects along with a clear vision. The
transformational leadership style is an inspirational, motivational and encouraging theory which
helps the organization in re-framing the future business goals and objectives.
The management development programme carried out by Marks and Spencer need to be
focused on enhancing the leadership style. Leaders in an organisation are responsible individual
who will help retailer in accelerating team performance as a whole by organising a workshop on
improving and enhancing the communication skills of team member. Conflict among team
member will also be resolved by leader timely by understanding the reason and matter of
conflict. Employees of Marks and Spencer are provided a one – day training programme so that
employees can learn and build dynamic workforce by inculcating more creative, innovative and
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new ideas, concepts and thoughts for solving problems. Also, Communicaid's workshop has been
organised by Marks and Spencer emphasizing on Leadership development among employees and
leaders for betterment of the organisation and individual growth.
CONCLUSION
From above report it can be concluded that both leadership and management are different
concept but go hand in hand. Leadership is ability of a team leader or manager to inspire,
motivate, influence team towards accomplishment of desired goals. Whereas, management is a
term which basically involves planning, organising, directing, coordinating, staffing &
controlling the human, financial and other resources of the organisation effectively to achieve
business goals and objectives successfully. Later, it discussed about transformational leadership
style which shows that for achievement of organisational and individual goals, the employees
have a clear vision about future goal which is designed by leader and helps team member in
performing their task effectively.
At last it summed up about the management development programme adopted by the Marks
and Spencer company for enhancing and developing management skills of managers, team
members and employees of the organisation as a whole for betterment of both individual and
organisational goal achievement. It also focuses on enlightenment of leadership development
programme to motivate & inspire its employees so that their performance level improves.
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REFERENCES
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Lock, D., 2017. The essentials of project management. Routledge.
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