The Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility Transformation on Companies’ Development in the Construction Industry

This research aims to assess the present scenario of CSR activities and documenting made by the construction companies globally, in order to have an effective understanding of the areas of CSR that are most precise for this industry and how the agenda of CSR is having an influence on the activities of the organizations within this industry.

Running head: THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
TRANSFORMATION ON COMPANIES’ DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY
The effect of Corporate Social Responsibility transformation
on companies’ development in the Construction Industry
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author’s Note:

1THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY TRANSFORMATION ON
COMPANIES’ DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Acknowledgement
I am indebted to all the populace who have assisted me a lot to carry out and
complete the research as this one of my most incredible experiences. I would like to
state my gratefulness to my adviser for his support and guidance. I would also like to
express appreciation to my supervisor because exclusive of his help it would not be
possible for me to conquer all the difficulties those I have faced while implementing the
research. I am pleased to my parents for their love and support. I am also thankful to my
classmates who helped me in collecting the data. Finally, I would like to thank all the
contributors of the research who afforded me their valuable time and belief to complete
the research well.

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COMPANIES’ DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Abstract:
The key aim of this research is to reassess the present scenario of CSR activities
and documenting made by the construction companies globally, in order to have an
effective understanding of the areas of CSR that are most precise for this industry and
how the agenda of CSR is having an influence on the activities of the organizations
within this industry. This knowledge will be helpful in creating the secondary aim of
create probable suggestions in order to explain the CSR issues to the construction
industry in a better way so that the construction industries can improve their business
activities. The key scope for affecting a host of various areas doubled with the generally
restricted availability of information related to CSR within the construction industry gives
an effective justification for the current research that is being undertaken.

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COMPANIES’ DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Table of Contents
Abstract:.............................................................................................................................2
Chapter 1: Introduction......................................................................................................8
1.1 Background of the Study..........................................................................................8
1.2 Rationale of the Project............................................................................................9
1.3 Research Aims and Objectives..............................................................................10
1.4 Research Questions..............................................................................................11
1.5 Structure of the thesis............................................................................................11
Chapter 2: Literature Review...........................................................................................13
2.1 Overview:...............................................................................................................13
2.2 Defining corporate social responsibility:................................................................13
2.3 Classification of CSR:............................................................................................14
2.3.1 Economic/ Instrumental Stakeholder Theory:.................................................14
2.3.2 Political/ Legal Theory:....................................................................................15
2.3.3 Integrative/ Philanthropic Theory:...................................................................16
2.3.4 Ethical Theory:.................................................................................................16
2.4 Evolution of the CSR concept and social practices:..............................................17
2.5 CSR in the construction industry:..........................................................................18
2.6 Key Performance Indicators:..................................................................................19

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2.6.1 The Brundtland Report:...................................................................................19
2.6.2 Global reporting initiative:................................................................................21
2.7 Impact of the construction industry:.......................................................................21
Chapter 3: Research Methodology..................................................................................23
3.1 Overview:...............................................................................................................23
3.2 Research Design:...................................................................................................23
3.3 Research Type:......................................................................................................25
3.4 Research Approaches:..........................................................................................26
3.5 Research techniques and ethics:...........................................................................26
3.6 Study Population:...................................................................................................27
3.7 Sample Population:................................................................................................28
3.8 Data Collection Instruments, sources and administration method:.......................28
3.9 Primary Data:.........................................................................................................29
3.10 Design of questionnaire:......................................................................................29
3.11 The method of data analysis:...............................................................................30
3.12 Research Limitations:..........................................................................................31
Chapter 4: Data Analysis.................................................................................................32
4.1 Quantitative Approach:..........................................................................................32
4.2 Qualitative Research:.............................................................................................47
Chapter 5: Conclusion.....................................................................................................53

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COMPANIES’ DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
5.1 Overview of results:...............................................................................................53
5.2 Limitations:.............................................................................................................53
5.3 Scope for further research:....................................................................................54
Reference List..................................................................................................................55
Appendix:.........................................................................................................................59

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List Of tables
Table 1: Construction companies provides healthcare for the employees along with
health assistance.............................................................................................................31
Table 2 : The construction companies offer subsidized or free lunch and refreshments to its
employees.........................................................................................................................33
Table 3: The construction organizations provide credit for housing, car and education purposes
.........................................................................................................................................34
Table 4: The construction companies provide bonus and rewards to their employees. .35
Table 5: The construction companies have policies for training and development for
their employees...............................................................................................................36
Table 6: membership to their employees........................................................................38
Table 7: The construction companies have the right to freedom of association, collective
bargaining and complaint procedure for their employees...............................................39
Table 8: The construction companies have promotional policies and regulations for their
women and minority employees......................................................................................40
Table 9: The companies have policies for formal worker representation on in the
process of decision making within the organization........................................................41
Table 10: percentage of responses.................................................................................43

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List of Figures:
Figure 1 : Construction industry providing healthcare for the employees and also health
assistance........................................................................................................................32
Figure 2: The construction companies offer subsidized or free lunch and refreshments
to its employees...............................................................................................................33
Figure 3: provision of different purposes by the organisation.........................................34
Figure 4: the provision of bonus and rewards.................................................................35
Figure 5: Policies for training and development of employees.......................................37
Figure 6: recreational facilities.........................................................................................38
Figure 7: employee assignment and bargaining procedures..........................................39
Figure 8: Facilities from women and minority employees...............................................41
Figure 9: worker representation.......................................................................................42
Figure 10: percentage of responses................................................................................43

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Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
During the past few years, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) operations and
documenting within a country and all over the globe have been increasing in a steady
manner and the incorporation of CSR is seen in every line kind of industries that are
operational globally (Den Hond, de Bakker and Neergaard 2016). The CSR activities
and documenting provide the companies with the advantage and opportunity to highlight
the pressures and the concerns of the stakeholders and to explain that they are
functioning in a sustainable and ethical manner. However, as there are several
elements of CSR are presently voluntary, with a degree of guidance available on the
topic, the quality, uptake and efficiency with which the operations are incorporated and
the documents are prepared can differ in a significant manner among and within the
sectors (Baumgartner and Rauter 2017).
While construction industry has been able to provide an extensive range of vital
benefits to the development of human, it is even looked upon as an industry which is
unsafe, can damage the environment and one that can negatively impact the society
(Rauter, Jonker and Baumgartner 2017). These are all the effects which are noteworthy
elements of CSR and gaining knowledge about then in a more precise manner would be
helpful to this industry to mitigate their negative effects and provide more advantages
and benefits to the development of the future. Fernandez-Feijoo, Romero and Ruiz
(2014) recommend that both the industry and the research interest on CSR has been
developing, and it is their book that assesses the several facets of this topic with distinct
reference to the construction industry. This provides an indication of the issues that is
faced by this industry but on this topic, very less researches have been undertaken and
relatively very less have been published on this topic (Lund-Thomsen, Lindgreen and
Vanhamme 2016).
The current research therefore looks to increase upon the very restricted
information on this topic that is available in this aspect of CSR within the construction

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COMPANIES’ DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
industry in order to have a better understanding of CSR on construction industry. This
can be accomplished by making use of a distinct methodology in order to gather the
data from several sources in order to create a better and extensive image of the
operations and the performance of the organization along with recognising where
probable developments can be made.
1.2 Rationale of the Project
There exists a widespread level of literature articles that is restricted to the
multinational organizations and specifically report on their environmental, social and
ethical matters (Grougiou, Dedoulis and Leventis 2016). This may be real for industries
that have received extensive amount of exposure in association to the ethical issues but
the scenario is different for construction industry. There are very few instances of
literature articles that is associated to the CSR subject and the construction industry.
The most researches that have been done is associated sustainability and sustainable
development on the construction industry and in certain time researches have been
undertaken on the ethical and social issues related to the construction industry but very
less researches has been related to the CSR activities in the construction industry.
Jiang and Wong (2016) cited that there have been several surveys that have
been undertaken on CSR reporting, which has looked to assess the patterns in
disclosing the practices of the largest companies of the world, but out of the overall big
industries there are only very few construction industries. This indicates that
construction companies are not big players in the worldwide market. However, from an
extensive point of view, the effect which the construction operations can have is huge;
for instance, like the development of healthcare and housing construction or the
negative environmental effects which can come out from the manufacturing of the
construction related products.
Hence, the construction companies have the advantage to optimise their profits
and benefits and to reduce the negative effects of their activities and it is vital that these
advantages and the effects that are computed and thereafter administered in order to
make developments on the same. CSR is one way of undertaking these activities and at

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the current time period, the less amount of literature that is available recommends that
the construction industry is way behind the other industries with respect to the CSR
activities. The impact of CSR on the development of the construction industries would
be known if incorporation of the CSR activities and proper monitoring is done on the
part of the management of the construction industries (Agudo‐Valiente, Garcés‐Ayerbe
and Salvador‐Figueras 2015).
The key scope for affecting a host of various areas doubled with the generally
restricted availability of information related to CSR within the construction industry gives
an effective justification for the current research that is being undertaken (Zhu, Liu and
Lai 2016). An extensive review of the industry will give out certain basic idea and
information that is associated to the activities, performance and documentation of CSR,
which can be expanded upon with the assistance of the future researches.
The consultancies provide an extensive degree of services in the construction
industry from the surveys that are pre-planned and the consultations that are regarding
the designing of work, work of performance control and project management (Alonso‐
Almeida, Llach and Marimon 2014). There are certain consultants who are able to offer
various kinds of services while on the other hand there are others who offer limited
services. The construction of this research paper would therefore be influential in trying
to create an understanding of the impact of Corporate Social Responsibility in the
transformation and development of the construction industries.
1.3 Research Aims and Objectives
The key aim of this research is to reassess the present scenario of CSR activities
and documenting made by the construction companies globally, in order to have an
effective understanding of the areas of CSR that are most precise for this industry and
how the agenda of CSR is having an influence on the activities of the organizations
within this industry. This knowledge will be helpful in creating the secondary aim of
create probable suggestions in order to explain the CSR issues to the construction
industry in a better way so that the construction industries can improve their business
activities.

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COMPANIES’ DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Objectives
The aims would be realised by attaining the objectives that have been given as
follows;
 Assess the articles and the literatures that are available within the construction
industry and the other industries in order to create a background on the topic and
the primary data on how CSR is looked upon different industries
 Examine the CSR documenting process of the construction organization in order
to recognise the patterns in documenting and the developments the CSR
activities can make for the construction companies
1.4 Research Questions
The research questions are as follows:
Q1. What are the CSR areas that are reported commonly within this industry and why?
Q2. How does this topic differ throughout the industry and why does this differentiation
occur?
Q3. What similarities and differences are there in the operations which the organizations
undertake all over the industry?
Q4. Is there any pattern in the performance of the various sub-sectors?
1.5 Structure of the thesis
The structure of the thesis consists of the framework or the model that would be
followed by this paper in order to complete this paper and attain the desired results in
an effective manner. The first chapter deals with the introduction where a background of
the topic is provided along with the justification as to why this research is being
undertaken. The research aims, objectives and the questions are the elements in
accordance to which the research would move forward. The next section of the paper is
the literature review where suggestions and advices given by other researchers on
similar topic is addressed in order to have an understanding whether the research is
going on the correct track. The methodology section addresses the kind of data that

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would be gathered and the process that would be used in order to analyse the collected
data. The process of data analysis would be helpful in making use of the data and come
up with the results that would be in the last section of this paper which is the conclusion
section. The construction of all these sections would lead to an effective and true
research paper in accordance to this topic.

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Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.1 Overview:
There has been the constant change in the nature of the industries and
businesses which are evolving with the introduction of new technologies as well as
influences from the outside. There is a huge role which the governments play in the
strategies for the future. It is believed that, despite the fact that the government is the
most noteworthy client of the industry shaping legislation, financial and general public
policy framework with which the construction delivers, further proposal of the
governments cannot be the only influences of the and drivers of newer and better
policies and networks. The trial as well as the challenge of the business is the
incorporation of the instrumental and persuasive strategies for the influence on its
stakeholders. These stakeholders include the consumers, clients, employees and other
shareholders as well. The aim is to maintain a certain level of support towards the
practices of a sustainable nature.
This particular idea has been adopted by several major organisations and gives
importance to the idea of corporate social responsibility in different significant areas.
These factors involve the foundation for the adjustments and also the new social
requirements and business ethics. The aim of this chapter is to discuss the concept of
corporate social responsibility with special application to the construction industry and
the impact of the transformation on the industry.
2.2 Defining corporate social responsibility:
The definition of the term corporate social responsibility has been the cause of
much debate and delegation among businesses and governments alike and can be
used to signify different meanings in case of different organisations and groups. It has
been stated that in a global economy the business environment extends beyond the
“bottom line” and the company has ethical responsibility to make a noteworthy
contribution towards the sustainable development. It is considered by the European
Commission, that CSR is a concept where the companies incorporate social and
environmental policies, into their operational plans (Schwartz 2017). The World

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Business Council for Sustainable Development defines this particular procedure as “The
continuing commitment by the businesses to behave ethically and also contribute to the
economic development by the improvement the quality of life of the workforce and their
families and the society at large.”
Corporate Social Responsibility is a business approach which contributes to the
concept of sustainable development by delivering economic, social and environmental
benefits for all the stakeholders involved in the process. CSR is a concept which has
several definitions and practices (Cheng, Ioannou and Serafeim 2014). The way in
which it is understood and implemented differs greatly. It varies from company to
company and from country to country. It can therefore be concluded that CSR is a
procedure by which the ambitions of the company are to create higher standards of
living at the time of the preservation of the profitability of the organisation for people
within and also independent of the organisation. In this connection it can be said that if
society is treated in a proper and respectable manner, society is bound to revert the
particular favour (Tai and Chuang 2014).
2.3 Classification of CSR:
It needs to be kept in mind that within the concept of CSR there are numerous
theories and classifications which can be defined as social and environmental practices.
The major classification of the concept of CSR can be divided into four major theories
namely economic, political ethical and altruistic. Other than these, several academic
publications have categorised the CSR concept into instrumental, ethical, legal and
philanthropic categorisations. Each particular characteristic has suitable and significant
meanings and different procedures are also adopted by the proposing people to ensure
that there is a proper understanding of all relevant classifications.
2.3.1 Economic/ Instrumental Stakeholder Theory:
The most important methodology to the instrumental stakeholder theory is
involved with the assimilation and the exploitation of theories of CSR. This is because
CSR is considered to be a strategic tool for the achievement of financial intentions and
objectives for respective organisations. It also comprises of the understanding of bottom

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line of organisations which concentrates on the profitability of the associated
stakeholders for the company (Aguinis and Glavas 2012). In addition to this several
social and environmental conflicts between corporations and their numerous
stakeholders are bound to be considered or ignored based on the particular situation.
The acceptance of the CSR concept is crucial for the aim of the company not under
instrumental nut normative terms (Harrison and Wicks 2013).
It is crucial for an organisation to understand and include the dominant views of
the stakeholder along with the unique monetary prospects. This theory basically
requires the primary reorganisation of the outlook and vision of the companies. It also
requires having a focus on the actions which they are performing and also to provide
profits for the shareholders. The main concept under the economic or instrumental
stakeholder theory is the basic reorganisation of the outlook and viewpoint of the
organisation and focussing on the main stakeholders as well as the noteworthy social
duties of a particular firm.
2.3.2 Political/ Legal Theory:
The centre or crux of the political or legal theory is on the interactions and the
connections between the corporate and societal responsibilities as well as the
dominance of these responsibilities on the position of businesses in the surroundings
based on the situation concerned. The first contribution to understand the power in
which a particular business has on the society is valid in the CSR debate. An influential
business in the social structure needs to use its influence to act both ethically as well as
responsibly for the creation of a social supremacy for both the stakeholders as well as
the community at large (Campbell 2016).
There also have been discussions on the consequences of organisations
exploiting their dominance on the society which is considered responsible for the
actions related to the social order which was described to be the “iron law of
responsibility.”
It can be stated in this particular connection that CSR is the pursuit of the
organisation’s ambition for the purpose of legitimacy. There needs to be an ethical

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obligation of all the organisations in society of not exploiting the surroundings and
society on which they have come to exert power. In case they do so they fail to receive
the support of the society of which they are a part. A business which commands
authority, has the chance to influence and also dominate the equilibrium of the particular
market of which it is a part. It is believed by many researchers that an organisation has
the ethical responsibility to implement the social practices within the company which
further states that there is an obligatory social contract between the organisation and
the civilization (Zhao et al. 2012).
2.3.3 Integrative/ Philanthropic Theory:
This method is particularly considered with regard to the noble or motivated
interest of the organisation. In case a firm does not have the resources and the ability to
completely commit to their ambitions this particular technique is considered for those
organisations. This particular theory helps observe the fact that companies are capable
of influencing the way in which the organisations incorporate the societal requirements
based on the dependency on the external bodies. It is desirable that the corporate
management of a business is integrated with the social demands where there is a
certain amalgamation of the business and the society as a whole. This provides a
certain prestige to the organisation which is connected with social values and
organisational prestige. The philanthropic theory is considered to be responsible but it
can definitely be argued that in case it is not paramount the main objective always
remains social and environmental improvements.
2.3.4 Ethical Theory:
The concluding classification of the four theories includes the ethical philosophy
towards the corporate social responsibility. The ethical practices are considered to be a
moral liability and these implicate the unbiased processes including respecting the
needs as well as the requirements of the society as a whole and not harming any
section of the society. These moral practices can help in the achievement of much more
than the legal obligations and limitations in case it is enforced properly and justifiably
(Dubnick 2012).

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Basically the concept of the ethical theory involves being morally bound
mandatorily and progressing further than complying with the fiscal and legal
requirements of a firm. This particular theory is perceived to be a type of a moral
achievement for the organisation and the majority of economic growth and additional
competitive benefits. This theory has also been subdivided into three particular sub-
categories namely universal rights, sustainable development and the common good
approach, each involving and resulting in social and corporate compliance for the
organisation. This type of ethical practice is considered to be respectable and
honourable in the business culture and also an investor or a part of the society at large.
It can also be simplified as a social practice which is responsible for the promotion of
social good and avoidance of the cause of damage to humanity.
2.4 Evolution of the CSR concept and social practices:
Over the past few centuries, companies have directly involved ethical business
practices in their strategies or traditions. There are certain companies which have been
proactive in the early stages of social development with the different schemes for
prosperity. The main theme of the concept of corporate social responsibility is that the
social responsibilities are the forces which operate in every society which make the
corporate act in a particular way. This is true regardless of the nature of society. The
nature of the society be it capitalist or socialist does not matter in this particular context.
The activities of a particular organisation impact on the external environment and
therefore in such an organisation it should be accountable to a much greater range of
audience than merely its shareholders.
The core perception of the business has some social responsibilities which have
emerged for the past 300 years. The relationship between corporate social performance
and the firm performance were extensively explored by several authors. The concept of
CSR is not entirely modern but has been distinctively regenerated over the past few
years as a topic of huge interest among several groups in the business. The concept is
nothing but a contemporary expression of a concept existent in the society for centuries.
Several decades ago the concept of CSR was a topic of considerable interest and

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became a dominant factor in the business society. After its emergence, CSR slowly
became obsolete from company strategies only to resurface in the recent past.
Centuries ago the concept of such ethical practices was founded on an instrumental
approach where the corporations could meet their social and environmental
commitments without the consumption of fiscal exhaustion and losing sight of the
requirements of the shareholders. In the society at present, CSR has been
consequently adapted as an ethical obligation of the organisation determined by the
stakeholders and shareholders of the company.
2.5 CSR in the construction industry:
In the construction industry the CSR is the global responsibility of all the firms on
an ethical and corporate level driven by difficult environmental reputation. The situation
is also true in case of social reputation. The construction industry is one of the leading
producers of wastes and defective and destructive materials and is responsible for the
exertion of huge quantities of carbon dioxide each year. In the United kingdom it has
been estimated that there have been around 70 million tonnes of construction
demolition material. There has also been soil and other ground waste material which
end up as 13 million tonnes of material which are delivered to the sites in the form of
unused and dumped material (Murray and Dainty 2013).
The production of carbon dioxide is an active problem in the society today. The
construction industry is responsible for 2.5% production of the UK’s emissions by the
concrete production alone. There are several materials however which are being
recycled and it is quite clear that there have been vast improvements in those particular
areas. This information demonstrates the capability of the organisations to comprehend
the situation which the construction industry is causing for the society. There has been
much information which has demonstrated the ability of the organisations to prove their
moral ambitions (Dhaliwal et al. 2011). With the influence of the external schemes and
initiatives, the indices of sustainability, socially responsible investment and management
systems the industry has become a forceful partner of the CSR in the economy. The
CSR concepts are absorbed in concerns relating to the way the construction business
might affect the individuals and the environment of its operation. Governments have

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given importance to the initiatives to protect the environment. The governments have
initiated the development and its importance as “Green Firms” will be given priority in
the competition and the selection for all government contracts in the future. The concept
of a “Green firm” is related to the CSR activities in connection to the environmental
benign, the organisation community collaboration and utilization of sustainable products.
There have been several discussions on the idea of environment and sustainability.
This particular section aims to highlight the factors which have influenced the transition
of the organisations towards a perspective which focuses on the concept of
sustainability. There have been several factors which have impacted the organisations
to reconsider and change their particular strategies. There has also been the
incorporation of much more socially sustainable practices for the improvement of
industrial power, enhancement of stakeholder values and the demonstration of a
competitive edge. There needs to be a proper indication of the policies of the
companies and their impact towards a better and much more sustainable environment.
2.6 Key Performance Indicators:
The construction sector has major reasons for the comprehension of the
increasing pressure to engage with social as well as sustainable methods of work
practices. According to the European Commission, CSR is actually a characteristic of
the European social model which might be incorporated correctly and can protect the
solidarity, cohesion and equal opportunities hostile to the present framework of
intensifying global competition. The introduction to investment schemes and indices has
a huge impact on the way in which the sustainable development programmes are
shaping up. Organisations which are proactive and competent are bound to understand
the beneficial implications of these performance indicators and over a span of time are
bound to strategize the company for the inclusion of advantageous and globally
recognised schemes.
2.6.1 The Brundtland Report:
The Brundtland report has been extremely influential towards sustainable
development. This report had been influential towards the concept of sustainable
development. This report has inspired a sense of proper understanding of the term and

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concept of CSR and analytical accentuated the connection with poverty, environmental
degradation and fiscal development. There have been a number of actions and
strategies which are considered to be the main objectives behind a proper policy of
sustainable development. It involves the following concepts:
 A review on the financial growth
 Changing the nature and the quality of growth
 Meeting the essential requirements for jobs, food, energy, water and sanitation
 Ensuring a sustainable level of population
 Re-orientation of technology and management of risk
 Merging of environment and economics in the procedure of decision making
(Barnea and Rubin 2010)
Specifically with regard to the construction industry it can be said that there have been
certain developments incorporated for environmental and sustainability success:
 World Green Building council
 Creating member state sustainable development strategies
 UK Green Building council
 ICE environment and sustainability committee
 Construction and excellence programme
In this regard it can be stated that there also can be the development of United Nations
Global Impact Initiative which was launched almost two decades back. The
development of such an initiative within an organisation shows that the company
encourages and respects fundamental international standards namely the declaration
on environment and development. This particular network also encourages the
corporations to adapt social and sustainable policies in a global format to challenge the
concept of sustainable development and also advance the concept of corporate
responsibilities in the backdrop of the globalizing economy (Schultz, Castelló and
Morsing 2013).

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2.6.2 Global reporting initiative:
The idea behind the global reporting initiative is basically the establishment of a
framework of sustainability. This soon transformed into the Global reporting initiative.
This scheme was then adopted and this resulted in global recognition. The initiative
bases itself on a comprehensive number of guidelines and framework. The framework
helps in setting the ideologies, guidelines and indicators in which the business can help
in the quantification and reporting of the economic, environmental and social
performance which have been demonstrated all over.
2.7 Impact of the construction industry:
The construction industry has a huge impact on sustainable development. It has
huge effects on water resources, land use, greenhouse gas emissions, indirect effects
of the environment; it affects transport systems, communities and also the amount of
public health. Construction industry is a major facilitator and contributor to the overall
economy. The construction sector impacts the three major pillars of sustainable
development. This comprises of the environment, society and economy. According to
several researchers the concept of sustainable construction is a sector activity which
helps in addressing the sustainable development issues. There is a distinguishable
effect of sustainable construction in developing countries where there is an effect on the
sustainable development. The comprehensive overview of all environmental factors
which result from the impacts of the construction industry are given as follows:
 Utilization of fossil fuels
 Atmospheric pollution
 Loss of soil and agricultural land
 Loss of forests and natural habitats
 Construction sector issues
The construction sector is basically considered to have a temporal character by a
construction site and there is a fierce price competition as well a certain amount of
labour intensity. The most crucial issues regarding the quality and the nature of jobs

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in the construction sector are the health and working conditions, several hours of
work which are difficult and unfavourable, high rates of accident and work related
illnesses. There is also a certain amount of flexibility, stability and security especially
further the chain of development. There are basically five different stakeholders who
which play an important part in the shaping f the environmental and societal impacts
of construction on one hand and the deciphering of cost structure on the other. The
stakeholders include the property developer, the general contractor, the investor, the
future user and owner. The CSR factors give importance to the occupational health,
security and safety and in addition to this also focus on the public procurement
procedures, establishment of standards and the enhancement of existing norms and
regulations. It also involves combating the influence of corruption.

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Chapter 3: Research Methodology
3.1 Overview:
The major aim of this dissertation is to outline the possible figures and the
benefits of the evolving Corporate Social Responsibilities into the strategies, objectives
and methodologies of the construction companies for future reference. The aim of this
chapter is to distinguish the importance for the collection and establishment of effective
and conversant information regarding the findings and the conclusion of the
dissertation. Selecting the principle research methodology is for the achievement of a
reliable judicious supposition for the outlined hypothesis for the purpose of academic
investigation. The major aim of this section is to discuss the methods of research and
the ways which have been considered for this particular research. The research
methodology basically aims at the conduction of research studies for the research
methodology and the types of research. The nature of the data which are to be
collected, the way in which the data are to be collected, the limitations of the research
and the scope for future research study is possible. It also mentions about the primary
data the secondary data and the ways and situations in case of which they have to be
utilized. The aim of the methodology section basically to understand that the effective
design of research and its relation to the survey conducted.
3.2 Research Design:
The major function of a research design is to ensure that the evidence obtained
from the study helps in the effective understanding of the research problem as
ambiguously and as suitably as possible. In certain types of research it is crucial that
the evidence is relevant or connected to the nature f the study and therefore it entails
the specification of the nature and the type of evidence and the type of information to
evaluate the results of a study with respect to a particular phenomenon. Depending on
the type of research the length and he type of research designs vary considerably.
There is the need to identify and judge the research problem and clearly justify its
selection. There is also the need to review the recently published literature and this
needs to be associated with the problem area. There needs to be clear and explicit

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information about the hypothesis and the reason the data are being collected ( Creswell
and Creswell 2017).
Research design is basically a master framework which assists in the guidance
of the framework of a particular research. There are different criteria which are t kept in
mind in order to help in the particular research. There is also evidence regarding the
kind f data to be collected the nature of questions which are asked the control of the
researchers, the actual behaviour of the people who are to be interviewed among other
factors. The basic aim of a research design is to guide a person through the procedure
of the collection of data, the nature, the analysis and interpretation of the data. There
are three basic categories or types of research deign which are considered at the time
of framing of the methodology for the topic of research which is to be considered. These
comprise of the descriptive, explanatory and finally exploratory research design.
Explanatory research design is the conduction of research for the purpose of a
problem which has not been well researched before. It is a type of research which
demands the priorities, operational deficiencies and provides a better researched
model. It is a type of research design which focuses on the explanation of the aspects of
the study in a detailed manner. The researcher is basically intended to start with a
general idea about the research and tools of research which would be dealt with in the
future. It is basically meant to provide details where there is a small amount of
information for a specific method of research. This type of research assists in finding the
solution to the problem which was not studied in depth before. This type of research
usually does not give much of conclusive evidence but helps in the overall
understanding of the problem very efficiently. The research question can be studied with
varying levels of depth. It helps in the understanding of the researcher in the context of
the study concerned.
The second type of research design is descriptive by nature. This is helpful for
enhancing the knowledge on the topic concerned which is to be carried out by the
researcher. Descriptive research is the explanation of the statement of affairs of the
actual topic of the research. In this particular type of research the researcher has no

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control on the variables of research. Descriptive research is type of the nature of the
research which helps in the explanation of the different factors of the research. The
nature of the descriptive studies is related to the type of observational studies. They are
not limited to the observational data collection method. The nature of studies is not
limited however to the observational data collection method.
Exploratory research helps in the intention of the nature of the research
questions and does not intend to offer final or any sort of conclusive solutions to the
existent problems. Exploratory research design does not aim to provide the final and
conclusive and answer to the research problems. The exploratory research design is
flexible and adaptable to change but falls short in numerous instances. It is time saving
in any cases and can determine the type of research which are worth pursuing.
The key aim of this research is to reassess the present scenario of CSR activities
and documenting made by the construction companies globally, in order to have an
effective understanding of the areas of CSR that are most precise for this industry and
how the agenda of CSR is having an influence on the activities of the organizations
within this industry. This knowledge will be helpful in creating the secondary aim of
create probable suggestions in order to explain the CSR issues to the construction
industry in a better way so that the construction industries can improve their business
activities. This type of research in this connection is descriptive by nature.
3.3 Research Type:
In this particular study the type of research is descriptive by nature. It basically
aims to understand the opinions of the people who can be managers of the construction
companies and also the individuals who are related to the construction industry. The
type of the research when it is descriptive helps in the enhancement of knowledge and
its also dependent on the type of study which is conducted. The key aim of this research
is to reassess the present scenario of CSR activities and documenting made by the
construction companies globally, in order to have an effective understanding of the
areas of CSR that are most precise for this industry and how the agenda of CSR is

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having an influence on the activities of the organizations within this industry. The
interviews which will be conducted will be helpful in the analysis of the different
operational tactics as well the impact of CSR procedures in relation to the construction
industry.
3.4 Research Approaches:
The approaches of research to a particular study intend to show the most
important construct on the basis of which the methodological framework is based. There
are three major types of research approaches. These are deductive research approach,
inductive research approach and abductive research approach. Discussion of the
research approaches is a crucial part of any particular scientific study concerned and
this helps in the area of the research (Acharya et al. 2013).
In case of the deductive research approach, there is the concern regarding the
development of a hypothesis, designing a research strategy, which is based on the
existent theory and finally the design of a research strategy in order to test the
hypothesis. The deductive method of reasoning is basically aimed at the understanding
of the theories in connection to the topic of the research in general. The deductive
method of approach is explained by means of certain hypothesis, which can be derived
from certain theoretical propositions. Deductive approach is concerned with the
derivation of conclusions from certain premises or propositions.
In case of inductive research, there is no hypothesis formulation of any kind. It
starts with the research questions and the aims and objectives require to be achieved at
the time of the research procedure.
In case of abductive research approach the procedure of the research is mainly
to designate the explanation to the incomplete research observations specified with
regard to the particular study.
3.5 Research techniques and ethics:
The research ethics basically involve factors which protect the human beings or
participants and also involve queries regarding the complex ethical, social and political
issues. Research ethics is specifically the understanding and the analysis of ethical

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issues which are raised when the people are involved with the participants of the
research. There are certain major issues which come under the ethics of the research.
The most important concern is the protection of confidentiality of the human participants
This is required as the confidentiality of the people involved in the research and
surveyed is required at all costs. The second most important aim is to ensure that the
research is conducted to suit the needs of the people concerned and also the society as
a whole. This is to be maintained at all levels as the research needs to be such that the
society needs to be protected at all levels. This is also to be ensured that the people
understand the aim of the research is basically for the greater good. The third objective
is the examination of the issues which include the ethical considerations, the
management of risk and also the procedure of informed consent. The research method
is to be maintained at all times. The research ethics are extremely important for any
particular study concerned. The ethics are very important and crucial to the purpose of
the research.
3.6 Study Population:
The study population is basically the particular population which the researcher
needs to target for the purpose of research. A crucial and a proper understanding is
necessary for the research in order to make sure that the requirements of the study are
to be met. The particular study focuses on the impact of the several factors of the
corporate social responsibility on the construction industry and the connected sectors.
The current research therefore looks to increase upon the very restricted information on
this topic that is available in this aspect of CSR within the construction industry in order
to have a better understanding of CSR on construction industry. This can be
accomplished by making use of a distinct methodology in order to gather the data from
several sources in order to create a better and extensive image of the operations and
the performance of the organization along with recognising where probable
developments can be made. Therefore it needs to be ensured that the particular people
from whom the data are to be collected are genuine and true. The people need to
understand that the data and the results need to be authentic. This is because of the
reason that the incorrect information might hamper the results and tamper with the
accuracy of the results. The study population in this particular research study involves

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the people who are either the managers of the construction companies or the
individuals who are related to the construction industry sectors. A population of the
people objects or items are to have the samples which are to be considered for the
purpose of measurement. The total group of individuals about whom the information is
gathered is the target population. In this particular connection the information collected
is regarding the construction industry and the different aspects of the construction
industry as a whole with regard to the concept of corporate social responsibility.
3.7 Sample Population:
The sample population is basically a percentage of people who are asked to
answer the prepared questionnaire. The sample population in the method of research is
preferably a 10% sample of the people who are either managers or the stakeholders of
the construction industry. It needs to be maintained that the source of data collected
and the conclusions about the research are genuine. The sample needs to be an overall
representative of the population so that the obtained results from the sample are a
representative of the entire population. In this particular case the sample should be
genuine and also a representative of the entire stakeholders of the construction industry
which are to be considered in this particular case (Bornstein, Jager and Putnick 2013).
The different types of sampling techniques which are usually considered in
important cases of research are simple random sampling, systematic sampling,
stratified sampling, cluster sampling, t=quota sampling and mini-max sampling among
others. Quota sampling can actually be considered to be the non-probability equivalent
of stratified sampling. This type of sampling involves the selection of representative
individuals which are to be chosen out of a specific subgroup. The researcher in this
case can consider several instances of data collection and sampling but keeping the
topic of the research in mind, the method of quota sampling is the best and most
appropriate method of sampling (Bornstein, Jager and Putnick 2013).
3.8 Data Collection Instruments, sources and administration method:
Data sources are that used extensively in different researches are basically of twi
broad types. These comprise primary and secondary data. Primary data comprise of
empirical evidence which are collected by the researcher and are also obtained by the

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direct interview of the suitable people for the purpose of research. The collection of
primary data can be time taking and economically unfeasible but the data are much
more suitable and accurate for the purpose of study as there are very few chances of
any sort of errors in the data. Primary data are real and genuine as the interviewers
collect the data from the sample of respondents who are considered in this particular
research. These data are reliable and genuine. In this particular case the results are
genuine as the people who are either managers of construction companies or
stakeholders of the construction industry are interviewed. Secondary data in
comparison to the primary data do not require much more cost in the data but there is
the chance or risk of working with much more erroneous and biased data (Morse 2010).
3.9 Primary Data:
Primary data encompass an inventive source of data which is actually the one in
which the data are collected firsthand by the researcher for a specific reason purpose or
project. The primary data can be collected in different ways. The most common
techniques are self-administered surveys, interviews, field observation and experiments.
Primary data collection is genuinely expensive and time consuming compared to the
collection of secondary data. In spite of this, the primary data collection is the only
suitable method of data collection for certain specific types of research. Primary sources
of data are original, the respondents are indisputable and the data collected are also
authentic. The data in this case have been conducted by interviewing the respondents
and the identified stakeholders in the particular process. The people who are
interviewed are actual providers of the source of primary data.
3.10 Design of questionnaire:
The questionnaire is a major tool for the purpose of research which encompass
a series of questions which are utilized for the rationale of gathering information from
the respondents. These can basically be considered as a written from of the interview.
Questionnaires are a technique of getting large amounts of data which are composed
from a large number of respondents. The answers which are gathered from the
examples of questionnaires which are typically analysed or interpreted help the
researchers to come up with solutions to the research which is being conducted. Such

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solutions are analysed or interpreted which are utilized by different fields in order to
provide answers to the most pressing issues and solutions.
The negative aspects of questionnaires are basically the hiding of information by
the respondents who are not interested to share the suitable information. This may
tamper with the said records and cause the results of the research to be misinterpreted.
In this meticulous research the questionnaire research is designed.
3.11 The method of data analysis:
There are two major types of data analysis. These are qualitative and
quantitative methods. Quantitative research is used to quantify a particular problem or is
used to generate numerical data or data which can be transformed into usable statistics.
It is used to quantify attitudes, opinions, behaviours and other defined variables and
generalize the results from a sample population which is larger. It is used to collect
measurable data to formulate the facts and uncover the patterns in research.
Quantitative data collection methods are much more structured than the qualitative data
collection methods. Quantitative data are numerical data which are reliable and
dependent. The strengths of quantitative research lie in researching theories which are
involved with the way the research is being conducted. It is also useful for the collection
of data which help the conclusions to be made. The data analysis is a bit time
consuming but genuine.
The limitation of quantitative research is that there is the miss out of phenomena
occurring with respect to the specific situation and in this case the aim of the research.
Knowledge might be too abstract, and this might be general for the direct application to
specific local situations, contexts and individuals.
The qualitative method of research is primarily an exploratory research. It is
basically used to gain a proper understanding of the underlying reasons, opinions and
motivations. It also provides insights into the problems of the research and also helps in
understanding the ideas for potential methods of quantitative research. The qualitative
research methods are used to discover trends in the contemplation and opinions and

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also go deeper into the crisis. Qualitative data collection methods are several in number
and they might vary dependent on the unstructured or semi-structured methods.
In this particular research the quantitative and qualitative nature of the data are
considered.
3.12 Research Limitations:
The limitations of the research are there. This usually requires a large part of the
sample. In certain cases the respondents might not provide genuine sources of
information. The time frame of the interview and the frame of mind of the respondents
might impact the nature of the research. The procedure of collection of such data is
expensive as well as time consuming. A lot of time is required to perform the analysis. It
is also difficult in case the amount of data becomes difficult to perform. The
requirements for the successful statistical confirmation of the results are very difficult in
case of quantitative research. It is more or less okay to analyse but difficult to
understand in the context of a particular phenomenon. The data might not be robust
enough for the explanation of complex issues. Quantitative research can be compared
to scientific procedures. Not always the desired level of accuracy is achieved. Always
the answers which are given by the respondents are not crucial. Therefore it is
necessary for the respondents to exhibit a certain level of honesty at the time of
answering the questionnaires.

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Chapter 4: Data Analysis
4.1 Quantitative Approach:
The analysis of the data gathered for the purpose of investigating the laid down
research questions and hence the objectives has two distinct parts. First, a quantitative
approach had been adopted to understand the relevance of the various options of
employee incentives to further the motive of corporate social responsibility (CSR). The
survey questionnaire distributed among employees of various companies in the
construction industry, collected their opinions regarding their experience and feelings
about eight kinds of incentives that the companies engaged in the construction industry
may offer them. The incentives about which opinions, categorized into five levels,
namely, “Strongly disagree”, “disagree”, “neutral”, “agree”, Strongly agree”, increasing
order of towards positive views are as follows: The questionnaire addresses the
participants by asking whether they agree or disagree about whether the construction
company provides healthcare for their employees along with health care assistance,
whether the construction company offer subsidized or free lunch and refreshments to its
employees, whether the construction company provide credit for housing, car and
education purposes, whether the construction company provides bonus and rewards to
its employees, whether the construction company has policies for training and
development for its employees, whether the companies provide recreational facilities
like gym and club membership to its employees, whether the construction company has
the right to freedom of association, collective bargaining and complaint procedure for its
employees, whether the construction company has promotional policies and regulations
for their women and minority employees and finally whether the company has policies
for formal worker representation on in the process of decision making within the
organization.
It is then assessed through quantifying their responses and then summarizing
and through graphical representation the existing perceptions of the participating
employees who responded to the survey questionnaire, which option is favoured more
by the companies in the construction industry and which have been successful in

33THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY TRANSFORMATION ON
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evoking employee satisfaction and appreciation the most. The data on the employees
participating in the survey study also took into account their age, educational
background, years of experience, gender and their hierarchical designation within the
corresponding construction companies they are currently employed. The responses
have therefore also been categorized and compared among the groups that come about
through such demographic attributes of the employees. The analysis has been done
using Microsoft excel and the Analysis Tool pack that comes with it. Responses were
collected from 106 employees. The results of the analysis of the data collected from
them are hence discussed.
An employee is reasoned to be unaffected by the factor is he or she responds
neutral to the question, otherwise he or she is taken to be concerned about it and hence
it is considered that the factor has an influence in his or her work satisfaction as an
employee of the company he or she works in.
The summarized percentage counts of responses for the factor, that whether
construction companies provides healthcare or not is given in the following table It was
observed that the participants were 3.416 times more likely to report being either
positively or negatively affected and 5/3 times more dissatisfied or hold negative views
than being satisfied or hold positive views.
Row Labels Count of Q6.
Construction companies provides healthcare for the employees along with health
assistance
Agree 23.58%
Disagree 29.25%
Neutral 22.64%
Strongly Agree 5.66%
Strongly
Disagree
18.87%
Grand Total 100.00%
Table 1: Construction companies provides healthcare for the employees along with
health assistance

34THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY TRANSFORMATION ON
COMPANIES’ DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Source: Created by Author
23.58%
29.25%
22.64%
5.66%
18.87%
Construction industry provides healthcare for the
employees along with health assistance
Agree
Disagree
Neutral
Strongly Agree
Strongly Disagree
Figure 1 : Construction industry providing healthcare for the employees and also
health assistance
The summarized percentage counts of responses for the factor, that whether
construction companies offer subsidized or free lunch and refreshments to its
employees or not is given in the following table It was observed that the participants
were 2.8 times more likely to report being either positively or negatively affected and 3/2
times more dissatisfied or hold negative views than being satisfied or hold positive
views.
Row Labels Count of Q7. The construction companies offer subsidized or free lunch and
refreshments to its employees
Agree 24.53%
Disagree 27.36%
Neutral 26.42%

35THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY TRANSFORMATION ON
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Strongly
Agree
5.66%
Strongly
Disagree
16.04%
Grand Total 100.00%
Table 2 : The construction companies offer subsidized or free lunch and refreshments
to its employees
24.53%
27.36%
26.42%
5.66%
16.04%
The construction companies offer subsidized or free
lunch and refreshments to its employees
Agree
Disagree
Neutral
Strongly Agree
Strongly Disagree
Figure 2: The construction companies offer subsidized or free lunch and
refreshments to its employees
The summarized percentage counts of responses for the factor, that whether
construction companies provide credit for housing, car and education purposes to its
employees or not is given in the following table It was observed that the participants
were 3.4 times more likely to report being either positively or negatively affected and 9/5
times more dissatisfied or hold negative views than being satisfied or hold positive
views.

36THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY TRANSFORMATION ON
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Row Labels Count of Q8. The construction organizations provide credit for housing, car and
education purposes
Agree 24.53%
Disagree 31.13%
Neutral 22.64%
Strongly Agree 2.83%
Strongly
Disagree
18.87%
Grand Total 100.00%
Table 3: The construction organizations provide credit for housing, car and education
purposes
24.53%
31.13%
22.64%
2.83%
18.87%
The construction organizations provide credit for
housing, car and education purposes
Agree
Disagree
Neutral
Strongly Agree
Strongly Disagree
Figure 3: provision of different purposes by the organisation
The summarized percentage counts of responses for the factor, that whether
construction companies provide provides bonus and rewards to its employees or not is
given in the following table It was observed that the participants were 3.8 times more

37THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY TRANSFORMATION ON
COMPANIES’ DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
likely to report being either positively or negatively affected and 8/7 times more
dissatisfied or hold negative views than being satisfied or hold positive views.
Row Labels Count of Q9. The construction companies provide bonus and rewards to their
employees
Agree 30.19%
Disagree 18.87%
Neutral 20.75%
Strongly Agree 6.60%
Strongly
Disagree
23.58%
Grand Total 100.00%
Table 4: The construction companies provide bonus and rewards to their
employees
30.19%
18.87%20.75%
6.60%
23.58%
The construction companies provide bonus and
rewards to their employees
Agree
Disagree
Neutral
Strongly Agree
Strongly Disagree
Figure 4: the provision of bonus and rewards

38THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY TRANSFORMATION ON
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The summarized percentage counts of responses for the factor, that whether
construction companies have policies for training and development for their
employeesor not is given in the following table It was observed that the participants
were 2.8 times more likely to report being either positively or negatively affected and
6/11 times more dissatisfied or hold negative views than being satisfied or hold positive
views.
Row Labels Count of Q10. The construction companies have policies for training and development
for their employees
Agree 33.02%
Disagree 18.87%
Neutral 26.42%
Strongly
Agree
6.60%
Strongly
Disagree
15.09%
Grand Total 100.00%
Table 5: The construction companies have policies for training and development
for their employees

39THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY TRANSFORMATION ON
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33.02%
18.87%
26.42%
6.60%
15.09%
The construction companies have policies for training
and development for their employees
Agree
Disagree
Neutral
Strongly Agree
Strongly Disagree
Figure 5: Policies for training and development of employees
The summarized percentage counts of responses for the factor, that whether
construction companies provide recreational facilities like gym and club membership to
their employees or not is given in the following table It was observed that the
participants were 2.9 times more likely to report being either positively or negatively
affected and 5/2 times more dissatisfied or hold negative views than being satisfied or
hold positive views.
Row Labels Count of Q11. The companies provide recreational facilities like gym and club
membership to their employees
Agree 19.81%
Disagree 30.19%
Neutral 25.47%
Strongly
Agree
0.94%
Strongly
Disagree
23.58%
Grand Total 100.00%

40THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY TRANSFORMATION ON
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Table 6: membership to their employees
19.81%
30.19%
25.47%
0.94%
23.58%
Count of Q11. The companies provide recreational
facilities like gym and club membership to their
employees
Agree
Disagree
Neutral
Strongly Agree
Strongly Disagree
Figure 6: recreational facilities
The summarized percentage counts of responses for the factor, that whether
construction companies give the right to freedom of association, collective bargaining
and complaint procedure to their employees or not is given in the following table It was
observed that the participants were 4 times more likely to report being either positively
or negatively affected and 5/3 times more dissatisfied or hold negative views than being
satisfied or hold positive views.
Row
Labels
Count of Q12. The construction companies have the right to freedom of association,
collective bargaining and complaint procedure for their employees
Agree 28
Disagree 30
Neutral 21

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Strongly
Agree
4
Strongly
Disagree
23
Grand
Total
106
Table 7: The construction companies have the right to freedom of association,
collective bargaining and complaint procedure for their employees
26.42%
28.30%
19.81%
3.77%
21.70%
Count of Q12. The construction companies have the right to
freedom of association, collective bargaining and complaint
procedure for their employees
Agree
Disagree
Neutral
Strongly Agree
Strongly Disagree
Figure 7: employee assignment and bargaining procedures
The summarized percentage counts of responses for the factor, that whether
construction companies have promotional policies and regulations for their women and
minority employees or not is given in the following table It was observed that the
participants were 4 times more likely to report being either positively or negatively

42THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY TRANSFORMATION ON
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affected and 9/7 times more dissatisfied or hold negative views than being satisfied or
hold positive views.
Row Labels Count of Q13. The construction companies have promotional policies and regulations
for their women and minority employees
Agree 30.19%
Disagree 24.53%
Neutral 19.81%
Strongly
Agree
4.72%
Strongly
Disagree
20.75%
Grand Total 100.00%
Table 8: The construction companies have promotional policies and regulations
for their women and minority employees
30.19%
24.53%
19.81%
4.72%
20.75%
Count of Q13. The construction companies have
promotional policies and regulations for their women
and minority employees
Agree
Disagree
Neutral
Strongly Agree
Strongly Disagree

43THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY TRANSFORMATION ON
COMPANIES’ DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Figure 8: Facilities from women and minority employees
The summarized percentage counts of responses for the factor, that whether
construction companies have policies for formal worker representation on in the process
of decision making within the organization or not is given in the following table It was
observed that the participants were 3 times more likely to report being either positively
or negatively affected and 9/7 times more dissatisfied or hold negative views than being
satisfied or hold positive views.
Row
Labels
Count of Q14. The companies have policies for formal worker representation on in the
process of decision making within the organization
Agree 23.58%
Disagree 20.75%
Neutral 24.53%
Strongly
Agree
9.43%
Strongly
Disagree
21.70%
Grand
Total
100.00%
Table 9: The companies have policies for formal worker representation on in the
process of decision making within the organization

44THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY TRANSFORMATION ON
COMPANIES’ DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
23.58%
20.75%
24.53%
9.43%
21.70%
Count of Q14. The companies have policies for formal worker
representation on in the process of decision making within the
organization
Agree
Disagree
Neutral
Strongly Agree
Strongly Disagree
Figure 9: worker representation
Finally, it was seen that question 10 that is, the factor of the construction
companies having policies for training and development for their employees was the
incentive most positively rated by the employees of the construction companies with
39.623% voting positively or strongly positively, followed by question 9 that is, bonus
and rewards with 36.75%.
Question Positive responses
Q6 29.245%
Q7 30.189%
Q8 27.358%
Q9 36.792%
Q10 39.623%
Q11 20.755%
Q12 30.189%
Q13 34.906%

45THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY TRANSFORMATION ON
COMPANIES’ DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Q14 33.019%
Table 10: percentage of responses
Q6
Q7
Q8
Q9
Q10
Q11
Q12
Q13
Q14
31
32
29
39
42
22
32
37
35
POsitive responses
Figure 10: percentage of responses
Additionally this factor of the construction companies having policies for training
and development for their employees is also the incentive that have maximum likelihood
of an employee being satisfied over unsatisfied. However it was the factors promotional
policies and regulations for their women and minority employees and the right to
freedom of association, collective bargaining and complaint procedure for their
employees which was found to be most likely to invoke employee interest however both
of these showed that it was more likely that an employee is unsatisfied in this aspect.
Focussing on the factor regarding regulations for employees who are women or
belong to a minority group, it was seen that for women employees the effect likelihood
of being satisfied is same as that of being unsatisfied. The consensus thus is found to

46THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY TRANSFORMATION ON
COMPANIES’ DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
be equally split and at least it is not more likely for a female employee to feel
unsatisfied. The result is found to be same for policies for formal worker representation
on in the process of decision making within the organization as far as women
employee’s perspectives are concerned.
The top concerns for male employees were found to be regarding bonus and
rewards policy, healthcare aid policy and freedom of association, collective bargaining
and complaint procedure. The participants were not found to be more likely to be
satisfied in these regard however. Among junior level staff, regulations of employees
who are women or from minority group are found to have largest impact and his raises
question whether most people of this level come from these two groups. The second
most significant factor found to have impact is healthcare policy. The satisfaction is
found to be lagging in both of these aspects among the participants from this level
however the satisfaction in terms of bonus and rewards policy was reported to be
satisfactory by them.
The sentiment regarding bonus and rewards policy was found to be reflected the
same for those in middle level and freedom of association, collective bargaining and
complaint procedure was also reflected upon as satisfactory by this group which was in
fact reported as having most impact upon them as well. Bonus and rewards policy found
to have most impact on management level employees and it was found that they were 3
times less likely to be satisfied with the existing policies. The second factor having
significant impact was policies for formal worker representation on in the process of
decision making within the organization and the management level was 6/5 times less
likely to feel satisfied with the existing system. Bonus and rewards was found to be
having most impact on employees who have been working for more than 8 years and
the group is found to be 3/2 times less satisfied in this aspect, and health care policies
was seen to be 2 times less likely to evoke satisfaction. Employees who have worked
for between 5 to 8 years however reported that they are 9/7 times less likely to be
satisfied with the bonus and rewards scheme.

47THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY TRANSFORMATION ON
COMPANIES’ DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
4.2 Qualitative Research:
The second approach taken to investigate the topic is a thematic analysis of a set
of interviews of three managers from three construction companies based in the United
Kingdom, namely, Carillion, Interserve and Morgan Sindall. The managers were asked
questions regarding how introduction of corporate social responsibility programs has
affected the organization, in terms of operational function, employee attitude and
performance and how much positive effect they have felt that has been affected on the
organization overall. The answers were then compiled into transcripts and the
documents were subsequently studied and analysed to identify underlying themes or
theories that answer the research questions and objectives that has been laid down in
the previous sections of the paper. The areas that were flagged as relevant to the
investigation, are mainly focussed around,what are the CSR areas are that are
commonly employed within this industry and the reasons behind this being so, how they
affect the operations and how the differences and similarities in CSR schemes has
proved to affect the comparative performances of these companies and whether any
pattern could be identified.
Three themes have been identified, namely, Corporate social responsibility
scheme, Effects on Employees and Benefits. The themeCorporate social responsibility
schemerefers to the various corporate social responsibility driven activities, facilities and
policies that the companies Carillion, Interserve and Morgan Sindall have adopted into
their operational functions as company policy. The theme Effects on Employeestalks
about how the employees in these companies where the subjects of the interview, that
is the managers belong, have received and reacted to the changes in the corporate
social responsibility policy. The theme Benefits talks about the positive difference that
has been observed by the managers that has come about due to the change in policy
on the overall company operations and performance.
Corporate social responsibility scheme
The three managers offer an in-depth insights about what policies that their
organizations have brought into force. The bottom line of their corporate social
responsibility seems to be centred around employee motivation. Key policy aspects

48THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY TRANSFORMATION ON
COMPANIES’ DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
include bonus and incentives, regular performance appraisal with handsome rewards,
group activity driven by cultural and social norms and issues, training programs and
recreational facilities to encourage bonding and communication.
The manager from Carillion, Timothy Jordan, in his interview is quoted below,
explaining the kinds of policy changes that this company had introduced. Among the
features of corporate social responsibility policy, rewards and recognition and company
excursion aside from health camps have been stated as notable mentions.
“We introduced a new reward schemes where we award the employees based on their
milestone achievements regularly. The bonding of the employees has therefore
improved as we have company outings more regularly which bolster that.”
“We also give out health benefits and have free health checkup and that has been
immensely appreciated by the employees.”
The manager from Morgan Sindall, Oliver Harrison, revealed that their company
has a focus on training and talent development of its employees and that they try to
encourage employee participation in their decision making process. He also revealed
that the management had also focussed on ensuring top class facilities to make the
time spent by the employees in the office as comfortable and active as possible,
creating an atmosphere of not only competitiveness but also healthy socializing to ease
the comfort level among the employees. The following quote by him sums up all this.
“Our employees enthusiastically participate in workshops and brainstorming sessions.
We have excellent cafeteria and games rooms where employees spend time in between
work”
The manager from Interserve, Carrie Oak expressed that their company follows
in line with Morgan Sindall with regard to corporate social responsibility policy focussing
on creating an environment at work which is engaging, active and motivated and not
oppressive and dull. The following quote depicts what she said,

49THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY TRANSFORMATION ON
COMPANIES’ DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
“We have regular workshops and training programs. We have excellent cafeteria and
games rooms where employees spend time in between work.”
Another aspect of their policy that Carrie Oak highlighted was that the company
encouraged bonding over social and cultural habits and traditions and that they annually
engaged in other bonding activities such as sports day which brought all of the offices
together.
“We have annual sports day as well as secret Santa during Christmas. That certainly is
quite popular among the employees and they wait all year for that time. ”
Effects on Employees
Timothy Jordan, remarked that the employees in his company has received the
changes in a very welcoming light
“The employees have shown a very welcoming attitude to the changes. “
He referred to their rewards and incentives policy and said that it had been
successful in gaining appreciation from the employees and that the attention towards
more bonding activity had proved to strengthen bonding among workers and thus was
able to garner a sense of personal empathy of the employee with the office
environment.
“The bonding of the employees has therefore improved and we have company
outings more regularly which bolster that. We also give out health benefits and have
free health check-up and that has been immensely appreciated by the employees.”
Oliver Harrison of Morgan Sindall, also expressed that CSR has been able to
effect positive reactions from the employees.
“Our employees enthusiastically participate in workshops and brainstorming
sessions.”

50THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY TRANSFORMATION ON
COMPANIES’ DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
“We have excellent cafeteria and games rooms where employees spend time in
between work. This has improved communication among the various levels and the
employees have given an overall positive feedback about their experience at office.”
Carrie Oak from Interserve, further revealed that their CSR policy has been able
to bring about change among the employee attitude and foster a healthy environment at
work. The employees now have avenues to counter the stress of work.
“The competitiveness is also high but it’s not as toxic because you could see
employees working hard during office hours trying to meet deadline and then going out
together for food and games after work hours or during breaks unwinding after a tough
day at work. This I have felt been a welcome change as this takes the edge off of the
employees from having to take on the pressure of workload.”
Referring to the sports day that the company organizes, Carrie Oak said,
“That certainly is quite popular among the employees and they wait all year for that
time.”
Benefits
Regarding the benefits that the company has reaped by introducing the change
in company policy via CSR, Timothy Jordan of Carillion said that it has been very
positive for them and that the company has not only been able to better its output but
also has been able to better its reputation. Its employee retention and demand as an
employer has also been bolstered.
“Of course. Our performance has improved and reputation has gone up. We have had
an increased number of people looking to join our company and retention levels has
also increased.”
“The work environment has been seen to become more lively and a significant rise in
employee motivation has been seen. The work output has therefore shown
considerable improvement.”

51THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY TRANSFORMATION ON
COMPANIES’ DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Oliver Harrison of Morgan Sindall also pointed out how the change effected on
their employee satisfaction metrics owing to the change in policy has proved to be
successful in improving performance and that the change in the work culture has had an
effect on the overall appearance of the company as well, making it more popular as a
potential employer.
“Absolutely, increased employee satisfaction has been seen to correlate with
performance outcome and we have experienced this firsthand.”
“The work environment has been seen to become more engaged and focused. This has
reflected in the work output has therefore shown considerable improvement. We have
had an increased number of people looking to join our company and retention levels
has also increased.”
Carrie Oak of Interserve, said that there has been significant improvement in
their operational process with communication between teams and within team members
having improved substantially since effecting the change and that it has encouraged
healthy competition within the organization .The employee engagement was also
pointed out to have been enhanced.
“Very positive indeed. We have had more people wanting to come into the company
after having heard from friends about the company culture. We have been working more
than ever and doing better than ever.”
“The operational functions have certainly become more smooth. The employees are
more vocal and the exchange of ideas have proved to be instrumental in improving the
operational performance.”
“The competitiveness is also high but it’s not as toxic because you could see
employees working hard during office hours trying to meet deadline”
Additionally it has given employees as a way to cope with the stress so that their
work doesn’t get effected by mounting work.

52THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY TRANSFORMATION ON
COMPANIES’ DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
“This I have felt been a welcome change as this takes the edge off of the employees
from having to take on the pressure of workload.”
Thus the introduction of the CSR policy aspects into the overall operational
policies have indeed been identified to be benefitting the companies with the key areas
of CSR being identified as Incentives and bonuses, Training and Talent development
and more group activities to bolster bonding.

53THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY TRANSFORMATION ON
COMPANIES’ DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Chapter 5: Conclusion
5.1 Overview of results:
In this particular research the data collected and understood for the purpose of
investigation has two distinct parts. It also helps in the understanding of the quantitative
and qualitative approaches to the research. It also needs to be understood that the
motives of the employees should be clear with respect to the corporate social
responsibility. The research aims to cover several areas of employee research. There is
a quantification of research. There has been the categorisation of the responses.
Factors like the healthcare provisions for the members of the companies and the
healthcare assistance have been studied. The credit provided by the construction
organisations for housing, car and education purposes have to be considered. The
construction companies and the provision of rewards to the employees have to be
considered. The policies of the companies for the training and development of the
employees have also been determined. The percentage costs of responses need to
constitute the factors for the promotional policies and regulations.
The promotional policies for the regulations for their women and minority
employees have also been discussed. The report also discusses the policies for the
former worker representation or in the decision making within the particular
organisation. The companies have the policies for the former worker representation in
the process of decision making within the organisation. The percentage of positive and
negative responses have also been analysed with respect to the particular study.
5.2 Limitations:
There might be the improper representation of the target population. It might also
hinder the researcher from the achievement of desired goals and objectives. Despite
the application of appropriate sampling plan representation of the subjects is dependent
on the probability distribution of the data observed. There might be miscalculation of
data in certain cases. The construction industry has several sectors which need to be
analysed but in this particular research all the sectors have not been able to be
analysed. There have been insufficient resources for the data collection and there also

54THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY TRANSFORMATION ON
COMPANIES’ DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
have been such a sample size. It often happens that the data analysis is not being able
to control the environment. Since the quantitative research method involves the
structured questionnaire with open ended questions, it leads to limited outcomes
outlined in the research proposal. Therefore it happens that the results cannot always
represent the actual occurring in the overall generalized form.
In case it happens that there is a quantitative study requires extensive statistical
analysis, there might be discrepancies, where they might be from non-statistical
backgrounds. Statistical analysis is based on scientific discipline and hence it becomes
difficult for people from non-mathematical backgrounds to perform. Effective response
should depend on the research problem rather than just a simple answer to a closed
ended question. It often happens that there might be extra resources which might be
required to analyse the results. The requirements for the successful statistical
confirmation are extremely difficult in case of a quantitative research. In case there are
major aspects to be researched there might be extra resources required for the analysis
of the results.
5.3 Scope for further research:
There might be better options for research which might help in the all round
understanding of all the impact of corporate social responsibility in the construction
industry. There might also be certain factors which might impact the construction
industry which can be studied in case all the impacting factors are taken into
consideration. Research can be conducted with different factors in consideration.

55THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY TRANSFORMATION ON
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59THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY TRANSFORMATION ON
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Appendix:
Transcript 1 (Carrillion Manager):
Q1. What changes has been observed in the operational activity of your company
after the incorporation of corporate social responsibility?
There has been an increase in competitiveness among the employees. The work
environment has been seen to become more lively and a significant rise in employee
motivation has been seen. The work output has therefore shown considerable
improvement.
Q2. How does the employees of your company feel after the incorporation of
corporate social responsibility?
The employees have shown a very welcoming attitude to the changes. We introduced a
new reward schemes where we award the employees based on their milestone
achievements regularly. The bonding of the employees has therefore improved and we
have company outings more regularly which bolster that.
Q3. Do you think corporate social responsibility has brought in positive changes
in your organization?
Ofcourse. Our performance has improved and reputation has gone up. We have had an
increased number of people looking to join our company and retention levels has also
increased.
Transcript 2 (Interserve Manager):
Q1. What changes has been observed in the operational activity of your company
after the incorporation of corporate social responsibility?
The operational functions have certainly become more smooth. The employees
are more vocal and the exchange of ideas have proved to be instrumental in improving

60THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY TRANSFORMATION ON
COMPANIES’ DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
the operational performance. Overtimes have become less strenuous with employees
dedicating more hours to work with less complaints. Communication among the various
levels have improved
Q2. How does the employees of your company feel after the incorporation of
corporate social responsibility?
The competitiveness is also high but it’s not as toxic because you could see employees
working hard during office hours trying to meet deadline and then going out together for
food and games after work hours or during breaks unwinding after a tough day at work.
This I have felt been a welcome change as this takes the edge off of the employees
from having to take on the pressure of workload. Our employees enthusiastically
participate in workshops and brainstorming sessions. We have excellent cafeteria and
games rooms where employees spend time in between work
Q3. Do you think corporate social responsibility has brought in positive changes
in your organization?
Very positive indeed. We have had more people wanting to come into the
company after having heard from friends about the company culture. We have been
working more than ever and doing better than ever. There is still a long way to go, but
we are getting there.
Transcript 3 (Morgan Sindall Manager):
Q1. What changes has been observed in the operational activity of your company
after the incorporation of corporate social responsibility?
Thework environment has been seen to become more engaged and focused.
This has reflected in the work output has therefore shown considerable improvement..
We have had an increased number of people looking to join our company and retention
levels has also increased.
Q2. How does the employees of your company feel after the incorporation of
corporate social responsibility?

61THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY TRANSFORMATION ON
COMPANIES’ DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Our employees enthusiastically participate in workshops and brainstorming
sessions. We have excellent cafeteria and games rooms where employees spend time
in between work. This has improved communication among the various levels and the
employees have given an overall positive feedback about their experience at office.
Overtimes have become less strenuous with employees dedicating more hours to work
with less complaints.
Q3. Do you think corporate social responsibility has brought in positive changes
in your organization?
Absolutely, increased employee satisfaction has been seen to correlate with
performance outcome and we have experienced this firsthand.