Intellectual Disabilities: Assignment
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Added on 2021-06-15
Intellectual Disabilities: Assignment
Added on 2021-06-15
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Table of ContentsAbstract:...........................................................................................................................................2Introduction:....................................................................................................................................2Intellectual disability.......................................................................................................................3Down Syndrome..........................................................................................................................4Piaget’s theory of cognitive development....................................................................................4Mayer’s cognitive theory.............................................................................................................6Skinner’s behaviorist operant conditional model.........................................................................7Adaptions to support adults or children with intellectual disability:...............................................7Conclusion:......................................................................................................................................8References......................................................................................................................................101
Abstract:This paper discusses different problems encountered by children and adult with intellectual disabilities and ways to overcome these problems. It includes Down syndrome in children and itsimpact on them and how to improve their cognitive capabilities. It also discusses the theories likePiaget’s to understand various phases of cognitive development in a child. It also includes Mayer’s and Skinner’s theory which can assist children with intellectual disability in learning and living independently. Lastly, the ways by which we can support children or adult with intellectual disability in the community.Introduction: Cognition can be defined as a mental action or a process involved in learning, remembering, understanding and knowing things. It is a set of mental processes and abilities that are part of every individual action when they are awake. Cognitive abilities are brain-based abilities or skillsthat every one needs to carry out from simple to most complex work. It involves the mechanismsof how individual remember, learn, solve problems, pay attention, rather than the actual knowledge [ CITATION Mic06 \l 1033 ]. Cognitive skills are supported by particular neuronal network. These skills tend to decline with age, especially executive functions and those abilities that are not used on regular basis. But these can be best by several lifestyle practices and options[ CITATION Pro14 \l 1033 ]. Each cognitive skills and abilities plays significant role in processing new information. If any of these skills is weak then individual’s way of retaining, grasping or using the information is highly affected. Most learning disabilities are caused by weak cognitive skills. These skills can be 2
developed in children by progressively building learning skills and techniques such as memory, attention and thinking. These skills help children to develop and process sensory information andfinally learn to analyze, evaluate, make comparisons, remember, understand the cause and effect.These skills in children develop rapidly in the first few years and increases progressively throughout elementary school. Several cognitive skill development is due to genetic makeup of children and some are acquired by learning which means that learning and thinking skills in children can be improved by appropriate training and practice[CITATION Bec13 \l 1033 ].Intellectual disabilityIntellectual disability can be defined as a disability characterized by significant inability in intellectual functioning and also in adaptive behavior as exhibited in social, conceptual and practical adaptive skills. It is caused by social, biomedical educational, behavioral risk factor thatis transferred from parent to child or by interaction of risk factors during the life span of individual. Biomedical risk factors include genetic disorders, lack of nutritious etc. [ CITATION Wis16 \l 1033 ]. Behavioral factors include behaviors like maternal substance use and social factors include adult responsiveness, child stimulation. Educational risk factors include educational supports and availability of family that helps in mental development and increases adaptive skills[ CITATION Wel10 \l 1033 ]. There are several types of intellectual disabilities like Down syndrome, Fragile X-syndrome, developmental delay etc. involves difficulty in learning, retaining information and communicating. Fragile X syndrome is one of the most common inherited intellectual disability in the world. It is a genetic condition that is caused by mutation inthe X chromosome [ CITATION Ale14 \l 1033 ].3
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