Diabetes Mellitus And Sulphonylurea

Running head: TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS AND SULPHONYLUREA
Type 2 Diabetes and Sulphonylurea
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TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS AND SULPHONYLUREA1
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus has been a continuous threat to global health and nutritional status. It is
one of the predominant lifestyle-based non-communicable diseases which has a widespread
impact, irrespective of the age-groups. It is a chronic ailment that occurs when the body cannot
effectively utilize the Insulin hormone secreted from the pancreas, resulting in insulin resistance
and Hypoglycemia. Moreover, this disease is triggered by different causative agents, among
which the foremost was the trend of sedentary lifestyle coupled with faulty and improper dietary
patterns. This paper will present an overview of the functioning of the Endocrine Unit of the
Pancreas, along with the pathway of insulin secretion and action. It will also emphasize on the
aetiological conditions culminating into Type 2 Diabetes mellitus. Besides, the report will give
impetus to a summary concerning the relation between diabetes and an anti-diabetic drug. It will
put forth the relevant information along with the action mechanism and contraindications of
Sulphoylurea drug precisely. The following report will encompass the impact of diabetes in
young adults. This is because, in recent years, Type 2 DM has phenomenally upsurged in this
age group owing to unhealthy life patterns and simultaneous hike in overweight and obesity.
Researches have also given impetus that how this particular age group is susceptible to develop
diabetes, which becomes serious as well as a fatal health issue with the increasing age. Therefore
proper dietary advocacy and awareness about the disease can play a beneficial role in curbing the
epidemic of this NCD.

TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS AND SULPHONYLUREA2
Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................5
Discussion........................................................................................................................................5
Overview......................................................................................................................................5
The Pathway of Insulin Secretion :..........................................................................................6
Diagrammatic representation of the mechanism of insulin secretion..............................................7
Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.................................................................................7
Aetiology / Causes.......................................................................................................................8
Risk Factors associated with Diabetes.........................................................................................9
Pharmacology related to Diabetes.................................................................................................10
Table 1. About the Drug – The list of Sulphonylureas are as follows :....................................10
Action Mechanism of the Drug.................................................................................................11
Pharmacokinetics of the Drug...................................................................................................11
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................13

TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS AND SULPHONYLUREA3
Introduction
Type 2 diabetes, also termed as non-insulin-dependent, or adult-onset diabetes, results
from the defective and impaired functioning of the anti-diabetogenic Insulin hormone at the
target site or Organ, leading to Insulin resistance and consequent increase in Blood glucose
levels(Defronzo et al., 2015). It is mainly caused by severe sedentary changes in daily life, along
with a lack of knowledge and awareness related to the maintenance of a healthy lifestyle and
diet. It also affects hearts, blood vessels and kidneys, resulting in early deaths across the globe.
However, as a part of the anti-diabetic interventions, various pharmacological drugs have been
devised, and Sulphonylurea is one of them. This drug works mainly for enhancing the insulin
secretion from the pancreatic beta cells and thereby acts as an anti-hyperglycemic agent. This
study will focus on the pathophysiological basis of the disease along with the relation with
Sulphonylurea drug, its mode of action, side-effects and any probable association with diet and
lifestyle.
Discussion
Overview
The primary unit associated with the entire process of secretion of the anti-diabetogenic
Insulin hormome, and regulation of blood glucose levels is the beta cells, a group of endocrine
cells present in the Islet of Langerhans of Pancreas. These Beta cells are sensitive to glucose
concentration in blood(Chatterjee, Khunti & Davies, 2017). With an upsurge in the blood
glucose levels, the secretory cells release the Insulin in two phases. The first phase is
characterised by an immediate release of the insulin hormone in response to the hyperglycemic