Literature Review and Analysis of Tourism Studies

This assignment involves a thorough examination of various studies related to tourism, covering topics like sustainable tourism, dark tourism, volunteer tourism, cultural heritage tourism, and more. It includes a critical review of existing literature and analysis of contemporary issues in the field, providing insights into the latest trends and debates in tourism research.

CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN TRAVEL
AND TOURISM

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
From the report, it can easily summaries that range of different source will be impacted the
ocean park. As the issues such as security and advanced technology will bring the huge impact
on the organisation as will travel and tourism industry. The most important driver changes are
the economy of the nation for the growth and development of the business. The various trend of
inbound and outbound will influence the tourism in the Hong Kong due to national parks, art
gallery and theme park will be affected by the business operations. As it is important for the
organisation to know the climatic condition for a better response. Also, the exchange rate and
currency rate will effect on the travel and tourism sector. From the SWOT analysis of the ocean
park, it can be easily identified that organisation needs to consider the strength to overcome with
weakness and brings the better opportunity to reduce the threat will help more development of
firms. The various strategy must follow to implement the changes for to get better customer and
brand loyalty in the tourism sector. The most important impact changes can be analysed for
various changes for better busies operation. From the consequence of the ocean park, it can
effect on the image of the business and which is important to overcome with better strategy
implementation.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
A) Range of reliable secondary source, analyse any issues that drive change in the travel and
tourism sector and Ocean Park...............................................................................................3
B) Trend in inbound and outbound tourism are influencing changes in the travel and tourism
sector in Hong Kong Ocean Park and the trend could affect business...................................5
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
A) SWOT analysis of Ocean Park and most important changes that the organisations need to
make.......................................................................................................................................6
B) Strategy that ocean park should follow to implement the changes discussed...................7
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................8
A) Impact of changes in organizational structure taking place in travel and tourism sector. 8
B) Consequence of Ocean Park business failing to respond to change taking place in the
sector.......................................................................................................................................9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Contemporary issues in travel and tourism is an important aspect which gives negative
impact on the business. The increasing travel and tourism activities in different countries have also
increased the number of travellers and visitors. It often results in enhancing the image of destination
among the market so it can be visited by many other people. Ocean Park is The chosen theme park for
the better understanding of these report have Nature of business is to entertainment and
educations. They have huge infrastructure and proper security facilities for better experience of
the visitors. The aim of a theme park is to offer getting the better business contributione to the
travel and tourism sector. Structure of ocean parkOcean Park is consisted of which can bring the
various task and to management in the organisationentertainment activities to accomplish the
motive of divisions. y have been all the division from the Classification of divisions can be as
Director to the human resource, marketing, finance, operation and information, and technology.
Basis information in which have been the compromise of two main areas one is waterfront and
summit, subdivided into eight attraction zones, Amazing Asian Animals, Aqua city, whiskers
harbour, Marine world, polar adventure land, Thrill Mountain and the rainforest. Present study
will provide detailed study of structural values related to tourism sector. Also, details of
contemporary issues can also be understand properly with help of outcomes.
TASK 1
A) Range of reliable secondary source, analyse any issues that drive change in the travel and
tourism sector and Ocean Park.
Travel and tourism sector plays has the most important role for every nation in development
and growth. There are various issues which have been emerged recently ing which can also
drives changes in this the sector. It can be easily shown that these drive changes also helpsful for
Ocean Park to meet sustainability. The following issues that have been the drive in the sector are
classified such as: Need for increased security: These are the key issues that drive changes in the travel and
tourism sector in order to maintain standards. It is which required to increase the
securitysecurity of various place in the nation to attract fill more tourist. It is necessary to
to bring theirmake more comfortable journey for the travellers (Pearce and Rossi, 2013).
Also, restriction of various liquid in the aircraft which can be the part of passenger
handbag It has been identified that . Tthere is are various food products which is are

hazardous and maycontain material can be the impact on the health of others. It is
important for the security to have to check each and everything at the airport or other
public places. Ocean Park has to developa different security system in the whole park all
rules and regulation is important to follow all the visitors. It is necessary to ensure that
standards are offering key values in terms of sustainability. Advance in technology: From the threat of vVarious terrorism activities also will impact
on the travel at some point. The fear of travel in the Islamic nation is also one of the
major problems. nowadays ad it gives fear to a visitor.It impacts the behavioural
perception of travellers at great context. So it is important to arrange all new technology
within operations as it helps to to connect with thesedeal with the issues (Baker, 2014).
Ocean Park has need to develop the better technology in for the security measures
monitoring so that to the entertainment of better facilities to the tourist can be provided in
order to all the various equipment are attracting more tourism. State of the economy: These can be the major issues in the drive changes which can
bring the adverse situation in travel and tourism sector. Due to the economic slowdown in
the nation the will affect various business operations can be influenced. The flow of
tourist between a home region and destination can be measure by evaluatingas income,
employment, a balance of payment, investment and development (Benckendorff and
Zehrer, 2013). These are the issue related to the economy. Ocean park is affected with
such these kinds of drive changes ins such low level of income. It due tocreates situation
of less international visitors in the last few years have been decreased. Wwhich hascan
caused the profits of organizations.
 Emerging of a new market: The changes in the lifestyle of the people will also one of the
issues of key drive changes in the travel and tourism. Some other changes that can cause
the sector such as fragmentation of market on the basis of growth of more niche market
and also increase the discerning visitors. Rapid emerging of the market in less developed
nations (Kaminski, Benson, and Arnold, 2013). Due to supply changes in terms of
increasing high competition and development of new destination. From the government
side, various changes such as for encouraging privatization in the nations. Ocean Park
gets the benefits from these changes in terms of business operations for more business

due to customer lifestyle and various development emerging in the nations (Davidson,
Smith and Bondi, 2012).
B) Trends within thein inbound and outbound tourism are influencing changes in the travel and
tourism sector ofin Hong Kong Ocean Park and these trends could also affect
businessesbusiness.
There are is the various key trends related to the in inbound and outbound in travel and
tourism which are influencing the various changes in the travel and tourism sector. Entertainment
values of force are key considerations. The growth of technology in the industry will be the
benefited tocan help travel and tourism for more development. Inbound and outbound of Hong
Kong tourism aresuch as follows:
Inbound: Coaches travel packages: These are inbound changes in travel and tourism which can be
attracted to the more tourists with the help ofas per the various travel agents by givinge
discountsa discount in order to attract more travellers.e tourist. National parks: These are the various attractiveon destination for travel and tourism. In
Tthe Hong Kong tourism bodies have decided to make destinations with natural beauty. Industrial heritage sites: These can be easily influenced by the tourist within into the
ocean park. As the industrial heritage sites will bring new things in front of people that
can effectively lower the income for ocean park business (Buda and McIntosh, 2013). Museum and art galleriesgallery : These can be attract and influence influenced more
tourism sector in Hong Kong ocean park as tourist need to visit various art gallery and
museum can be attract edmore tourists towards the ocean park for to getting some
entertainment and relaxation (Hall, 2013). Theme parks : Ocean Park will influence to the more tourists in the nation which brings
high attraction for all the level of people from children to young age, even older age
people will also be attracted towards the Ocean Park.
Outbound: Improved and more predictable climate: Thisese can be the major outbound trend that
can will influence more tourism in the nation. If the climate condition has been improved
and it can be predictable to plan on for various destination.

 Cost of air flight has overall become cheaper: Exchanges rates and currency issues have
been simplified: Due to the economy, downward sloping nation exchanges rate and
currency issues have been simplified to influence tourism (Stone, 2013).
The above inbound and outbound trend will affect business operation in the nations which
can bring more pressure on local people. The high price of various things due to which inbound
and outbound trends will emerge in the nations (Thomas, 2012.). Business operation of ocean
park will be affected because people will be less interested towards them park making es the low
level of income ,and visitor needs new destination and places.
TASK 2
A) SWOT analysis of Ocean Park and most important changes that the organisations need to
make.
Theme park attracts the tourist offor all the ages. But there are a various strengths strength,
weaknesses of the ocean park as well as and but due to the opportunity to grow more business.
Also, the threats are bringing s the lower level of attraction towards the businesses (Fennell,
2015). From the SWOT it can be easily identifiedy the ocean park and on the basis of this
analysed is., it will help to make several changes which have are the most impact on the
business.
Strength:
• Low cost and lower overhead: These can be the strength of the ocean park with their lower
cost of various servers, for the common people can afford to get the experience of Ocean Park.
Also, the overhead cost is also low such as marketing cost of the park will be less which can
bring more cost saving due to high publicity received get from the visitors.
• Good locations: Ocean Park located at Wong Chuk hang Hong Kong Island which can be
attracted for more tourism from across the globe.
• Good internal communications: These can be the strength of the ocean park that, internal
communication in the ocean park is better due to effective management focusing to make a
comfortable visit for the visitors (Baker, 2014). The various signboards are placed to understand
the different things for the tourists and employees working inside a park.
• Well motivated staffs: Ocean Park has the well-motivated staffs in the organization which
makes a positive environment and serve the better service to each and every visitors.
Weaknesses:

• Lack of flexibility: These can be athe major weaknesses for the organisation. Due to lack of
flexibility inside the park, for visitors can be the hindrances in the business (Stone, 2012).
• A computer system that needs to updating or replacing: Thisese can be another weakness
for the organisation as the tourism will face many problems. A computer system that needs to be
updated for a more rapid operational task and better services can be provided to the customer
(Wearing and McGehee, 2013.). Also, time consumeding in various operation is more due to
these computer systems.
• Limited product's expertise: These can be the major weakness for Ocean Park as they have
limited products' expertise. Due to limited expertise, visitor face difficulty at the time when of
any obstacle occurs in front of Ocean Park.
Opportunity:
For the ocean park Ffollowing are the opportunitiesy in front of Ocean park them which will
change the impact.
• Weak competitions: It can be the opportunity for the business as that can get the weak
competition from a competitor will be a high opportunity for Ocean Park to make more profits.
• Expanding market: These can be the most important opportunity for the organisation as they
can expand thea business in order to grow and develop various places as well it will help to get
more business from different locations (Thomas, 2012).
Threat:
• New legislation in pipelines that will be bad for the market: These can be the major threat to
the organizations (Sharpley and Telfer, 2014). As the new legislation in pipelines that will be bad
for the market. These will hindrance to the firms in terms of goodwill affected.
• Expensive legal action pending: These can be a threat for the ocean park with the expensive
legal action pending of all the previous cases are affected the business of Ocean Park.
B) Strategy that ocean park should follow to implement the changes discussed.
There are the various situations which bring the ocean park on the other level. It is important
to develop the strategy in terms of the better growth and development of the business.
Implementation of following strategy brings changes for Ocean Park: Marketing plan: It is necessary to attract more customer and changes made according to
the requirement of organisations (Hartmann, 2014). The various marketing concept and
produces will help to bring better growth and development for business.

 Marketing strategy: It is important for the ocean park which can help to set the effective
strategy of all the marketing to achieve the objective of organisations. It can be included
such as mission statement of ocean parks should be clearly defined. Marketing mix: it will help to bring the changes in the products, price, promotion, and
distribution of the ocean park if have adopted in a better way. It will help to make the
specific target group of the customer which will help to motivate more development in
business operations. From the physical evidence and the process can be changed. These
can help to get a better return on investment in terms of effective investment made for the
future. Brand development: The marketing mix for the travel and tourism are the important
aspects as it will help to get more brand image and various development can take place at
Ocean Park. Brand development will help an organization to secure repeat purchase some
point of brand security (Dickinson, Ghali, and Norgate, 2014). At threat time Ocean Park
hashave to take the competitive advantages of their high brand loyalty. It is important for
the ocean park to focus on the branding to expand the business in the various locations.
Justification of decisions.
From the better implementation of the strategy it canshould be justified that if these elements
will be successful implemented, it can easily be justified that decisions will change in terms of
following things such as follows: Efficiency and effectiveness: it will be easily helpful as that various raw material used
for the ocean park can get utilised in a better manner. The overall operation efficiency
can be increased by decreasing the due to the less effective in costly and can seriously
affect the business profits of organisations. Costs: Within an in the organisation cost of different goods and services can that will
bring various changes and effect on the business operation of the business.
 Benefits: If the proper implementation of brand development and marketing mix is
applied itwhich can make an easy operation for the of ocean park.

TASK 3
A) Impact of changes in organizational structure taking place in travel and tourism sector.
In the travel and tourism impact of changes in organisational structure taking place for theto
better development of the sector. The following key area that can be an impact of changes such
as follows:
• Sector structure: In the travel and tourism sector due to various changes have been made
with thein a different obstacle in each and every organisation (Lyons, Hanley, Wearing and Neil,
2012). The reason behind is the nature of travel and tourism sector that can give a various
example of failures and short live firms. It is important for the organisations to expand their
business in different, locations with the analysis of all the factors which can help to reduce the
impact on business.
• Merger and acquisitions: If the organisation can merge with other firms to get more attract
moreion of customers with the people according to planning. Another step that can be taken for
impact changes is acquired the different organisation with all set up the operation with business
running in athe better manner way.
• Liquidations: These can be a major factor that can make organisation weaker. As the travel
and tourism changes due to low cash circulatedflow in the industry.
• Businesses: The various changes' madeker in the structuer of industry structure in the various
area will impact onf changes in organisation structures taking place in travel and tourism sector.
The changes that occurred due to privatization and globalization the whole industry will face
many challanges. The agent offers different packages while organisation has another discount
offer (Spenceley, 2012).
• Employment level: due to effective tourism according to the WTO it can be estimated that
more than 260 million people get employed in the travel and tourism. If the industry will grow
more than it can be affected toby the nations employment. of nation.
B) Consequence of Ocean Park business failing to respond to change taking place in the sector.
There a various consequence of ocean park business failing to respond to changes taking place
in the travel and tourism. The following consequence can include such as follows:
• Reduce profits margin and sales: Ocean park has been invested in a different business that
that can affect whole industry if the business will fail to earn the profits than other expenses can
not be beaer.. Also, the sales of the organisation in terms of visitor will be less attracted due to

repeat purchasing and bored with their services of organisations are the major consequences for
the ocean park business failing to respond changes (Wachowiak, 2016). Trust of all the
stakeholder can be affected due to profits decreasing and not able to get better sales in terms of
more visitors.
• Changes in an attitude of consumer, competitors, and suppliers: These can be another
consequence of ocean park business failing to respond to change in the attitude of various
stakeholder such as follows:
Consumes: Firms will fail to aware the customer in term of organisation benifits and poorly
manage the different services and operation of a business. Also, the customer will be bored with
the same service of the organisations (Euromonitor international. 2014).
Competitors: the failing respond to changes with competitors will get high opportunity to
attract more customer. It will help to get better marketing strategies to retain a customer.
Suppliers: These can be another consequence of ocean park business failing to respond up
to date with industry development. Suppliers may reconsider the organisations (Connell, 2013).
As they will be associated with such organisations may bring negative impact to other customers
of the suppliers.
• Negative impact on company image: There are various impact on different areas which can
be an adverse impact on organisation goodwillimages.
Brand attack: if any competitor will attack the brand in terms of high competitive will
affect the image of organisations (Contemporary issues in hospitality and tourism. 2013).
Price wars: it can be affected by the business as the competitor will reduce the price of
various service will impact on the organisations. It will affect the profits of the ocean market as
well the industry will face various challenges.
Slip of the tongue: due to any miscommunicationmiscommunications can bring the issues
in the market will affect the goodwill of the business.
CONCLUSION
From the report, Contemporary issues in travel and tourism can be concluded that it is
important for the each and every organisation which that has to focus on the various trends
thatwhich can affect the business operations. No business can grow without any marketing
planaean and different strategies to attract more customer towards the organizations. As the

ocean park have to expand their business with the help of stakeholder to get the better brand
image.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
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Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage, 2(1), p.9.
Benckendorff, P. and Zehrer, A., 2013. A network analysis of tourism research. Annals of
Tourism Research, 43, pp.121-149.
Buda, D.M. and McIntosh, A.J., 2013. Dark tourism and voyeurism: tourist arrested for “spying”
in Iran. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 7(3), pp.214-
226.
Connell, J., 2013. Contemporary medical tourism: Conceptualisation, culture and
commodification. Tourism Management, 34, pp.1-13.
Davidson, J., Smith, M.M. and Bondi, L. eds., 2012. Emotional geographies. Ashgate
Publishing, Ltd..
Dickinson, J.E., Ghali, K and Norgate, S., 2014. Tourism and the smartphone app: Capabilities,
emerging practice and scope in the travel domain. Current Issues in Tourism, 17(1), pp.84-
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Fennell, D.A., 2015. Ethics in tourism. In Education for sustainability in tourism (pp. 45-57).
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Hall, C.M., 2013. Wine, food, and tourism marketing. Routledge.
Hartmann, R., 2014. Dark tourism, thanatourism, and dissonance in heritage tourism
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Kaminski, J., Benson, A.M. and Arnold, D. eds., 2013. Contemporary issues in cultural heritage
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Lyons, K., Hanley, J., Wearing, S. and Neil, J., 2012. Gap year volunteer tourism: Myths of
global citizenship?. Annals of tourism research, 39(1), pp.361-378.
Mowforth, M. and Munt, I., 2015. Tourism and sustainability: Development, globalisation and
new tourism in the third world. Routledge.
Pearce, P.L., Wu, M.Y., and Rossi, A., 2013. Contemporary experiences of Chinese tourists in
Italy: An on-site analysis in Milan. Tourism Management Perspectives, 7, pp.34-37.
Post, J.C. ed., 2013. Ethnomusicology: a contemporary reader. Routledge.

Sharpley, R. and Telfer, D.J. eds., 2014. Tourism and development: concepts and issues (Vol.
63). Channel View Publications.
Spenceley, A. ed., 2012. Responsible tourism: Critical issues for conservation and development.
Routledge.
Stone, P., 2013. Dark tourism scholarship: A critical review. International Journal of Culture,
Tourism and Hospitality Research, 7(3), pp.307-318.
Stone, P.R., 2012. Dark tourism and significant other death: Towards a model of mortality
mediation. Annals of tourism research, 39(3), pp.1565-1587.
Telfer, D.J. and Sharpley, R., 2015. Tourism and development in the developing world.
Routledge.
Thomas, R., 2012. Business elites, universities and knowledge transfer in tourism. Tourism
Management, 33(3), pp.553-561.
Wachowiak, H. ed., 2016. Tourism and borders: contemporary issues, policies and international
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Wearing, S. and McGehee, N.G., 2013. Volunteer tourism: A review. Tourism Management, 38,
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Online
Euromonitor international. 2014. [Online]. Available through
<http://www.euromonitor.com/travel-and-tourism-in-the-united-kingdom/report>.
Contemporary issues in hospitality and tourism. 2013. Available through:
<http://tourismcontemporaryissues.tumblr.com/post/101027443882/do-affluent-.>