Earthwork And Its Similar Techniques

Task: 1
Solution (a):
Earthwork and its techniques:
Earthwork is the procedure which includes various tasks such as the excavation transference
and the compaction of the earth's plane at a different location. Earthwork is the process which
operates at the initial phase of construction. The ending of the earthwork within the provided
time is frequently the key of the whole work completed without any delay. There are mainly
three types of techniques in earthwork process:
a. Site clearance:
This is the task which includes various operations such as, removal of existing structures,
trees from the topsoil.
b. Excavation:
The small size of the excavation occurs in the places where the tiny earthmoving plan
cannot be utilized.
c. Bulk excavation:
This is the task which does the huge excavation work, for example: cut and filling,
basement excavation and shallow cut and fill.
Earthwork equipment:
There are several categories of earthmoving paraphernalia which are utilized in the
construction industry:
1. Excavators:
The operator regulates the excavator from the base cabin, which can rotate in the angle of
3600. The base cabin is situated on the supporting structure by suing the wheels or the
tracks. It is widely used in both small and large construction sites. The major applications
of excavators are heavy lifting, mining, excavation, dredging etc.
2. Backhoe Loaders:

It is a medium-sized machine which can be used for various applications such as placing
pipes, lifting material, filling up trenches etc.
3. Bulldozers:
This equipment is considered as the most heavy-duty machine which can be spotted at the
construction place, the primary application of this equipment is to move the huge amount
of soil into an open construction place.
4. Trenchers:
Trenchers are earthmoving equipment which is used for the digging trenches purpose.
(The Economic Times, 2019)
Solution (b):
Method of creating a complex foundation on construction sites:
The technique for the foundation work execution is shown below:
1. Earth trenches excavation for the foundation.
2. Cement concrete placement.
3. Footing placement of column construction.
4. Anti-termite treatment placement.
5. Brickwork placement at the plinth stage
6. Damp proof course placement on the walls.
7. Earth refilling around the walls.
8. Earth refilling on the building portion up to the necessary height as per the plinth
stage. (The Constructor, n.d.)

Figure.1 Concrete and brickwork walls' foundation retrieved from (The Constructor,
n.d.)
Pile foundation method on construction sites:
During the piles designing, the equipment and the installation methods must be chosen
carefully for avoiding the pile's damage.
Displacement method:
Dropping weight:
A hammer with the similar weight of pile is upstretched to an appropriate height and released
for striking the pile head.
Figure.2 Pile driving by hammer retrieved from (N 2016)

Vibrations:
The amplitude vibrations which are utilized here must be sufficient for breaking the skin
friction on the pile's sides. It is best suitable for sandy soils.
Jacking:
For the jacking piles installation, Hydraulic arms are applicable for pushing the piles into the
ground.
Jetting:
Water jetting can be used for aiding the pile’s penetrations into the sand. (N 2016)
Drainage work method on construction sites:
The Pre-earthwork process drainage involves the lined or unlined ditches, or filter drains built
at the top of the cutting slope or the toe of the embankment as required. A suitable design
creates these ditches for preventing the surface water from entering into the works. When
these ditches placed at the top of cuttings, then the surface water carried through the
earthwork drainage is clean and can be propagated directly towards the watercourses. And
when the ditches placed at the embankment's toe, then the surface water carried through the
pre-earthwork drainage will comprise sediments from the embankment's runoff being built.
(Transport.gov.scot, n.d.)
Solution (c):
A culvert is a pipe which permits the water flow under the road. It can be constructed by
using a corrugated or concrete metal pipes, corrugated polyethylene drain pipe etc.
Process of Culvert construction:
After the setting and position determination of culvert by the land surveyor, excavations start
concerning the design. In case of culver construction under trenched conditions, the
contractors firstly construct the seal, sub-base and the sub-grade to a level which provided the
least coverage up to the planned level of the culvert’s top. (The Constructor, n.d.)
After that, the trench excavation for the culvert construction begins. The excavation can
surpass for permitting the category and width of the bedding substance to be placed as
elaborated in the designs. The trench's width is expected to be adequate to permit for correct
laying, backfilling and bedding of the culvert. The breadth shall not exceed from the 4/3rd of