Teratogen Counselling and Embryo Development

This assignment delves into the crucial topic of teratogen counselling, focusing on the understanding of human embryo development. It examines the impact of teratogens on fetal growth and outlines the ethical considerations involved in providing counseling to expectant parents regarding potential risks associated with exposure to these substances. The assignment also highlights practical applications and resources available for genetic counsellors in this field.

COUNSELLING AND HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CASE STUDY 1..............................................................................................................................1
1 Issues relevant to physical, cognitive, emotional aspects of development..........................1
2 Describing the developmental psychology concepts of theories which is most relevant to the
issues. .....................................................................................................................................1
Psychology theory..................................................................................................................1
3 Can theories helps to clarify the clients difficulties............................................................2
4 Meaning about aetiologies and prognoses on the basis of theory.......................................3
CASE STUDY 2 .............................................................................................................................3
1 Issues relevant to physical, cognitive, emotional aspects of development..........................3
2 Describing the developmental psychology concepts of theories which is most relevant to the
issues. .....................................................................................................................................4
3 Can theories helps to clarify the clients difficulties............................................................5
4 Meaning about aetiologies and prognoses on the basis of theory.......................................5
REFERENCES ...............................................................................................................................7

CASE STUDY 1
1 Issues relevant to physical, cognitive, emotional aspects of development.
She feels uncomfortable at school because the boys are making comments that are
sexually explicit. Consequences of this situation is giving bad impact on her mental status
(Adams, 2014). She feels ashamed, unconscious and misleading among other friends at school.
Overall situation makes her very sad and depressed. Boys make comments that she is slut which
mayreduce her confidence level (Bashambooa and et.al., 2016). Sexual harassment and sexual
abuse can happen in many other forms. This also helps to keep the best influencing challenging
growth performance.
Psychological theory for violence and abuse has developed over the past few years. This
theory focuses on human thoughts and their behavior via numerous developmental, cognitive or
effective mechanism (Britto and et.al., 2017). This theory helps to provide model of
psychological problems facilitating sexual violence and abuse. This solution assist to make
proper interventions to make sure optimal rehabilitation success.
Physical: Physical assault or major goals oriented task that affect the individual moral
values.
Cognitive: cognitive development is the study on neuroscience and psychology focusing
on the persons' development process. Due to misshapen with her this may reduce the
development growth of cognitive learning. Cognitive theory is very much helpful for a girl to
enhance the e level of thoughts and concerned to ensure understanding level.
Emotional: Sexual harassment is the bad situation that breaks an individual’s strength or
confidence level, as it involves others unwanted sexual advances or comments. That makes her
mournful and affect the physical development or make her down physically or emotionally.
2 Describing the developmental psychology concepts of theories which is most relevant to the
issues.
Psychology theory
Overall, theories and etiology of child sexual abuse offers science built on empirically
tested mental principles that affect the overall situation of the individual performances
(Understanding Psychological Theories and Etiology of Child Sexual Abuse, 2014). There are
some science concepts that describe human behavior or issues. Biological theory mainly focused
on organic explanations of quality conduct. The main purpose of this explanation is to emphasize
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importance of physiological factors such as hormone levels and chromosomal makeup of the
person (Carruth and Wallen, 2014). This hypothesis helps to analyze client pain or issues. This
psychological theory would help to develop the leading source full target goals. Besides, this
theory could help her to enhance the mental strength and confidence level in order take step
against those boys. This theory of psychology helps her to stable the unconscious desires'
behavior.
Behavioral development theory
Behavioral theory of development can also help to develop behavioral concepts, that
helps to connect the mental stress and best goal oriented marks. This theory only deals with the
observable behaviors. Besides, development is considered a reaction to rewards, punishment,
stimuli and reinforcement.
On the other hand, Psycho dynamic theory is another theory that discusses about
personality in terms to explain conscious and unconscious forces like ego or super ego.
Above mentioned Psychological theory is the best approach to make people aware about
current situation (Cooper and Dryden eds., 2015). This theory is perfect for a girl in order to
develop a good behavior and helps to make a perfect decision making steps.
3 Can theories helps to clarify the clients difficulties.
Psychological theory helps to clarify decision making approach for client, that helps to
develop plan and decision making approach (Lee ed., 2018). The most influencing and effective
theory for women protection is Feminist theory that helps to protect client into specific manner.
During early 1970s, feminist group of women of National Organization raised the awareness of
issues related to unwanted sexual attention at work places or schools. (Loewenthal ed., 2015).
This theory would helpful to client in order to take decision on the behalf of certain situation.
This would help to discover the better services or performance. This theory helps to reduce her
problems and issues which they faced during the pastime. Above mention theories would helpful
to her to take further action plan and cure in order to cope up with the situation.
Following mention points will help to clarify client difficulties
 It helps her to understand itself better to make further decision making approach.
 It activity to knowing the facts and figures to calculate the actual external situations.
 Psychology theory would helpful to know how to interact with people in which manner.
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Women needs to make itself more attentive and brave to deal with all such situations.
Sexual torture is the common issue these days (Marková, 2017). Sociology cultural development
explanation would helpful or relevant to the case study or goals. Sociology cultural development
possibility is another theory that help to get overcome. Social science theory examine wider
social and political context in which sexual harassment is created and occurs (McFarland, 2017).
The main reason behind this accused action is logical consequences of the gender inequality.
Overall, this theory of social consequences gives negative impact on the human behavior.
4 Meaning about aetiologies and prognoses on the basis of theory.
As per the opinion on the physical assault. Client needs to cope with the situation as per
the specific guidelines. They need to take some steps against those boys who making wrong
statement against that girl. Besides, school staff also needs to take some actions against those
school boys to prevent the girl career (Nguyen and Slim, 2014). It helps to make the good impact
on the overall situational goals. Sexual harassment is a serious issue that has long been ignored
and treated with complacency. This reduce the scope of development scenario that takes the best
productive growth.
The main reasons behind this issue is that they having lack of knowledge and childish
behavior due to which all that happened. Apart from that, she has lack of confidence due to
which they could have been taken any decision at that point.
CASE STUDY 2
1 Issues relevant to physical, cognitive, emotional aspects of development.
Physical
Mental health counseling is required for this present client who tried to suicide and fails
and still want to attempt again to get success this time this situation relates with the emotional
context in which it consists the moral values and goals. This condition relates to the physical
harm that he suffering from. As per the situation analysis, he went through from some major
emotional issues due to which they lost his all passions and controlling power (Paneque, et.al.,
2016). 50-year-old man who is hospitalized due to overdose of alcohol abuse, wrist slitting. He
wants to live alone because he is experiences high emotional pain. He is going through from
some mental issues such as hallucinations and delusions. Another cause of his situation is he has
no family and for him it is difficult for him to sustain in an any relationship goals ( Raju, et.al.,
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2014). Overall, he suffering from high mental trauma that will be considering in mental health
issues.
Cognitive
Cognitive theory is measuring the facts and figures that affect the mental health
performance. This also helps to control the best leading goals, and make the best resourceful
ideological logical goals. Also, self-efficacy theory deals with one's perception or belief that one
can accomplish some future behavior. According to their reviews or following goals and best
objective goal performing task (Rowan, 2016). Besides, it helps to keep the long term
challenging goals. That affect the business purposeful goals. This present case with 50 years old
person reflect the that he is suffering from measure cause issues relating to mental illness
process. Cognitive development is the influencing situation of thinking from the way a child
does to the way an adult does (Shahbazi, et.al., 2016).
Emotionally
This formation or situation break the client emotions and confidence level that affect the
human development. This present situation will definitely affect the cognitive, way of suspension
and goals that affect the best performing goals (Simon, 2017). This form of results and goals
would help to continue the goal challenging performing that affect the human behavior in
different forms.
2 Describing the developmental psychology concepts of theories which is most relevant to the
issues.
Developmental psychology is the branch of psychology that helps to focus on how people
grow and change over the course of a lifetime (Shahbazi et.al., 2016.). This change has been
occurred due to mental illness or social issues through which patient has been going through.
This would help to considering the facts that helps to figure out the performance. This also affect
the business level to cope up the all situational level of work.
Psychological theory
Psychological theory of stress would help to reduce the issue of a person or also helps to
addressed the situation. This theory of mental illness will help to control the frequency level of
the person and also helps to define the structural goals. Wellness conduct theory helps to cope up
with mental illness. This ensures social concerns of people and try to reduce the law effective
performing score. Besides, theory activity to understand actual situation of patient so that they
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will easily make the best situation for its career. This would assist to make the best approachable
content (McFarland, 2017).
This theory is also very much helpful to conduct the best target planning for that client
that helps to take care about their health. It also helps to provide them to take better cure for that
people. This is the best theory that helps to contain this issue more effectively. This theory also
helps to make the situation more liable and sustainable.
3 Can theories helps to clarify the clients difficulties.
By applying psychological or sociological theories or concepts, it would help client to
cope up with the theories and performing goals. That affect the business goals and reducing law
performance goals (Marková, 2017). This explanation help to enhance controlling power and
also makes to reduce the mental stress level. It also helps to reduce the chances of second attempt
of suicide. These concepts or social cause reduce mental stress of an individual and make them
re happy and satisfied again. With the assist of theory or development, they can make their life
happy and good (Simon, 2017). This theory also aid to take their own decisions to restart life
again.
Benefits of theories
 By applying this concept and theories on human behavior would helpful to make him
more understandable and effective.
 By applying this concept and facts would also help to make him more strong mentally or
physically.
 These concepts or model of human development helps him to take good life ahead.
4 Meaning about aetiologies and prognoses on the basis of theory.
On the basis of situation of patient, it can be analysed that the main cause or reason
behind all cases are he is suffering from mental illness. The theory that is applicable here is
sociology theory. It is based on behaviour and relationship of people with one another. In this
case similar things have occurred with patient due to which different uncertain situations has
arisen. Due to the absence of relations with others, it has led to some situations which has led to
change in his behaviour (Bashamboo, et.al., 2016). The main Aetiologies is the men was
addicted to alcohol so it leads to a great impact on his mental health. Apart from this, he was
taking overdose of medicine. So this also affected his mentality. Moreover, the major issue in his
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life is he is living alone. Therefore, loneliness is affecting him (Carruth and Wallen, 2014). Due
to this his nature has changed and he is suffering from emotional pain. This is the all reason or
causes due to which all things has happened all around.
Aetiologies and Prognoses
On the basis of observation all the reasons and causes related Aetiologies and prognoses,
these things all happened. As he lives alone, a negative thinking has been created in his mind
(Blustein, D., 2015). The main cause of this mental stress is loneliness and the stress level that
they faced during the whole circumstances and cause level (Health Policy and planning. 2018).
Besides, overall things make negative impact on the nature of overall personal effectiveness and
making good advantages goal making charges.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Adams, M., 2014. Human development and existential counselling psychology. Counselling
Psychology Review. 29(2). pp.34-42.
Bashamboo, A. et.al., 2016. A recurrent p. Arg92Trp variant in steroidogenic factor-1 (NR5A1)
can act as a molecular switch in human sex development. Human molecular
genetics. 25(16). pp.3446-3453.
Blustein, D., 2015. Which career and life designing interventions to develop decent work in a
fair and sustainable world economy. In Keynote address at the UNESCO Chair Congress
on Lifelong Guidance and Counselling Conference, Florence, Italy.
Britto, P. R. et.al., 2017. Nurturing care: promoting early childhood development. The
Lancet. 389(10064). pp.91-102.
Carruth, B. and Wallen, J., 2014. Addiction in human development: Developmental perspectives
on addiction and recovery. Routledge.
Chun, Y. and Lee, H., 2016. Understanding of Human Embryo Development for Teratogen
Counselling. Journal of the Korean Society of Maternal and Child Health. 20(2). pp.112-
118.
Cooper, M. and Dryden, W. eds., 2015. The handbook of pluralistic counselling and
psychotherapy. Sage.
Lee, C. C. ed., 2018. Counseling for social justice. John Wiley & Sons.
Loewenthal, D. ed., 2015. Critical psychotherapy, psychoanalysis and counselling: Implications
for practice. Springer.
Marková, I., 2017. Human awareness: Its social development. Routledge.
McFarland, H. S. N., 2017. Psychological Theory and Educational Practice: Human
Development, Learning and Assessment. Routledge.
McMahon, M. ed., 2016. Career counselling: Constructivist approaches. Routledge.
Nguyen, N. M. P. and Slim, R., 2014. Genetics and epigenetics of recurrent hydatidiform moles:
basic science and genetic counselling. Current obstetrics and gynecology reports. 3(1).
pp.55-64.
Paneque, M. et.al., 2016. Development of a registration system for genetic counsellors and
nurses in health-care services in Europe. European Journal of Human Genetics. 24(3).
p.312.
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Raju, T. N. et.al., 2014. Periviable birth: executive summary of a joint workshop by the Eunice
Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Society for
Maternal-Fetal Medicine, American Academy of Pediatrics, and American College of
Obstetricians and Gynecologists. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 210(5).
pp.406-417.
Rowan, J., 2016. The reality game: A guide to humanistic counselling and psychotherapy.
Routledge.
Shahbazi, M. N. et.al., 2016. Self-organization of the human embryo in the absence of maternal
tissues. Nature cell biology. 18(6). p.700.
Simon, W., 2017. Sexual conduct: The social sources of human sexuality. Routledge.
Online
Health Policy and planning. 2018. [Online]. Available
through :<https://academic.oup.com/heapol/article/30/2/163/620182>.
Understanding Psychological Theories and Etiology of Child Sexual Abuse. 2014. [Online].
Available
through :<https://www.worldwidejournals.com/paripex/recent_issues_pdf/2014/August/
August_2014_1408107250__49.pdf>.
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