Construction Technology Sample Assignment (Doc)

CENTRE NAME: THE INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY PVT. LTD.
CENTRE NUMBER: 92556
PROGRAMME: BTEC HND QUANTITY SURVEYING
FRAME WORK: RQF
MODULE: CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
UNIT: 2
UNIT CODE: Y/615/1388
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2021/22
LEARNER: ASHEN PASINDU MANOHARA
STUDENT NO: CBED / 01 / 19 / 303
COURSEWORK
ASSESSMENT

Unit / Module 2/CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Assessment CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Lecturer THUSHARA INDIKA
Student Name H. Ashen Pasindu Manohara ID 960830164V
Hand Out Date 08th May2021 Hand In Date 29th June 2021
Initial Submission Date 27th June 2021 Re-Submission
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06th August 2021
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Student Number/s: Student Surname/s: Given name/s:
CBED / 01 / 19 / 303 HETHUMUNI ASHEN PASINDU MANOHARA
Course: BTEC HND QUANTITY SURVEYING
School:
Unit code: Y/615/1388 Unit title: CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY (RQF)
Hand Out Date: 08th May 2021 Hand In Date: 27th June 2021
Lecturer-in-Charge: THUSHARA INDIKA Module Leader: THUSHARA INDIKA
Assignment Title and/or number: CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
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Signature of student: …………………………………………….. Date: 27/ 06/ 2021

PROJECT REPORT
A HOSPITAL BUILDING
Company Name : QA construction
Client Name : Mr. Senarath Godahewa
Made by : Ashen Pasindu

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TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER 1
1.1 Executive Summary 3
1.2 Introduction 3
1.2.1 Aim of the report 3
1.2.2 Aim of the project 3
CHAPTER 2
2.0 Construction terminology 4-8
2.1 Terminology used in construction technology 4
2.2 Difference between residential, commercial and industrial buildings 4-5
2.3 Functional characteristics and design selection criteria for the 6-7
proposed building
2.4 sustainability of the proposed building 8
CHAPTER 3
3.1 Superstructure and substructure 9-13
3.2 Building services 14-18
CHAPTER 4
Conclusions 19
References 20

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CHAPTER 1
1.1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The project described in this paper is a 15 storey Hospital building is to be constructed in
capital of Sri Lanka. The project is owned by a private company, which does not have their
technical staff. Therefore the project has been handed over by the client to a leading
construction consultancy firm in the country. The client prefers to have a basement car
parking due to space constraints. Also the client needs to apply sustainability concepts into
this project. The author of this paper tries to discuss about the terminology used in
construction of this building and different types of construction technologies can be used.
1.2 INTRODUCTION
1.2.1 AIM OF THE PAPER
The paper describes and discusses about a Hospital building in the capital of the country.
The building is designed to have 15 floors and the land has an extent of 75 perch. This paper
aims to describe and analyze the terminology used in the construction, construction
technology and how the design selection criteria and sustainability may influence the design
of the building.
1.2.2 AIM OF THE PROJECT
The particular building was designed to fulfil on of the main requirements in the capital. A
Hospital becomes a major necessity when the population increases. Hospitals matter to
people and often mark central points in their lives. They also matter to health systems by
being instrumental for care coordination and integration. And provide a setting for
education of doctors, nurses and other health-care professionals and are a critical base for
clinical research. Therefore this construction will be a great addition to the capital.

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CHAPTER 2
2.0 CONSTRUCTION TERMINOLOGY
2.1 TERMINOLOGY USED IN CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
There are different aspects of construction and the design stage is one of the most crucial in
moulding and delivering a building which fits for the client’s needs. Depending on the
client’s preference and the budget, different techniques and materials can be used. Mainly
there are three types of buildings, they are residential buildings, commercial buildings and
industrial building.
2.2 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RESIDENTIAL, COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS
a) Residential buildings
Residential buildings involve houses, apartment buildings and even high rise residential
buildings where people live. These are included,
 Single or multiple family homes.
 Apartment complexes.
 High rise and luxury homes.
 Retirement homes.
Residential buildings have certain requirements such as kitchen, living room, bedrooms,
bathrooms, parking etc..

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b) Commercial buildings
Commercial buildings tends to have maximum occupancy limits which are workplaces,
offices, shopping complexes, hospitals, institutes. They are vastly different from residential
buildings. This variation is can be due to different rules and regulations and different building
codes.
Commercial buildings are structures that are dedicated almost entirely to commercial
activities. When we are planning for a commercial building we need to be careful about
state and local building codes, fire safety, security, provision for handicaps etc.. Types of
commercial buildings are,
 Restaurants, hotels and cafes.
 Shopping malls and another shopping centers.
 Storage facilities.
 Factories.
 Privately owned recreation venues.
c) Industrial buildings
Industrial buildings are usually large, open space structures with office room, machinery
woks, storage, toilets and rest rooms. The same general requirements are included in these
type of buildings such as fire protection, safety, lighting etc.. Also the industries are owned
by large co-operations like medical, power generations and manufacturing products. Some
types of industrial buildings include,
 Office/ factory and warehouse building.
 Telecom centers
 Manufacturing factories
 Industrial parks
 Power generation plants
 Lighting manufacturing buildings

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2.3 FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS AND DESIGN SELECTION CRITERIA FOR THE
PROPOSED BUILDING
A clear understanding about functional and physical is requirements of the building is
essential to provide the maximum usage of the building. When the design satisfy the social
and cultural needs of the people who use and its functions, we can say it is functionally
successful. When we are designing a hospital we have to explore in durability, usability,
aesthetic and service life etc.. Due to space constraints it is supposed to have a basement
parking. And space between floors may kept as high as possible to provide sufficient air
circulation and lighting. The minimum floor to ceiling height can be taken as 3 meters.
The proposed building can be considered as a high rise building (height of the building is
more than 12 storeys) and is used for multiple functions.
 Deep pile foundation
A deep pile foundation can be proposed to the basement of the designed building since the
total height of the building is very high. Piled foundations are typically used where there is a
need for very deep foundations.
Fig : deep foundation

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• Deep strip foundation
This is a strip foundation with a greater depth. As strip foundations become deeper, steel
reinforcement must be added to the concrete, to prevent damage caused by increased
tensile forces.
Source : Article - Construction and the Built Environment by Simon Topliss
2.4 SUSTAINABILITY OF THE PROPOSED BUILDING
In modern construction technology, sustainability has become a major part of construction due to
the increasing of environmental regulations. Also sustainability will reduce initial and maintenance
cost of the building. Sustainable applications of the buildings can be stated as follows.

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 Solar thermal energy production is preferred to use as a thermal energy source. Also can
take maximum usage of natural lighting at day time to increase the efficiency.
 Optimal use of storm water, reuse of grey and black water. Stored water on site can
potentially be used for irrigation. It is necessary to pay attention to minimize water
consumption, prevent leakage, maintenance and algae.
 The building can take advantage of outdoor space. Even the buildings in urban areas can
take advantage of outdoor space by hardscaping, which require less planting and
maintenance but more useful for patients, family and staff.
 There are ways to zone a site in terms of the intensity of plant material, and the degree of
maintenance and irrigation required if the facility sits on a large tract of land.
 Position of the building in the land also an important consideration. There is a warm side
and cold side of the building according to the sun’s movement. Also windows can be
placed such a way that it allows maximum air circulation into the building.
 Natural lighting can used as much as possible. Reduced lighting in some places will help the
patients to spend time peacefully and calmly.

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CHAPTER 3
3.1 SUPERSTRUCTURE AND SUBSTRUCTURE
a) PRE-DESIGN STUDIES
The design of pre – design may include site reconnaissance, programming, construction
cost analysis, and value engineering. This can be included in the proposed building.
 Site reconnaissance - site section, soil report, geotechnical report, flood report, and
existing structures.
 Programming – analyze the space and materials needed
 The construction cost analysis – construction budget and cost plan
 Value engineering – study and analyze site reconnaissance, soil reports and project
cost
Condition of the land and the soil can be determined by the surveys and reports provided
about the land after the pre-design analysis. The results and surveys can be used to identify
the type of element to be imposed on the project. Soil report will provide the depth of
ground water table, depth of bed rock, shrink and bearing capacity of the soil. These results
can be used to determine the best substructure for the project.
b) CHARACTERISTICS AND CRITERIA FOR PRIMARY AND SECONDRY ELEMENTS OF
SUBSTRUCTURE AND SUPERSTRUCTURE
Substructure or Foundation is the lowest element of the structure. It usually located below
the ground level and distributes the load coming from the structure to the subsoil. The
foundation should be able to bear the entire load coming from the structure. Once the type
of foundation is determined budget and the cost can be determined.
Contaminated land is one of the common issues that result from surveys. In contaminated
land, remediation can be done to make the land which is suitable for the construction. Since
these measures are extremely expensive pre-design information should be very accurate.
For these types of land pile foundation can be used. Calculations will determine the no of
piles and their positions to be constructed.

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Fig : substructure design
Source : Technical Design Report for Selection Criteria of Buildings

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Superstructure may include different types of elements which are designed for various
functions. There can be some important elements as,
 Roof
 Floor
 Lintel
 Parapet
 Column
 Beam
 Sunshade
 Doors and windows
 Staircases
 Walls
In building modeling phase, different building components are identified to provide the
required functions. Therefore the building will be able to provide maximum usage which
was designed. When we are designing for the foundation it should be able to bear the
whole weight coming from the structure and distribute it to the soil. Foundation can be
failed due to soil movement, soil failure, shear failure or due to bending. For preventing
these the foundation can be taken down to a depth where soil movement is not allowed
and can provide sufficient thickness and reinforcement to a proper design.
When we design the floor it should have adequate stability and strength which will be able
to carry the load without undergoing any deflection. Also it should have adequate fire
resistance, damp penetration and adequate sound insulation.
Column is a strong compression member which transfers the load coming from the upper
structures to the foundation. It should have sufficient reinforcement and covering to
prevent the buckling.
Beam is a tension member which transfers the load coming from the slab to columns.
Sufficient reinforcement is provided to increase the strength and minimize the bending
moment of the beam.
Walls are constructed to cover up the area and separate the space for various purposes. Is
can be load bearing or non-load bearing walls. Windows are provided to allow lighting and
air circulation inside the building. While doors are provided to allow the movement inside
the building. Staircase will ensure the movement between floors. And sunshade will prevent
the unwanted UV rays and water entering the building.

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c) REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES USED PRIOR TO THE COMMENCEMENT OF
CONSTRUCTION
There are variety of techniques are available for soil remediation and surface remediation.
Biological treatments
Biodegradation results are influenced by the environmental factors such as pH,
temperature, oxygen, soil moisture and nutrients. Advantage of this technology include low
capital and operating cost, low land requirement and good control. Cost will depend on the
soil volume and treatment time.
Chemical treatments
Chemical treatments include chemical immobilization, oxidation, critical fluid extraction, in-
Situ Catalyzed Peroxide Remediation and etc.. If the chemical used is soluble, we can
saturate the soil with the chemical. And if the chemical is insoluble, we can inject or fill the
soil with the chemical.
Physical treatments
Physical treatment includes capping, cementitious waste form, electrokinetic remediation,
incineration technologies, grouting and etc.. Physical soil washing is a main soil remediation
technology which separate the contaminant-laden fine particles from the soil that are less
than about 20% fines. Also this is a very cost effective method
Stabilization/ Solidification
Stabilization involves the addition of a reagent to the soil to achieve a more chemically
stable soil. Solidification involves the addition of reagents to contaminated material to
impart physical/dimensional stability in order to contain contaminants in a solid product
and reduce access by external agents.
Thermal Desorption
Within a dryer unit, contaminated soil is heated up to 650 °C. Treated soil leaves the
thermal desorption unit at a high temperature devoid of organic matter.

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d) DIFFERENT TYPES OF STRUCTURAL FRAMES FOR THE SUPERSTRUCTURE
Frame structures are the constructions having beams, columns and slabs to bear lateral and
gravitational loads. They can be categorized as:
1. Rigid frame structure : fixed ended, pin ended
2. Braced frame structure : portal frames, gabled frames
Rigid Frame structures are made monolithically by using columns and beams and are acting
together to tolerate moments acting on it. These type of structures can bear more moment,
shear and torsion when compared to other frame structures.
Fig : Fixed ended frame Fig : Pin ended frame
In braced structural frames, bracing are commonly provided between columns & beams to
surge their resistance besides the sideways forces and lateral forces because of an applied
load. This may offer effective resistance to wind and earthquake forces more than in rigid
frame structures. Portal frames are mostly used in construction of commercial and
industrial buildings. Load is first transfers from slab to beam, then beam to column and from
column to foundation. Gable frames are mostly used in places with heavy rain or heavy
snowfall.
Fig : Gable frame Fig : Portal frame

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3.2 BUILDING SERVICES
SUPPLY ARRANGEMENTS FOR PRIMARY SERVICES
Building services can be described as systems that are in place within a building to meet the
requirements of residents who live and work there, they make the dwelling more efficient,
safe, functional and comfortable. Building services enhance the dwelling experience in the
building. The environment within the building make people feel safe, comfortable, live and
able to work. Services in dwellings include:
 Water supply
 Heating
 Drainage
 Gas
 Electricity
 Communication
During construction of a building, a water distribution system is inbuilt. it is a network which
includes pipes, fittings, and various fixtures, drainage basin, purification filters, etc. Water supply
system is a grid layout so that, each property can be served at least with two routes. So when
repairing, water can be supplied continuously. The water will be pumped to the storage tank and
then will be distributed to the different floors by gravity. All the fixtures will be connected to the
drainage system according to the type of water which they carry. Then it will dispose to the sewer.
There can be two water supply systems as hot water system and cold water system. In hot water
supply system water can be heated either at each appliance or at central point with service
connection to each appliance.
When we are using a heating system, we consider fuel availability and cost, comfort factors,
patterns of use, control, maintenance, security etc.. Most commercial buildings use electric heating
system.
In building regulations, thermal insulation has become an important service. Two types of insulation
are commonly found on building sites: closed cell material and mineral wool or fiberglass open
fibrous material. Ground floor can be insulated with polystyrene and upper floors can be insulated
with fibrous materials placed between structural members.
Gas supply may include commercial gas and a guaranteed supply of oxygen and nitrogen to local
amenities, storage, piping, adhering to pressure regulations and the supply of gas from the main
source to the desired area.
Electricity is being distributed by means of underground cables. The appliances can be fixed or
mounted to the ceiling. Testing and inspection is done to ensure the safety of the supply.
In communication system we can use land line connection. This will be inter connected and it will
allow you to reach any corner of the building.

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Fig : typical direct hot water system
Source : The College of Estate Management 2010 / paper 1388 V7

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Fig : Single stack system of internal above ground drainage
Source : The College of Estate Management 2010 / paper 1388 V7

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Fig : Entry of electrical supply to building
Source : The College of Estate Management 2010 / paper 1388 V7

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CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSIONS
The aim of making this report was to provide a brief idea about the design works involved in the
project. This report explains the terminology used in construction technology and how functional
characteristics, design selection criteria and sustainability may influence the design of the building.
It has been also discussed about the site remediation methods used prior to the commencement of
the work. Moreover the design and functional characteristics of substructure and superstructure
have been discussed. Different types of structural frames that can be used for primary and
secondary elements of the superstructure have also been analyzed.
At the end of the report arrangement of building services that can be used to enhance the building
properties have been explained.

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REFERENCES
1. The College of Estate Management 2010 / paper 1388 V7
2. The College of Estate Management 2010 / paper 1383 V7

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THANK YOU