Exploring the Role of Multicriteria Decision Making in Organizational Behavior

The provided content is a collection of academic articles, books, and online resources that explore various aspects of organizational behavior, motivation, decision-making, leadership, and human psychology. The texts cover topics such as multicriteria decision-making, neuroeconomics, positive leadership, employee well-being, qualitative research, and conflict resolution. The readings also delve into theories like Maslow's need hierarchy and the concept of motivation. Additionally, there are discussions on organizational climate and culture, strategic management, and ethics in leadership. Overall, the content provides a comprehensive understanding of individual and group behavior within organizations.

Organizational
behavior

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction .....................................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Evaluate leadership theories .................................................................................................3
1.2 Impact of managerial styles on organizational effectiveness ...............................................4
1.3 Impact of motivational theories on employee motivation ....................................................6
1.4 Theories related to work relationship and interaction ...........................................................7
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................8
2.3 Analysis of culture and structure of one organization and evaluation of impact on its
effectiveness ................................................................................................................................8
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................8
3.1 Analysis of how organization facilitate innovation and creativity .......................................8
3.2 Effectiveness of learning in the organization ........................................................................9
3.3 Effectiveness of team working ............................................................................................10
3.4 Effective management of changes in the organization .......................................................10
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................11
4.1 Analysis of approaches of organization decision making ...................................................11
4.2 Assessment of approaches of risk and uncertainty in decision making ..............................12
4.3 Evaluation of effectiveness of organization decision in a specific organization ................13
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14
Books and journals ....................................................................................................................14
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INTRODUCTION
It is assertive that positive support should be given by staff members of the company for
accomplishing required goals and objectives of the business. Organizational behavior is practice
for studying the group and individual behavior of staff members (Glimcher and Fehr, 2013).
Present report is based on grocery retail firm of UK naming Tesco. The report describes about
different leadership theories that are followed in the company. In addition to that the report
describes about impact of managerial styles on the organizational effectiveness. Moreover,
analysis of impact of motivational theories on the performance of the staff members have been
done in the business. Furthermore, analysis of characteristics of different organizational structure
has been done in the report.
TASK 1
1.1 Evaluate leadership theories
Tesco is a grocery retail firm of U.K. That offers different variety of product to buyers.
Leadership theory is important to determine the quality of person and support they can set and
attained the objectives of the organization (Romiszowski, 2016). Leaders plays an important role
in making effective coordination between the employees. These are the following leadership
theory that apply in the organization :-
Trait Theory – It determines the capability and characteristics of individual to leading the team
effectively. This approach also help the manager of Tesco to take decision for assessing stronger
position of the organization and identifying the strength and weakness of the employees as well
as company. This method also believe and focuses on the individual trait like – confidence,
charisma, positive attitude, knowledge etc.
Behavioral Theory – This approach give focus on the behavior of individual towards achieving
the goal of the organization. Under this theory also based on the assumption of punishment and
reward on the changing behavior (Ford and Richardson, 2013). It also believes that the leaders
needs to give influence on his team members for doing work in the enterprise. It is combination
of trait and great man theory for the giving situation.
Contingency Theory – This theory is based on the trait behavior and situational factors and
personality of the leader of the organization. According to this theory leaders are task as well as
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relationship oriented (Snyder and Diesing, 2015). It leads with the capability variable of the
organization. This theory is also based on four leadership style -
 Telling – In this step the leader have a high task and low responsibility.
 Selling – In this approach the leader have high task and high relationship.
 Participating - In this style the leader have low task and high relationship.
 Delegating – In this method the leader have low task and low
responsibility.
Transactional Theory – This approach focuses on the supervision, directing, controlling and
monitoring of the organisation performance. According to this approach the manager needs to
take decision for executing operational activities (Gal, Stewart and Hanne, 2013). Manager is
also responsible for making policy, rule regulation in the organisation and also giving reward to
staff members for performing well.
Situational theory – It is also known as the life cycle theory of the leadership. This theory also
believed in four different types of leadership style that includes Telling, Selling, Participating,
Delegating. According to this theory a single leadership style is not best for handling a specific
situation. Managers need to take decisions as per the complexity of business situation. It depends
on the situation which type of strategy and leadership style a leader need to adopt for doing a
particulars task in advantageous manner.
Transformational Theory – This theory believes that leader work with the subordinate and set
the goal and objective of the organization and they also inspire and motivate the employees to
achieving the goal of the entity.
1.2 Impact of managerial styles on organizational effectiveness
Managerial styles that are used in Tesco organization supports for gaining organizational
effectiveness. Leadership provided by managers also affect the organisation and the employees
can motivated. If the personal concern they are satisfied then the other one is relationship
between the employer and employees. Managerial structure are also related with the hierarchy of
an organisation it also includes the four type of managerial structure -including Regional
manage, Departmental manager, general manager, Functional manager. There are various
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benefits that are reaped through the managerial styles that are followed in the company
(Pettigrew, 2014).
 Higher Productivity- when the company give the opportunity to its
employees in decision making, engaging employees to activity of the
organisation (Yukl, Mahsud and Prussia, 2013). It also reduces the time
and cost for carrying out operational activities and it aids in making good
profit in the organisation.
 Committed employees – Every employees have given freedom for sharing
the idea, feeling, with the innovation and creativity and they also thought
the involvement of decision making process and the other activity of the
organisation.
 Achieving the organisational goal and objective - when we select the
organisational objective it relates the individual objective as well
(Kelloway and Das, 2013). The employees are motivated toward the task
also and personal objectives of the company.
 Increase Sale and profit – Tesco company's major objective is for making
profit and increasing sale in the market with the help of employees. When
the employees are motivated to doing the work the sale is also increased
and the company will also generate the profit in the organisation (Klenke,
2016).
 Reduced the employees turnover- when the leader use the democratic style
and they also respect the view of the employees they also training -
programme of the employees are satisfied their job and they also stable
this place so that the employees turnover going reduce (Porter-O'Grady,
and Malloch, 2014).
All over different managerial styles that have been adopted ion the company has
supported for gaining organizational effectiveness. Short term goals and long term objectives of
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the business have been accomplished and it has supported for ensuring long term competitive
growth for the business (Dörnyei and Ushioda, 2013).
1.3 Impact of motivational theories on employee motivation
Maslow 's Need Hierarchy Motivational Theory – According to this theory they believe
on the human needs the first we fulfil the need of the priority. The other need are not
activated .the second we fulfil the safety and security of the person and third need may include
the physiological needs self actualisation needs.
Illustration 1: Maslow's need hierarchy theory
(SOURCE- Lepper and Greene, 2015)
1. Physiological Needs – it includes the basic need of the human life like food, shelter, air,
water, necessary things of human needs this need the employees have satisfied not more
than long period (Weiner, 2013). It relates with the short term period
2. Safety Needs – it includes the economic security and protection of the dangers it requires
more money and its human beings for securing the physiological needs and safety of the
employees (Pinder, 2014).
3. Social Needs - it also includes the need belonging, love affection as well as relationship
and interaction between friend and family also
4. Esteem Need- when the human satisfied their basic need they become their positive
attitude and self respect and they also self motivate and respect achievement confidence
and accomplishment of the organisation (Alderman, 2013).
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5. Self Actualisation needs – it includes the realising the strength weakness and potential of
the person doing work in the business it includes the pick, growth of the person talent
creativity and innovative ideas, experiences (Peters, 2015).
It is essential that motivation is also depended on the reward it may be monetary and non
monetary depending the level of employees of Tesco monetary reward include the-incentive,
bonus, compensation, paid holiday, perks and other work related rewards in the term of non
monetary it includes the recognition, promotion challenging task, appreciation etc. as per the ma
slow theory monetary reward to individual that are in the lower level and non monetary higher
reward to its employees.
1.4 Theories related to work relationship and interaction
Theories related to work relationships and interactions means the strategies that help the
organization to develop the mutual relation with the employees to achieve desired goals and
objectives. It describes the organizational culture and its effect on value chain and strategic
implementation. Here value chain means the inflow of the goods and services to its final
consumers (Dewi and Baridwan, 2016). It also includes flow of goods within the organization
from different departments for example from production department to sales department. In our
organization named as TESCO, the famous retail firm of UK has adopted various strategies to
analyses the value chain of the organization to effectively manage its resources.
Tesco managers are asked to develop strategies for resource allocation in effective
manner which could reduce the production and administrative cost of the product, leading to
achieve more profits. It is the responsibility of the managers to identify the individual
characteristics and enlighten the work place with positive environment through various strategies
of communication, management of difficulties and conflicts, emotionalism skills, and values. But
it do not include the external vision and its impact on the organization (Petty and Cacioppo,
2016). So the management need to take appropriate steps to collect data about external
conditions and their impact on working and organizational environment within which the
individual operates. The external conditions could be developed in the individual behavior
through training, counseling and other organizational activities. The company can even give
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authority to some team leaders to provide knowledge about the external environment and
motivate them to follow the same.
TASK 2
TASK 2.1 AND 2.2 HAVE BEEN COMPLETED IN PPT.
2.3 Analysis of culture and structure of one organization and evaluation of impact on its
effectiveness
Tesco adopts a systematic and structured procedure for executing all required operational
activities. Organizational structure and culture of company are described as:-
Tall organizational structure: - Company uses tall organizational structure in which
many levels of hierarchy are followed. Many managerial levels are there in the firm due to which
small span of control is there. Each manager handles a small group of employees and renders
instructions and directions to them. It is a complicated and complex structure as well as decision
making process is slow under this method. Many layers of middle level management are there in
the firm and it is required by employees to follow rules and regulations that are formed in
company (Cerasoli, Nicklin and Ford, 2014). Very small number of employees are supervised by
the managers and better supervision and monitoring of employees is made possible by making
use of this method. Flow of information and communication is slow in the organization and
sometimes, difficulties are faced in taking better and effective decisions for the business.
Culture that is followed in the organization: - Role culture is followed in Tesco and
specific tasks and job duties are assigned to the staff members of firm (Alvesson, 2012). All rules
and regulations for carrying out business activities are formed by the top management of
organization and employees are given with instructions and directions for accomplishing a
specific group of tasks.
TASK 3
3.1 Analysis of how organization facilitate innovation and creativity
Organization facilitate innovation and creativity and it leads towards ensuring growth and
success of the enterprise. It is assertive that new innovations should be made in the organization
for fostering growth and success of the company. Top management and middle level
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management of the organization can take significant initiatives for making positive innovation
and modifications in the company.
Research and development department of the company can take significant and
prominent steps for adding attractive attributes and features in the existing product range of the
organization. Market survey can be conducted in the company for assessing the needs and
expectations of existing products so that necessary modifications can be made inn the existing
product range and new products can be launched by the company (Avolio and Yammarino,
2013). Other than this it also helps for meeting the expectations and needs of buyers and it will
also help for gaining satisfaction of buyers. New ideas and concepts can be taken from the staff
members so that Tesco organization can facilitate innovation and creativity in the staff members.
Suggestions can also be taken from the business consumers and they can be asked about the
improvements that they want in the existing product range of the company (Powell and
DiMaggio, 2012). Staff members can be encouraged for giving their valuable suggestions and
recommendations so that necessary improvements can be made in the existing product range and
new products can be launched by the firm.
3.2 Effectiveness of learning in the organization
It is essential that all the employees that are working in the Tesco company should posses
necessary skills and capabilities that are required by them for performing their work. Learning
supports the employees in completing the assigned task and job responsibility. Learning helps for
enhancing skills and capabilities of the staff members and it also helps for making positive
improvements in capabilities of the employees (Rothaermel, 2015). Organization effectiveness
also improves through learning and due to that managers of the company becomes capable for
developing efficiency of the organization. In addition to that open and dynamic work culture and
system is developed in the company through learning and it helps for gaining smart and capable
employees for the enterprise (Organizatioanl behaviour. 2017). Employees give preferences for
learning through visual, aural, reading and practical learning. It also helps for imparting required
skills and capabilities to the employees and on the basis of that technical, conceptual and
managerial skills can be developed in the employees (Schneider and et.al., 2013). Learning helps
for managing and developing competent and capable manpower inventory in the company and it
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will also help for achieving required goals of business in better and effective way (Schunk and
Zimmerman, 2012). Learning also helps for acquiring better knowledge and capabilities in the
employees and it also aids for enhancing skills and capabilities of the employees.
3.3 Effectiveness of team working
Team working helps for achieving required goals and objectives of the Tesco company in
better and effective way. Positive support given by all the team members helps for completing all
the required work and activities of the enterprise in effective way (Glimcher and Fehr, 2013).
Mutual cooperation given by employees helps for accomplishing required goals and objectives of
the business and it also helps for ensuring long term growth and success of the venture.
Long term and short term goals of the company can be accomplished in better way and it
also helps for ensuring long term success of the organization. Tesco organization has become
capable for gaining huge market share and it has also supported for accomplishing required goals
and objectives of the business (Romiszowski, 2016). Team working has supported for dividing
equal work and job responsibilities to the employees and it has provided long term benefits for
the entity. Team working aided for enhancing the existing market share and capabilities of the
enterprise. In addition to that understanding among staff members increased and they became
capable for performing their assigned task and job responsibilities in better and effective way.
3.4 Effective management of changes in the organization
It is assertive that systematic and structured process should be used in the company for
implementing the required changes in better and effectual manner. Tesco company has adopted
organizational change process for making necessary modifications in the existing practices and
procedures that are carried out and used in the company. Initially areas of improvements are
identified and diagnosis of problems faced by the company is done (Ford and Richardson,
2013). Possible course of action is developed, reviewed and compared and on the basis of that
changes are implemented in the firm.
Changes are planned and long term and short term strategies are formulated for
implementing the changes in the company. Followup is taken and measures and reviews are done
for assessing the effectiveness of change process that have been implemented in the organization
(Snyder and Diesing, 2015). It is a systematic process that is being used in the company for
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making positive improvements in weak performing areas and on the basis of that measures are
taken for making positive and effective modifications in effective way.
TASK 4
4.1 Analysis of approaches of organization decision making
Decision making is the process where any firm can take decision with the help of the
employees' engagement and individual (Gal, Stewart and Hanne, 2013).
These are the steps which followed by the Tesco company decision making process in the
company.
Step -1 Identify the problem - This is the first process of the company to understand the problem
and also identify the nature, cause of the problem and also collect the information that affect the
set of goal and objective of the company
Step-2 Establish the decision criteria – in this approach Decision maker take the decision with
establish the area of the problem it also includes the stakeholders, suppliers ,creditor, debtors
also in the decision making in the company
Step-3 weigh decision criteria- This is the very effective way of doing decision this is better for
individual and group decision because we known the own criteria and group also so that the goal
may be achieved.
Step-4 Generate alternatives- This is the non programmed situation in this process the manager
also take support subordinate, collogues to engaged the decision making process in this step they
collect the alternative with the help of experiences, knowledge to take the decision for the giving
situation.
Step-5 Evaluate the alternative – in these approaches they can evaluate the alternative for actual
and standard also making the decision in the trust
Step-6 Choose the best alternatives- this process we can choose the best possible option which
related to organisational goal and solution of the problem also
Step-7 Implement the decision – In this process manager putting the action for the plan and
alternative of the decision making process
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Step-8 Evaluate the decision - this is the last step of the business to evaluate the current and
actual organisation performance
1.
Illustration 2: Decision making process
(SOURCE- Pettigrew, 2014)
4.2 Assessment of approaches of risk and uncertainty in decision making
Risk is defined as probability of winning and loosing something in return of a particular
action that is being performed in the enterprise. On the other hand uncertainty is defined as
situation in which future outcomes that are likely to be received are unknown. Risk can be
measured whereas uncertainty can not be measured. In risk chances of outcomes are known
whereas in uncertainty chances of outcomes are unknown (Klenke, 2016).
Tesco organization needs to face many situations of risk and uncertainty and it is vital
that strategic approach should be used by business for mitigating the negative impact of risk that
is being faced in the enterprise. While taking decisions for the business it is assertive that areas
should be identified where risk can be reduced and action plans should be made for reducing the
uncertainties that are faced in the company (Porter-O'Grady and Malloch, 2014).
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4.3 Evaluation of effectiveness of organization decision in a specific organization
Organisation effectiveness means the capabilities of a company to achieve the desired
standards without any variances . This signifies the effective organisational structure and its
management includes the motivating leadership and skilled labor or employees such as in
TESCO. Tesco has well developed organization which has the power to implement the changing
marketing conditions and transformed it in to successful outcome with the help of new
technologies and smart human capital available in the organization or by outsourcing the same as
per the company's requirement (Dewi and Baridwan, 2016). Organization need to take quick
actions as per the changes develops in the market to satisfy the demands and needs and maintains
the goodwill of the company in the eyes and the minds of the consumers.
The company need to take potentials to take regular surveys and collect data to analyses
the market and its future perspectives. The organisation should have effective decision making
system which could take quick decisions and communicate it to other team members and
employees simultaneously through various communicating process like mails, online chatting
etc. Therefore, the effective decision making also requires the effective communication systems.
It also requires the effective motivating theories which help the organization to inspire the
employees to accept the changes and work accordingly because in many organizations
employees are of conservative nature which do not adopts the change easily and thus it creates
chaos and disharmony in the organization (Petty and Cacioppo, 2016). Sometimes it could also
lead to strikes and lock outs and thus TESCO has the efficient and motivating employees to grab
the changes prevailing in the market.
CONCLUSION
Summing up the present report it can be concluded that organizational behavior can be
studied by a company for assessing and identifying the individual behavior of the employees.
Team working helps for accomplishing the required goals and objectives of the business. It also
helps for accomplishing required goals and objectives of the business in effective and advanced
way. Different motivational methods can be used in the company for appreciating the good and
effective work done by the staff members.
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REFERENCES
Books and journals
Alderman, M.K., 2013. Motivation for achievement: Possibilities for teaching and learning.
Routledge.
Alvesson, M., 2012. Understanding organizational culture. Sage.
Avolio, B.J. and Yammarino, F.J., 2013. Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road
ahead. Emerald Group Publishing.
Cerasoli, C.P., Nicklin, J.M. and Ford, M.T., 2014. Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives
jointly predict performance: A 40-year meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin.140(4). p.980.
Dewi, P.N. and Baridwan, Z., 2016. FACTORS AFFECTING THE MOTIVATION ON
INTEREST STUDENTS TO PARTICIPATE AN ACCOUNTING PROFESSION
EDUCATION (Empirical Study on Accounting Students in Four State University Est Java).
Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa FEB,.3(2).
Dörnyei, Z. and Ushioda, E., 2013. Teaching and researching: Motivation. Routledge.
Ford, R.C. and Richardson, W.D., 2013. Ethical decision making: A review of the empirical
literature. In Citation classics from the Journal of Business Ethics (pp. 19-44). Springer
Netherlands.
Gal, T., Stewart, T. and Hanne, T., 2013. Multicriteria decision making: advances in MCDM
models, algorithms, theory, and applications (Vol. 21). Springer Science & Business Media.
Glimcher, P.W. and Fehr, E., 2013. Neuroeconomics: Decision making and the brain. Academic
Press.
Kelloway, E.K. and Das, H., 2013. Positive leadership and employee well-being. Journal of
Leadership & Organizational Studies. 20(1). pp.107-117.
Klenke, K. ed., 2016. Qualitative research in the study of leadership. Emerald Group Publishing
Limited.
Lepper, M.R. and Greene, D. eds., 2015. The hidden costs of reward: New perspectives on the
psychology of human motivation. Psychology Press.
Peters, R.S., 2015. The concept of motivation. Routledge.
Pettigrew, A.M., 2014. The politics of organizational decision-making. Routledge.
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Petty, R.E. and Cacioppo, J.T., 2016. Methodological choices have predictable consequences in
replicating studies on motivation to think: Commentary on Ebersole et al.(2016). Journal of
Experimental Social Psychology. 67. pp.86-87.
Pinder, C.C., 2014. Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press.
Porter-O'Grady, T. and Malloch, K., 2014. Quantum leadership. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
Powell, W.W. and DiMaggio, P.J., 2012. The new institutionalism in organizational analysis.
University of Chicago Press.
Romiszowski, A.J., 2016. Designing instructional systems: Decision making in course planning
and curriculum design. Routledge.
Rothaermel, F.T., 2015. Strategic management. McGraw-Hill.
Schneider, B. and et.al., 2013. Organizational climate and culture. Annual review of psychology,
64. pp.361-388.
Schunk, D.H. and Zimmerman, B.J., 2012. Motivation and self-regulated learning: Theory,
research, and applications. Routledge.
Schunk, D.H., Meece, J.R. and Pintrich, P.R., 2012. Motivation in education: Theory, research,
and applications.
Snyder, G.H. and Diesing, P., 2015. Conflict among nations: Bargaining, decision making, and
system structure in international crises. Princeton University Press.
termination theory and the L2 motivational self system models. The impact of self-concept on
language learning. pp.19-42.
Weiner, B., 2013. Human motivation. Psychology Press.
Yukl, G., Mahsud, R., Hassan, S. and Prussia, G.E., 2013. An improved measure of ethical
leadership. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies. 20(1). pp.38-48.
Online
Organizatioanl behaviour.2017. [Online]. Available through:
<http://wps.pearsoned.co.uk/ema_uk_he_robbins_orgbeuro_1/151/38813/9936202.cw/
index.html>. [Accessed on: 24th February 2017].
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