Effect of Schedule Delays and Cost Overrun on Construction Project

This dissertation aims to analyze the effect of schedule delays and cost overrun on a construction project and their interrelationship. It explores the impact of delays in schedule and cost overrun on a construction project and examines the relationship between schedule delays and cost overrun. The study recommends various methods to minimize the impact of cost overrun and schedule delay and suggests techniques to manage activities and improve labor performance. The findings reveal various factors that affect schedule delay, such as interference of outside agencies, labor strike, limited resources, poor management, error in planning, and poor site management.

EFFECT OF SCHEDULE
DELAYS AND COST
OVERRUN ON
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT

ABSTRACT
Cost overrun and schedule delay highly affect the construction project. The aim of the
dissertation is to identify the relation between the cost overrun and schedule delay and measure
their impact on construction project. To understand the impact, researcher explain the views of
different author in respect to the research topic, impact of cost overrun and schedule delay, and
the various measures to resolve the issues. The quantitative and qualitative data are selected to
gather the information regarding the project and identify the methods to resolve the issues. SPSS
tool is used to explain the correlation between the cost overrun and schedule delay. The selection
of 20 contractors as sample help to understand the interrelation of schedule delay and cost
overrun in deeper sense. The study recommends different methods to minimize the impact of
cost overrun and schedule delay. It also suggests various techniques to manage the activities and
prepare proper plan to improve the performance of the labour. It used the reliability test to
explain that whether the research is reliable or not for the further use by the researcher, scholar
and constructor. The finding from the study exposed the various factor which affect the schedule
delay such as interference of outside agencies, labour strike, limited resources, poor
management, error in planning, poor site management etc. The research explains that there are
various factors which make impact of construction project, and they are differed from country to
country and one project to another project. Conclusion and recommendation of the study
explains the different factors of schedule delay and suggest the appropriate methods to overcome
their impact on construction project.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the professor who help me to select the research
topic and encourage me to invest my whole time in the project to complete it with the efficiency
and effectiveness. I also thank to my friends, scholar who help me to conduct the project
effectively and collect the data by getting the consent of different contractors. Last but not least I
would like to thank my family who support me in these project by providing the proper
resources.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...............................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1
Background of the study...........................................................................................................1
Aims and Objectives..................................................................................................................2
Questions....................................................................................................................................2
Hypothesis..................................................................................................................................3
Rationale of study......................................................................................................................3
Scope of study.............................................................................................................................3
Significance of study..................................................................................................................3
Structure of study......................................................................................................................4
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................5
Labour strike................................................................................................................................9
Error in plan...............................................................................................................................11
Intervention by outside agencies...............................................................................................12
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...........................................................................16
CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS................................................................................................25
Discussion.................................................................................................................................37
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................44
Conclusion................................................................................................................................44
Recommendations....................................................................................................................46
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................48
APPENDIX....................................................................................................................................53
Questionnaire........................................................................................................................................53
Table 1Variable table.....................................................................................................................25
Table 2Model summary table........................................................................................................25
Table 3ANOVA table....................................................................................................................26
Table 4Coefficient table................................................................................................................26

Table 5Correlation table................................................................................................................27
Table 6 Variables considered for analysis.....................................................................................28
Table 7Model summary.................................................................................................................28
Table 8ANOVA table....................................................................................................................29
Table 9Coefficient table................................................................................................................29
Table 10Variables used for analysis..............................................................................................30
Table 11Model summary...............................................................................................................30
Table 12ANOVA table..................................................................................................................30
Table 13Coefficient table..............................................................................................................31
Table 14Variables used for analysis..............................................................................................32
Table 15Model summary...............................................................................................................32
Table 16ANOVA table..................................................................................................................32
Table 17Coefficient table..............................................................................................................33
Table 18Variable entered for analysis...........................................................................................34
Table 19Model summary table......................................................................................................34
Table 20ANOVA table..................................................................................................................34
Table 21Coefficient table..............................................................................................................35
Table 22Variables entered.............................................................................................................35
Table 23Model summary table......................................................................................................36
Table 24ANOVA table..................................................................................................................36
Table 25Cofficient table................................................................................................................37

Dissertation Topic: Effect of schedule delays and cost overrun on construction project
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
Project denotes series of related task which reflects sequence and series of activities on
the basis of time. Construction project is referred to organised process of constructing,
refurbishing, renovating infrastructure and structure of building. A standard construction project
has five life cycle phases which comprise initiation, planning, execution, monitoring and
performance and closure. Schedule delay in construction project is the main area of concern as it
is related to time, cost, labour management (Dinakar, 2014). Delays in construction delay impact
synch of project specifically with reference to cost but also reputation of company involved in
certain project.
The major causes of delay in schedule of project are due to changes in design, poor
labour productivity, shortages of resources, inadequate planning. Apart from this major cause
schedule delay in construction are because of changes in user, uncertain whether condition,
condition of site, increase in quality, economic conditions, plan of designer and late deliveries.
There are different types of schedule delay like Non- Excusable days which includes strike for
work, uncertain events like, surges, quakes and flames (Amusan, Dosunmu and Joshua, 2017).
These are controlled event in construction project and therefore knowns as forgivable deferrals.
This type of delay is also caused due to changes initiated by proprietor and blunders in design
plans, structure of details and documents. Further, it can be said that compliance with legislative
requirement also play essential role in minimizing delay in schedule of project because it is the
aspect which restrict execution of project activities. Apart from this, there are non-excusable
type of delays which are known as non\reasonable deferrals. For example, delay in assessment
and accommodation of sub-materials of construction (Owolabi and et.al., 2014). Moreover, non-
reasonable deferrals in project are because of poor coordination, late execution of providers and
subcontractors and because of reluctance.
Apparently, delay in project are because of time which is part of basic delay arise due to
inappropriate time management or due to undertaking of conveyance date. Compensable and
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simultaneous delay are other concerns of incurring risk in construction projects like, additional
expenses or due to cost, calendar delay and excessive time consumption in specialized
investigation (Larsen and et.al., 2015). The major incurring factor because of project delay in
construction project is cost. Incurring cost of project due to delay impacts interrelationship and
management between clients and companies.
Cost overrun is increase in cost because of unexpected changes in project. Cost overrun
in construction project mainly arise due to improper planning of contractors, poor site
management, inadequate experience and financial resources. Changes in budget o project is the
critical factor which impacts reputation and project planning and resources of both contractor
and client. Cost overrun effects stakeholders of project that is client, contractor, employees, etc.
Further, it leads to less return on investment and also impact confidence of client. Also, incurring
cost of project reflects loss of profit to contractor because it directly increases cost and time of
every scheduled activity. On the other hand, it is identified cost over of construction project
effects supplementary agreement, budget shortfall, reputation of consultant increase labour cost,
poor coordination, and delay in time inadequacy of funds and delay in construction. Thus, the
present research will help in outlining effects of delay in schedule and cost overrun of
construction project. Also, the study will be focused on deriving interrelationship of delay in
schedule and increase in cost.
Aims and Objectives
Aim
“To analyse the effect of schedule delays and cost overrun on a construction project and their
interrelationship”.
Objectives
 To analyse the impact of delays in schedule and cost overrun on a construction project.
 To find the relationship between schedule delays and cost overrun
Questions
 What are the effects of cost overrun and scheduled delays on a construction project?
 Is there any relationship between the schedule delays and cost overrun?
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Hypothesis
H0: Schedule delay and cost overrun are directly proportional
H1: The more the delay takes place, the cost associated with the project will become more
Rationale of study
The motive behind conducting this study is to outline cost estimation and execution of planning
of people involved in particular construction project. The study will help in deriving reasons and
frequency of delay in schedule of construction project which is necessary to gain insight over
impact of delay. The study is for academic and personal interest and therefore the information
will be based on academic articles and statistical analysis. Further, the rationale behind choosing
this topic of research is to outline significant impact of cost overrun on profitability of project. In
accordance with different researches, it is been identified that over construction proved to be
delay and show upward increase in cost contribution (Henjewele, Sun and Fewings, 2014).
However, the delay in project activities a is not planned and therefore the research will helpful in
finding out schedule delay with regard to work and increase in cost with regard to planned
budget.
Scope of study
Scope of research is based on two aspects that is delay in schedule and cost overrun for
construction project. The keywords of research will be budget, contractor, client, cost plan,
labour cost, calendar delay, time consumption, additional expenses, etc. Scope of study is limited
to construction project and in current of cost which can be also because of delay. In accordance
with research it stated that most of the construction projects of country undergo cost and time
overruns (Liu and et.al., 2017). Further, the study will also help in developing statistical analysis
over responsible factors and interventions for schedule delay.
Significance of study
The research topic is important with respect to knowledge management over the factors
which leads to delay in schedule and incur cost in construction projects. Further, it will help in
finding out relationship between cost overrun and schedule delays. The study will help in gaining
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appropriate understanding over topic because it is specific to only two variables and their
possible impact in projects. The research is important as it will promote knowledge over
different elements which causes delay in schedule of project and causes budget overrun and
impacts consistency and planning of construction project (Safapour, Kermanshachi and Ramaji,
2018).
Structure of study
Chapter 1 Introduction: The chapter provides brief over aspects of research that is aim,
objectives, question and hypothesis. The aim of present research to outline effect and
interrelationship of schedule deal and cost over run on construction project. In accordance with
outline of this chapter it can be said that null hypothesis of study states that schedule delay and
cost overrun of project are directly proportional. However, alternative hypothesis of study states
that more the delay takes place, the cost associated with the project will become more. This
section of research helped in gaining understanding over different perspective which needs to be
researched for drawing appropriate findings.
Chapter 2 Literature review: The chapter is completely based on secondary facts and findings
outline din different articles, journals, online blogs, governmental publications, books,
newspaper, etc. The accumulation of information helps in gaining knowledge over wide range of
terms related to topic. The chapter encourages critical thinking over different elements related to
research objectives and questions like, errors in labour, increase in labour cost, time
management, budget overrun, poor management of consumer sites, poor productivity of labour,
etc. Thus, the secondary information in this chapter will be focused on deriving impact of delays
in schedule and cost overrun on a construction project and relationship between schedule delays
and cost overrun.
Chapter 3 Research methodology: This provide sequential plan and procedure for conducting
systematic research. The chapter derives use of methodological tools and techniques in general
and specific to research. The present research is about proving hypothesis and therefore is of
quantitative type. The collected information will be analysed by statistically with the helps of
SPSS that is Statistical package for social science. In accordance with this tool the research
philosophy will be positivism and approach ill be deductive. However, the analysis will be done
on the basis of correlation and regression.
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Chapter 4 Data Analysis and Results: The chapter outlines interpretation of perform statistical
analysis. This helps in developing understanding over findings of study which is interpreted on
the basis of accumulated data. The analysis will be done the basis of themes of questionnaire in
qualitative form that is on the basis of figures. This is in form of critical analysis which promotes
discussion on findings. This, will aid in outlining similarities and gap in findings on the basis of
research objectives and questions.
Chapter 5: Conclusion and recommendation: This is the last chapter which provides summary
of accumulated and analysed information in study. This enables understanding over tools and
analysis done in study. Thus, it can be said that this final chapter derives link between research
question and objectives and analyses gap. Hence, on the basis of gap recommendation for entire
research are outlined.
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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
It is been referred as the comprehensive summary that is been prepared from the previous
research topic. The survey of literature review is been made from the scholarly articles, other
sources and books that are considered as relevant to the area in within the research has to be
conducted. Literature review is the most important aspect that is to be taken into account while
going through the research process. It conveys the entire issues and the detailed analysis in
relation to the topic to the readers and provides from the knowledge and the ideas that has been
developed on the specific research topic. In accordance with this research study, literature review
highlights all the issues that are commonly faced by the construction manager in the process of
construction such as schedule delay, labour strike, project cost, intervention by the other agencies
etc.
According to the Larsen and et.al., (2015) schedule delay is quite common in
construction process. It can be done because of the various reason such as financial issues,
resource allocation, natural calamities, lack of experience, government, suppliers delay etc.
There are different types of schedule delay in construction such as excusable and non –
excusable delay, critical delay, concurrent delay, compensable delay etc. Construction schedule
delay refers to time lag in completing the project or activities from the given or specified time as
per the contract. It increases the risk for the project to increase the cost unnecessarily but by
identifying, measuring and analysing the schedule delay in systematic manner they can manage
the risk. Author found that delay of project is interrelated to the weather, design, material, human
resource and demographic location.
Author Durdyev, Omarov and Ismail, (2017) argued that some internal factor also
increases the schedule delay such as labour strike, changes by the owner in construction plan etc.
Sometime labour feels that they receive the unfair wages from the contractor or the contractor
does not use appropriate safety measures construction sites which generate the situation of strike.
Sometimes owner change the plan like add the additional features or change the outlet or design
etc. It also increases the schedule delay in construction. Author found that this kind of delay are
out of the control of contractor and comes under the excusable schedule delay.
As per the author Bagaya and Song (2016) schedule delay make a huge impact on the
overall construction process. It increases the cost of the project as well as create mistrust and
dispute among the suppliers and contractors because of the delay in payments. Construction
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delay also affect the image of contractor and its business. As per the author the reason behind the
construction delay are cost overrun and time overrun. Cost overrun refers to exceed the cost from
the available budget while time overrun refers to exceed the time with from the given time limit
for completed the building or project.
But as per the views of Aziz and Abdel-Hakam (2016) it has been criticized that schedule
delay increases the cost of the project and create negative impact in the mind of clients,
customer, contractor, consultants etc. It also affects the relationship with the different suppliers
and create mistrust, arbitration and cash flow problems. Schedule delay affect the overall
construction and also the related business. For example a contractor wants to rent his building to
the foreign student but due to the schedule delay the construction work is not completed. So it
also affects its profit generated by the rent.
Al-Hazim, Salem and Ahmad (2017) also found that cause and effect of delay is also
differed from project to the project. For example: For the construction of building the cause of
delay are different from the delay in construction of road. As well as it also vary from one
country to the other country due the climate and economic changes. It differs because different
country choose different equipment for the construction like developed countries choose the
advanced techniques and equipment in construction site while the under developed countries still
use the traditional method and techniques on the construction sites.
As per the author Sambasivan and et.al., (2017) views cost overrun in construction
project is because of the improper plan, inaccurate estimation of project, design error,
administration error, poor site or location management, poor change management and inefficient
labour and engineers. This factor increases the cost of the construction project above to the given
budget. The proper planning of the project help the contractor to minimize the cost overrun and
complete the project within the given time and cost. Author explains that cost overrun can be
result of improper planning and communication error on the sites. Sometime communication
barriers between the constructor and its labours generate the over utilization of resources which
increases the cost of the project. Constructor need to control the activities and monitor the
performance of labour to improve their relation with the labour. It also helps them to reduce the
cost of the project.
But according to the Wang and Yuan (2016) there are also the other factor which create
cost overrun such as financial factor, environment factor, management factor and construction
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item factor. Author collect data from the different contractors, sites, clients, architecture,
engineers etc. and concluded that shortage of finance, price fluctuation, environment change and
inadequate project planning are the more reason behind the cost overrun. As per the author
contractors has to collect finance from the different sources to accomplish the construction
project but it is not an easy task. They have to face many problems while collecting the fund for
accomplish project, pay wages to labour, rental or purchase the equipment and machinery etc.
While the other author Faghihi and et.al., (2015) consider that poor budget planning, high rental
fee and material inflation are the common reason of cost overrun. According to them the high
rent of machinery and equipment increases the cost of the project and due to the wide
competition the rental house charge high rent on the usage of machinery. This also increases the
cost of the project because the machinery and equipment are useful part of the construction
project.
As per the views of author Brookes and Locatelli (2015) cost overrun and schedule delay
are interrelated. That is schedule delay increases the cost overrun in construction project. They
explain in their study that there is positive relation between the cost overrun and schedule delay.
Increase in schedule delay also results to increase in overrun cost of the project. For example
Poor management, improper planning and resources etc. are the result of schedule delay. It
directly affects the cost of the project i.e. to complete the project within the time contractor
require more physical and human resources which increases the cost of the project.
Furthermore, a study conducted by the author Lessing, Thurnell and Durdyev (2017)
suggest that increase in the cost of the project also results to schedule delay. They explain that
cost overrun requires more fund to accomplish the task or project on time. Contractor need to
collect the fund from the different sources such as private institutions, banks, savings,
government etc. which takes huge time and process. So ultimately it delays the construction
project. Collect fund from the different sources consumes huge time because it requires proper
planning to proposed the proposal to the investors and attract them to invest in the project. The
interrelation of cost overrun and schedule delay is positive. The increase in one factor result to
increase in other factor and also the vice versa. Author suggest in their study that to minimize the
impact of cost overrun and schedule delay they have to manage their activities and regulate the
project by setting standard and compare their activities to the given standard. It helps them to
analyse the error and rectify them within the given time.
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As per the author Hwang, Zhao and Tan (2015) there are different ways to minimize the
impact of cost overrun and schedule delay on construction project. They explain in their study
that by efficient management of resource and proper planning contractor can resolve the
financial issues. As per their study contractor has to set the meetings and prepare a proper
construction plan with the availability of technical and physical resources. A proper management
of resources help the contractor to assign the cost and time according to the available resource
which indirectly reduces the risk of schedule delay and cost overrun. They also suggest that
allocation of resources and job role according the skills and experience of worker also help the
contractor to minimize the impact of cost overrun and schedule delay on construction project.
The experience of the worker helps to handle the critical situation on construction site such as
limited resources and time, usage of machinery and proposing alternative plan and their
implementation etc. It ultimately helps to complete the project within the given time and cost.
Experience of work force lead to manage the activity and suggest different alternatives to control
the cost of the project.
Labour strike
In the views of Turner, Clack and Roberts, (2017), strike refers to as a system wherein all
the workers or the employees of the company stops their work. This is done in order to solve the
problems and grievances of the employees. In today's modern era, many trade unions and labour
committees have been established in order to help and safeguard the rights of the employees and
mostly the worker class of employees. In accordance with the opinion of Schmalz, Sommer and
Xu (2017), the worker class involves those type of labour and worker which works at either
factories or at construction sites. This factor is responsible for the delaying in the work and also
in overrunning of the cost. This is a major reason for the delay in the work within the
construction business. It is so because of the reason if the workers will not work at the
construction site then there will be no work completed. Therefore, this will stop the work at the
construction site and the project will not be accomplished on time.
In the view point of the Joukar, Nahmens and Harvey (2017), labour strike is caused by
the workforce of a company if their needs and wants are not met with. It generally takes place in
response to employee grievances and problems faced by them.
He also states that labour strikes have an adverse effect on the working of the company, it
affects their productivity and hampers their efficiency as well as effectiveness. Therefore, it is
9

important to avoid labour strikes by fulfilling workers' needs and wants. It will not only help in
smooth functioning of the construction project but would also lead to increased motivation and
productivity of the workers, this will be beneficial for them in the long run.
Larsen, Shen, Lindhard and Brunoe (2015) has mentioned that in order to avoid labour
strikes, the management of the company must bridge the gap between workers and top level
management by providing adequate communication within them. In this way, the top level
management can directly pass instructions and important information to their workforce and in
return the workforce can share their grievances and problems with them.
But Mahamid, Al - Ghonamy and Aichouni (2015), states that construction is the major
sector within the economy and it is of utmost importance that the business runs successfully so
that the construction is being done on a continuous basis. If the labour will not be there then how
the work of construction will be carried on. In accordance with the Ballesteros - Pérez and et.al.,
(2015), if the work will not be done then there will be delay in the work. If there will be delay
then it will result in cost going over. It is due to the reason that if the workers will not work then
the machines at the construction site will be unused and all the electricity will be running without
any reason.
According to the views of Choi and Cho (2017) labour strike arise because of the
improper communication within the workplace. It increases the communication gap between the
workers and contractor which result to increases conflict and finally create the situation of labour
strike. When the needs and demand are not fulfilled by the contractor or the labour are
dissatisfied with their job role than it generate the situation of strike to aware the contractor about
the labour situation. According to the author strike increase the cost of the project because labour
are refused to work on the project which delay the project and ultimately increases the cost. The
labour strike also generate the variety of needs and demand of workers which also increases the
cost of construction project. The labour strike result to hire additional worker to complete the
project when existing worker refuse to work with the existing environment. It increases the cost
of the contractor because they also have to pay the additional work force to run the project.
As per the thinking of Alford, Barrientos and Visser (2017), the labour strike will lead to
delay in the work because of the reason that if the work is stopped at time of project initiation
then it is evident that the project will not be taken further and the project will stop at initiation
phase only till the strike is over. But Perera, Sutrisna and Yiu (2016), articulates that it increases
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the cost because of the reason that many a time advance payments are being done as the
construction project involves huge investments. Therefore, because of delay in work the cost of
early payments is high.
Further the Bierman Marnewick and Pretorius (2016), states that due to labour strike
project is not completed on time and contractor need to take extension to complete the project
which decreases the reputation of the contractor. If labour are forced to work under some
circumstances than they do not give their best in constructing a project, they reduce their quality
of work and they will reduce the productivity. The project is not completed on time and
sometimes labour want increase in their pay which lead in incurring huge cost in completing the
project. However Crossan and et.al., (2016), commented that efficient planning need to be done
before starting an project such as the wages given to labour need to be decided, budget need to
be made and time span also need to made to complete the project successfully. Labours play a
main role in completing a project and if they go a strike then the schedule get delayed and project
is left in between.
Error in plan
It is yet another factor which is the reason behind the increase in cost or delay in the
construction project. Ciribini, Ventura and Paneroni (2016), states that the planning is the basis
of whole plan made for the construction project. It is because of the reason that if there is an
error in the plan itself then it will pose a problem in the future when the project will come to the
stage where the error is in the plan. An inadequate planning of the constructor result to increase
the cost and time of the project. Constructor has to plan and monitor all the activities of the
project to manage the human and material resources. Improper plan lead to increase the
unnecessarily usage of resources in construction process which ultimately increases the cost
because now they require more material in completing the project. The proper planning of the
project requires long time and efficient personnel to plan the activity to achieve their target.
The whole project is based on the plan made earlier and the whole construction project is
executed on the basis of the plan itself. In the views of Durdyev, Omarov and Ismail (2017), if
the error in the plan is at the last stages of the project then it will all be wrong as there was
mistake in the plan so the whole project will also be wrong. This will lead to delay because of the
reason that if at the later stage it will be outlined that there was an error in the project then it will
have to be rechecked and rectified according to the corrections within the project. So it will take
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a lot of time to rectify since the project will be reviewed since the starting. Therefore, this will
consume a lot of time.
In the view point of Al - Hazim, Salem and Ahmad (2017), error in plan is a major
blunder and can hamper the productivity of the company. It can increase production delays, leads
to overlapping of work and also cause poor utilization of resources. This will further increase the
overall cost of the project.
Moreover, the Amusan and et.al., (2018), has stated that the main reason behind
inadequate planning is lack of communication, lack of resources and skills and poor estimation
of time and overall budget.
` If the company wishes to make the project successful then it is mandatory for them to
recruit skilled employees and also the project must be monitored and controlled by experienced
individuals. This will help them in taking corrective actions as soon as the project diverts from
the standard plan.
On the other hand Parvan, Rahmandad and Haghani (2015), articulates that it will also
increase the cost involved in the completion of the project. It is because of the reason that firstly
the project manager has to review all the steps in the plan of the whole project. Then also there
might be possibility that the manager has to hire some expert or professional to review the whole
project and detect the errors within the whole plan. On the other hand Halpin, Lucko and Senior
(2017), argues that the cost of the project due to error in plans increases because of the reason
that now the company has to again make changes in the construction according to the errors
which occurred earlier. Therefore, the factor error within the plans leads to both increase in the
cost of the company and also delay in the completion of the project.
According to the view of Amusan and et.al., (2018), error in plan may happen through
lack of communication, poor planning, poor coordination, insufficient resources and insufficient
funds etc. these all are the factors which make delay in construction project. Improper
distribution of resources will reduce the quality of work, it will decrease the productivity which
will lead to delay in project schedule. Lack of funds is an important element through which
project gets delayed, it is difficult to manage funds at difficult times sue to this contractors face
many challenges because they also need to give wages to labour. Poor planning also lead to
delay in project as the budget made to complete the project is not sufficient and resources are not
distributed properly will impact the project schedule.
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However Ansah, Sorooshian and Mustafa (2016), stated that mismanagement and poor
leadership skills also lead to delay in construction project. Poor leadership skills will lead to
conflicts, communication issue, and resistance to change, low motivation and low morale of
employees. Doing work in such environment demotivate labour and they do not accept changes
quickly (technological change) which increases the time of project.
Intervention by outside agencies
This is also an important factor which may lead to delay in the project completion or the
overrunning of the cost for the company. In accordance with the viewpoints of Arditi, Nayak and
Damci (2017), it is due to the fact that if there is any change coming in the business environment
relating to the construction industry then it will have to make relevant and related changes within
their project as well. Some agencies interfere in the process of construction such as try to change
the design, layout of the building, add some extra material etc. which lead to delay in scheduling
and cost overrun. As per the author the impact of outsider on the project increases the cost of the
project.
In the view point of Xu, Li and Lv (2015) the government intervention is sometimes
subjected to illegal activities performed by the company. Illegal activities may include use of
lower quality raw materials, child labour, illegal construction and other such activities. This may
also lead to shelving or postponement of project which can be a huge loss for the company.
Hence, it is advisable for any organization to perform legal as well as ethical activities to ensure
minimum government intervention and smooth working in the long run.
Like for instance, the government of the country all of sudden increases the taxes which
the construction company has to pay to the government. Then this situation will lead to both
delay in the project and increase in the cost. It is evident that if the tax rate for the company will
increase then the company definitely has to pay more taxes which will automatically increase the
cost for the company. They also explain the government change the policy of import and export
of the material which increases the cost of the material and machinery used by contractor in the
project. Some time it also consumes huge time to deliver the material to the contractor and
ultimately delay the project and increases time to complete the construction work.
In contrast to this Al - Hazim, Salem and Ahmad (2017), states that the planning for the
whole project is done on the basis of the earlier tax rate and now if the tax rate is increased then
all the other calculations will also have to be redone. This reviewing of the whole project will
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take up a lot of time and this may lead to delay in the project completion. The measurement and
evaluation of inflation rate provide an estimation to the contractor regarding the increasing cost
of the material and help them to prepare the proper plan according to the inflation rate, so they
can change their scheduling to meet the objective of the construction project.
Also for example another incidence can be like the labour involved within the whole
project increases their wage rate then it will be a situation wherein the cost of the company
increases because now it has to pay more wages for the same amount of work which was paid
less in earlier time. Also this situation can lead to delay in the project because if the wages of the
workers will not be increased on time then there is possibility that the workers might not work
till their demands are fulfilled. Therefore, this may lead to delay in the project completion. It
increases the chances of labour strike which also result to increase the time to complete the
construction. The intervention of outside agency affect the performance of the construction
project because it delays the activities and consume more time to implement the changes done by
the investor. Thus, it needs to reschedule the activity and take the measure according to the new
plan.
Oseghale, Abiola - Falemu and Oseghale (2015), states that also the competitors of the
company can intervene in the process of construction. This might be because of the reason that
the competitor wishes to remove its competition out of the market. For this the competitors can
take any measure to remove its competition. For instance the competitor can bribe the workers of
the company and encourage them not to work for the company or to do the work in an unethical
way. So this might influence the workers of the company and they may work in totally wrong
way. Therefore, if the workers will work in wrongful manner then the company has to again do
its work. Thus this will increase the cost of redoing the work. And as the work will be redone
then it will take a lot of time hence it will lead to delay in the completion of the project.
Fernandes (2017), states that change in the regulation and policies of construction also
delay the schedule of project, new policies and regulations need to be followed by the company
in order to protect the right of labour. There are some policies and acts made my government to
protect rights of labour, every company need to implement these laws and acts. If these are not
implemented by the company then government will ban their project. However Forbes, I. and
Hoffman, M. eds., (2016), stated that before starting a project there is a need to take permission
from government and complete all the documents. If permission is not taken or all the documents
14

are not registered then government has right to stop the project. This will make delay in
completing the project as contractor first need to take permission and register all the documents
and then after project will be continued.
Apart from this Simmons and Watson (2015) highlighted that if there is an intervention
or conflicts between the investors and contractor then project may be delayed as there will be no
sufficient funds. Investors are the main payers who provide funds to complete the project. If
there is any misunderstanding or conflicts arises then there is a challenge in completing the
project on time. Investors may back off in providing funds as there is lack of personal interest in
the project. Project will be stop due to unavailability of funds, contractor will not be able to pay
wages to labours. Thus contractor need to maintain relation with the investors so that project is
completed on time without any disturbance.
According to the Pallesen and Jenle (2018) outsider agencies such as investor, invest in
the project for the self-interest or earning higher income or profit from the project. They also
affect the construction by forcing the constructor to use the low quality material and complete
the project in earlier time, so they can earn the higher profit from the project by selling or rented
it to other party. The influence and intervention of outsider agencies increases the cost of the
project by mismanaging the planning and scheduling process. The force of investor on the
project increases the cost which lead to schedule delay. They explain in their study that there are
various outsider agencies which lead to increase the cost of the project by their performance and
activities.
Malejacq (2016) argued that outsider agencies not only increased the cost of the project
but also increases the time of the project. They force the contractor to reschedule their activity to
complete the project according to the investor requirement which take additional time. The
rescheduling of activities needs to monitor and control all the activity to again assign the cost and
time to each activity. As per the author view interfere of outsider in construction project also
increases the time of completion of project. There are different ways to overcome the outsider
intervention such as monitor the market, government policy, investor activities and movement,
etc.
15

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
It is defined as a systematic process which is having its focus on making in depth analysis
of all the procedures, methods, steps which are essential to be followed while making research
study of a particular subject matter (Flick, 2015). It helps in making identification of appropriate
as well as relevant research methods for successful completion of the whole research project.
Research Methodology encompasses of different steps, procedures which are required to be
followed while undertaking of research activities. Furthermore, the data is been collected through
the use of both primary and the secondary sources that is by preparing the questionnaire and
through the published articles, online websites etc. Appropriate tools is been applied for making
enhancing or improving the research methodology so that better understanding could be created
regarding the study by an investigator and helps in gaining more and more reliability and validity
of the study as proper application of the techniques increases the effectiveness of study.
Research Type
Research is considered as a process of making systematic investigation about a particular
research subject matter with the aim of making some important conclusion as well as
interpretation of data gathered. With the help of research process, researcher can identify
different solutions of a specific problem in much organised manner. Research can be conducted
in 2 types i.e. Quantitative and Qualitative. The Quantitative research type is basically related
with the data of numerical, mathematical, statistical as well as of non-descriptive nature (Hartas,
2015). In such research type, interpretation can be made of data collected with the help of tables,
charts, graphs, excels etc. On other hand, another research type is Qualitative one. In case of
qualitative research type focus is made on both the descriptive as well as non-numerical data
related to the subject matter. Such type of research is explanatory in nature with its main
emphasis on ascertaining the core meaning, emotions, feelings and importance of the research
subject matter.
Researcher has been using Quantitative research type for completing the project with
important findings and conclusive statements. It is based on natural as well as social aspects with
its main study on phenomena of statistical, numerical as well as mathematical aspects. Data
relevant to the research topic is gathered as per the requirements of research project. With the
16

help of this research type, researcher has been able to develop different types of theories, models,
hypothesis in line with the subject matter of research. With the help of statistical tools and data
analysis methods, researcher has been able to make proper analysis of data collected (Long,
2016). By making use of quantitative methods, hypothesis formed can be verified for
ascertaining its worthiness. Researcher with the help of quantitative research has been able to
establish connection in between empirical observation, numerical data as well as mathematical
expression having quantitative relationship in between them.
Research Approach
With the help of research approach, researcher can evaluate which procedure should be
adopted for completing the whole research project. Approach is considered as a plan, process
which is comprising of number of different steps defining assumptions that are required to be
made while undertaking research study (Ledford and Gast, 2018). Assumptions are required to
be made in line with the manner in which the researcher has been able to collect as well as gather
all the relevant and appropriate data as per the subject matter. After data collected, the next step
which the researcher has been following is related to its analysis along with accurate
interpretation done. By making proper interpretation of data, it can assist other scholars as well
as researchers in completing their research study successfully. Research approach consist of
different type viz. Inductive research approach and Deductive research approach type.
Deductive approach of research is related with the different types of assumptions thereby
ensures validity and reliability of such assumptions made. With such research approach,
researcher has been able to examine and test validity related to whether all the theories,
assumptions as well as hypotheses made are of better use or not. Researcher in such type of
research approach is required to design set of hypotheses which is further required to be
observed with the aim of either making confirmation or rejection of such hypotheses framed.
Inductive approach on the other hand basically deals with formulation of research aims,
objectives in line with the research subject matter. After aims and objectives of research topic
has been made, it is required on the part of researcher to design research questions which are
required to be focused on while conducting of the whole research project. All the objectives
made and questions prepared are need to consider during research process.
17

Deductive Research approach has been used by researcher while making of such project
as it helps in making hypotheses and determining effects of such hypotheses developed in line
with the research topic (Kumar, 2019). Also, it lays emphasis on monitoring validity of all the
relevant theories, assumptions as well as hypothesis made with the aim of evaluating whether
data gathered is of reliable nature and can be used further or not.
Research Philosophy
Research philosophy is a belief or a way through which data should be gathered and analysed. It
is a development of knowledge which helps in collecting the data from valid sources. This
method helps in formulation of beliefs and assumptions which in turn helps in carrying out the
research in a systematic and timely manner (Hughes and Sharrock, 2016). This research
methodology is further classified into pragmatism, Interpretivism, realism and positivism
research philosophy. Pragmatism approach helps in recognizing different ways of interpreting
the research topic. This method states that, a single point of view cannot give entire picture. The
researcher needs to look at multiple points in order to grasp true view on the particular research
topic. Positivism research philosophy adheres to the factual knowledge which is gained through
observation. This type of research finding is quantifiable and is based on observations.
Positivism approach takes into consideration statistical analysis in order to gain in- depth
knowledge on the particular subject matter. Positivism method is based on fact and figures to
attain set goals and objectives of the research. This method helps in predicting the data with the
help of development of hypothesis statement (Antwi and Hamza, 2015). Realism method is
based on the idea of reality. This helps in portraying the facts and information with the help of
personal human sense. This method is based on basic assumptions for the development of
knowledge. Interpretivism approach helps researcher in interpreting the various elements of the
study. This method takes into consideration human interest into the study (Eriksson and
Kovalainen, 2015). This method takes into consideration qualitative data in order to gain wider
aspect on the particular area of study.
The researcher of this study has opted of positivism research philosophy where it will
help researcher in analysing the effect of schedule delays and cost overrun on a construction
project and their interrelationship. This helps researcher in gaining quantitative aspect of the
research for better insights on the particular area of study.
18

Sampling
It refers to the method within which only those items are been considered that are
involved in sample. Thereafter, the sample is been observed for drawing conclusions about
population from which the sample is been drawn. Mainly there are two types of sampling
techniques that includes probabilistic sampling and non-probabilistic sampling.
Non-probabilistic sampling refers to the technique where the researcher chooses the
samples on the basis of the subjective judgement of the scholar instead of random selection.
Under this all the member within the population does not get equal chance of being selected in
the study. It is said as the most useful tool for making exploratory studies such as pilot survey
and it is most suitable in the situation where probability of drawing random sampling cannot be
done because of time and the cost considerations.
Probability sampling is the sampling tool under which the sample is been an equal chance
of getting selected from the larger population by making use of probability theory. Under
probability sampling, statistical theory is used for selecting the sample randomly. Probability
sampling eliminates errors and the sampling bias with high level of the reliability in the research
findings and also helps in increasing the accuracy in estimation of the sampling error. Under this
method there are possibility of making the inferences relating to the population and does not
involves for long and the complex process. The main purpose of the probability sampling is to
anticipate distribution of opinion and the attitude within the overall population in consideration
with the statistical confidence and has facilitated for the foundation of the survey research and
the political polling.
In this study, purposive sampling has been used which is been stated as non-probabilistic
sampling as it is helps in generating the accurate results and the reliable findings. This means
that sample has been drawn based on the subjective evaluation by taking a sample of 20
contractors.
Data collection
It is counted as the systematic approach of measuring and gathering the information from
the wider sources in order to get the complete and accurate picture of an interest area. It enables
the researcher in making its study more meaningful and reliable with the getting appropriate
19

answers to the questions from the respondent, in evaluating the outcomes and in making the
predictions about the future trends and the probabilities. Specifically there are two major sources
through which the data could be collected that are primary and secondary sources.
Primary sources facilitates direct evidence to the scholar relating to an event, work,
person and art. It includes the historical and the legal documents, statistical data, experiments
and creative writings. There are several ways through which primary data can be gathered that
includes surveys, field observation, interviews, experiments and structuring questionnaire (Antwi
and Hamza, 2015). On the other hand secondary sources of data refers to the method where an
investigator gathers the data from published sources such as journals, articles, internet, books etc.
The most common sources through which secondary data is collected includes census,
organizational records, information gathered by government department and the data that has
originally been collected for the other purposes of the research.
With reference to this research report, data has been collected by using primary as well as
the secondary sources through structuring of the questionnaire which is been filled by 20
contractors as the respondent so that the study could be made more useful without any the bias
and also error free. By taking the information from the secondary sources, researcher has
incurred very low cost and has gain easy accessibility of the data within very little time. In this
research report, both the sources are used to gather for determining more accurate information
which helps in analysing various facts and figure to make the research work authentic. As the
data to be more verified through adapting the secondary sources. By choosing secondary sources,
different authors had already gathered the information which is relevant to the topic and thus,
finding is to be interpreted through the data collected. In this research topic, researcher chooses
both the method which helps in making the research work unique and different from others. By
choosing the 20 contractors through which question is raised and also the judgement and
decision which is given on particular queries helps them to take effective decision.
Data Analysis
Data analysis is an effective process of interpreting and evaluating the data which is
collected for gaining new insight on a particular research topic. This helps in gaining effective
results from valid and reliable sources. Data analysis is an effective process which helps
researcher in cleansing, transforming and modifying the relevant information for strategic
20

decision-making. This helps researcher in analysing the patterns of data through observation.
This methodology helps in bridging the gaps and gaining in- depth knowledge on the particular
area of study. Thus, it is such a process which helps in modifying and transforming the data to
get productive results. In such cases data is to be analysed after identifying, inspecting,
examining and evaluating the available results which is collected from various sources. The
information which is collected through analysing the data helps the researcher to take effective
decision.
This help researcher in generalizing the entire data by answering various research
questions. It help researcher in structuring the data and make valuable decision accordingly. Data
analysis can be categorized into Statistical package for the social science (SPSS tool) and
thematic analysis. SPSS tool is used to carry out quantitative research. SPSS tool is used to carry
out quantitative research and analysis of complex statistical data (Ledford and Gast, 2018). This
can be done by effectively analysing the statistical data in an accurate manner for strategic
decision making. SPSS tool is used for interpreting highly complex data in an effective, accurate
and reliable manner. Thematic analysis is carried out at the time of qualitative research. This
approach helps in attaining aims and objectives of the research. The data is analysed on the basis
of specific theme (Mackey and Gass, 2015). This method helps in effectively addressing the data
by answering relevant research questions.
The researcher of this study has carried out quantitative research where statistical,
numerical as well as mathematical aspects are taken into consideration. The researcher of this
study has used SPSS tool in order to gain insight on the effects of schedule delays and cost
overrun on a construction project and their interrelationship. In this mathematical factors are to
be undertaken which also helps researcher to get more accurate results. As question are to be
raised and the judgement is to be given on the bases of SPSS procedure. Thus, to determine the
various aspects in relation to examining the cost overrun in construction project these methods
results in providing more productive results.
Research Limitation
This methodology helps in defining the factors which influences the results and outcomes
of the research study. Selection of the right sample size and the participants not giving accurate
results is a major limitation for this research. The researcher of this study should focus on
21

resolving the limitation which in turn results in better results and outcomes. The researcher of
this study faced various limitation such as time constraints. In order to overcome this limitation
the researcher focused on preparing a Gantt chart and a time frame in order to carry out all the
activities within a stipulated time (Greener, 2018). Another major limitation faced by the
researcher is lack of financial resources. There are various expenses in the research such as
transportation, data collection, accessories, etc. helps in carrying out the research smoothly.
Researcher needs funds to carry out the research and collect authentic and reliable data from
valid sources. The researcher of this study did not let these limitations hamper the quality and
reliability of the data collected from various sources.
At the time of conducting the research, the major limitation which is faced in respective
of collecting information is the cost factors. As the research work is bound by certain budgets
which is not to be exceed at any perspective. Thus, it results in restricting to gather information
from such areas where there are more chances of getting the accurate results. Cost are to be
prepared by the researcher before starting the project but sometimes due to not managing the
time properly it results in facing huge expenses (Quinlan and et.al., 2019). It is also examined
that research sometimes executed through the proper guidance given by supervisor which helps
in gathering information from various sources. But in this the limitation is also faced due to not
coordinating with supervisor at every steps. As by not taking proper feedback regarding the data
gathered or not communicating with supervisor regarding the information collected. It brings lot
of consequences in respect of selecting the right and useful information. This is also one of the
major limitation which is identified at the time of preparing the research report.
Ethical Consideration
While undertaking research study there are number of standards, rules and concepts
which are required to be complied with by the researcher. For successful completion of the
research project all the ethical norms and standards as laid down has been followed by the
researcher (Mackey and Gass, 2015). Data requisite to the subject matter of research topic has
been collected from number of different sources which are providing both the reliable as well as
accurate data. Furthermore, different websites has been used by the researcher from the
perspective of collecting and gathering of relevant as well as appropriate data pertaining to the
subject matter.
22

Further, data gathered by the researcher has been analysed properly and interpretation has
been made for its use by other scholars as well as researchers in their study. No data has been
used as it is for conducting of the whole research study. All the information and data gathered
has been used by the researcher after making its rephrasing has been done on totally basis. As per
the ethical norms and standards as laid down for successful completion of research study, it has
been considered essential on the part of researcher to make changes in the data as gathered
before using it in the study.
Also, approval has been obtained from different websites for using data as provided by
them. For mitigating the complication as faced by the researcher during undertaking of the whole
research project, many keywords has been used in by the researcher. By making use of words
such as Schedule delays, Cost Overrun, Globalisation etc. in relation with the subject matter for
completing it and delivering quality project. All the data gathered for research purpose has been
done with the help of primary sources (Quinlan and et.al., 2019). Respondent’s viz. 20
contractors taking part in questionnaire has given their written consent by filling in the
participation form. Questionnaire prepared has been circulated among different respondents with
the aim of collecting appropriate as well as accurate data related to the research topic.
Reliability and Validity
For every research project to become quality one, it is required to deliver reliable as well
as authentic data and information about the subject matter. Reliability and Validity are two main
factors which adds to the quality of whole research study (Gray and Malins, 2016). If researcher
is providing irrelevant data base, then it can result into wrong decision making of its end users.
Research of any type either qualitative or quantitative one should be capable of delivering those
data and information which are having characteristics of relevancy, accuracy as well as
appropriate for its end users. It should have ability to support the research study of other scholars
as well as researchers thereby fulfilling their needs as required in completing the whole research
study.
Reliability is one of the most important research concepts which is related with the
consistency factor. From the term reliability, it has been assessed by the researcher that by
making use of same research procedures, data analysis tools and techniques whatever result or
conclusion is obtained is same for every time period it is used and applied in by the researcher.
23

Results obtained from conducting of Quantitative research is providing same findings which is
delivered by the methods as used for making analysis of the other research study.
Validity means ensuring accuracy as well as correctness of study made thereby
determining whether outcome received from completion of research project is appropriate and
meaningful nature or not (Silverman, 2016). Also, with the help of such testing, ascertainment
can be done to the extent to which data collected are having feature related to plausibility,
credibility and trustworthy aspects. Validity of research ensures that all the tools, techniques and
methodologies used for completing research is appropriate and proper which helps in delivering
of correct outcomes and findings.
24

CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS
Data analysis refers to the process of assessing the data by using the statistical and the
analytical tools in order to discover the useful information and helps in making the relevant
business decisions. There are various methods for analysing the data that includes text analytics,
data mining, data visualization and business intelligence. In this study, researcher has adopted
different methods like regression analysis, coefficient and correlation, standard deviation and
ANOVA analysis for evaluating the significance value. These methods help in determining the
relationship within the variables and also helps in developing the hypothesis appropriately.
Hypothesis 1
H0: There is no significant different between frequency of schedule delay and its impact on
construction project.
H1: There is significant different between frequency of schedule delay and its impact on
construction project.
Table 1Variable table
Variables Entered/Removed
Model Variables
Entered
Variables
Removed
Method
1 Schedule delay
frequencyb . Enter
a. Dependent Variable: Impact of schedule delay
on construction project
b. All requested variables entered.
Table 2Model summary table
Model Summary
25

Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
1 .812a .660 .648 .95748
a. Predictors: (Constant), Schedule delay frequency
Table 3ANOVA table
ANOVA
Model Sum of
Squares
df Mean Square F Sig.
1
Regression 49.797 1 49.797 54.319 .000b
Residual 25.669 28 .917
Total 75.467 29
a. Dependent Variable: Impact of schedule delay on construction project
b. Predictors: (Constant), Schedule delay frequency
Table 4Coefficient table
Coefficients
Model Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1
(Constant) .031 .334 .094 .926
Schedule delay
frequency 1.213 .165 .812 7.370 .000
a. Dependent Variable: Impact of schedule delay on construction project
Alternative hypothesis accepted.
Interpretation- From the above table it has been assessed that as the value of R resulted as .812
which shows that there is a higher relationship in between the schedule delay and its
26

influence on the construction project. The value of R square accounted as .660 which
depicts that changes in the schedule delay leads to impacts the changes in the construction
project with higher proportion. As the significance or P value resulting as lower than 0.05
resulting as 0.00 which reflects that alternative hypothesis is accepted and the other one is
rejected. It indicates that that there is a significance difference present in between both the
variables that includes schedule delay and the construction project.
Hypothesis 2
H0: There is no correlation between schedule delay and project costing.
H1: There is correlation between schedule delay and project costing.
Table 5Correlation table
Correlations
Schedule delay
frequency
Cost elevation
in construction
project
Schedule delay
frequency
Pearson Correlation 1 .179
Sig. (2-tailed) .343
N 30 30
Cost elevation in
construction project
Pearson Correlation .179 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .343
N 30 30
Null hypothesis accepted there is no significant correlation between variables.
Interpretation- The above analysis depicts that the table is showing a lower relationship in
between schedule delay frequency and the cost elevation construction project as the value
lies in between 0.25- 0.75 evaluated as .179. It has also been the identified that as the
significance value resulting as higher than 0.05 so null hypothesis is been accepted and the
27

other one is rejected which in turn means that there is no significant correlation in between
frequency of schedule delay and the cost elevation project of construction.
Hypothesis 3
H0: There is no impact of labour strike on project cost.
H1: There is impact of labour strike on project cost.
Table 6 Variables considered for analysis
Variables Entered/Removeda
Model Variables
Entered
Variables
Removed
Method
1
Labour strike
role in
schedule
delayb
. Enter
a. Dependent Variable: Labour strike and project
costing
b. All requested variables entered.
Table 7Model summary
Model Summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
1 .479a .229 .202 1.29557
a. Predictors: (Constant), Labour strike role in schedule
delay
28

Table 8ANOVA table
ANOVA
Model Sum of
Squares
df Mean Square F Sig.
1
Regression 13.968 1 13.968 8.322 .007b
Residual 46.998 28 1.679
Total 60.967 29
a. Dependent Variable: Labour strike and project costing
b. Predictors: (Constant), Labour strike role in schedule delay
Table 9Coefficient table
Coefficients
Model Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1
(Constant) 1.201 .550 2.183 .038
Labour strike role in
schedule delay .597 .207 .479 2.885 .007
a. Dependent Variable: Labour strike and project costing
Alternative hypothesis accepted.
Interpretation- From the above evaluation, the value of R is resulting as .479 which
depicts a positive relationship between labour strike and the cost of project. Moreover, the value
of R square determined as .229 which means that labour strike highly influences the project cost.
The P value of resulting as 0.007 which is lower than 0.05 which in turn indicates that alternative
hypothesis is accepted and null hypothesis is rejected. This shows that labour strike influences
the project cost as alternative hypothesis is been taken into consideration.
Hypothesis 4
29

H0: There is no significant impact of error in plan on project cost.
H1: There is significant impact of error in plan on project cost.
Table 10Variables used for analysis
Variables Entered/Removed
Model Variables
Entered
Variables
Removed
Method
1
Error in plan
and schedule
delayb
. Enter
a. Dependent Variable: Impact of error in plan
on project costing
b. All requested variables entered.
Table 11Model summary
Model Summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
1 .755a .570 .554 .68637
a. Predictors: (Constant), Error in plan and schedule delay
Table 12ANOVA table
ANOVA
Model Sum of
Squares
df Mean Square F Sig.
1
Regression 17.476 1 17.476 37.095 .000b
Residual 13.191 28 .471
Total 30.667 29
30

a. Dependent Variable: Impact of error in plan on project costing
b. Predictors: (Constant), Error in plan and schedule delay
Table 13Coefficient table
Coefficients
Model Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1
(Constant) .877 .270 3.249 .003
Error in plan and
schedule delay .583 .096 .755 6.091 .000
a. Dependent Variable: Impact of error in plan on project costing
Alternative hypothesis accepted.
Interpretation- From the above calculation it has been stated that R value equated to .755 which
reflects a positive value and indicates that there is a positive relationship in between error in
plan and the project cost. Furthermore, value of R square resulting as 0.570 which means
that there is high level of relationship between the variables. Moreover, the significance
value equates to 0.000 which is counted as lower than 0.05 and states that alternative
hypothesis is been accepted and null hypothesis is rejected and shows that there is a
significant influence of the error in plan on the cost of the project.
Hypothesis 5
H0: There is no significance difference between impact of intervention by outside agencies in
respect of project schedule delay and project costing
H1: There is significance difference between the impact of intervention by outside agencies in
respect of project schedule delay and project costing
31

Table 14Variables used for analysis
Variables Entered/Removed
Model Variables
Entered
Variables
Removed
Method
1
Intervention
by outside
agencies and
project
schedule
delayb
. Enter
a. Dependent Variable: Intervention by outside
agencies and project costing
b. All requested variables entered.
Table 15Model summary
Model Summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
1 .574a .329 .305 1.13222
a. Predictors: (Constant), Intervention by outside agencies
and project schedule delay
Table 16ANOVA table
ANOVA
Model Sum of
Squares
df Mean Square F Sig.
1
Regression 17.606 1 17.606 13.734 .001b
Residual 35.894 28 1.282
Total 53.500 29
32

a. Dependent Variable: Intervention by outside agencies and project costing
b. Predictors: (Constant), Intervention by outside agencies and project schedule
delay
Table 17Coefficient table
Coefficients
Model Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1
(Constant) .827 .497 1.665 .107
Intervention by outside
agencies and project
schedule delay
.749 .202 .574 3.706 .001
a. Dependent Variable: Intervention by outside agencies and project costing
Alternative hypothesis accepted.
Interpretation- From the evaluation it has been identified that the value of R that shows
the relationship in both the variables resulting as .574 which is a positive value and in turn
depicts a positive relationship in between the variables. The value of R square equates to .329
which indicates that change in one variable has a high level of impact on the other variable.
Moreover, as supported by the ANOVA table, the significance or P-value accounted as 0.001
which is lower than 0.05 so alternative hypothesis is accepted and the null hypothesis is rejected.
This clearly reflects that there present a difference in between the intervention by the outside
agencies and the schedule delay of the project.
Hypothesis 6
H0: There is no significance difference in elevation cost and the profitability
H1: There is significance difference in elevation cost and the profitability
33

Table 18Variable entered for analysis
Variables Entered/Removed
Model Variables
Entered
Variables
Removed
Method
1
Cost elevation
in construction
projectb
. Enter
a. Dependent Variable: Elevation in cost and its
impact on profitability
b. All requested variables entered.
Table 19Model summary table
Model Summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
1 .824a .679 .668 .44077
a. Predictors: (Constant), Cost elevation in construction
project
Table 20ANOVA table
ANOVA
Model Sum of
Squares
df Mean Square F Sig.
1
Regression 11.527 1 11.527 59.332 .000b
Residual 5.440 28 .194
Total 16.967 29
a. Dependent Variable: Elevation in cost and its impact on profitability
b. Predictors: (Constant), Cost elevation in construction project
34

Table 21Coefficient table
Coefficients
Model Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1
(Constant) .335 .156 2.145 .041
Cost elevation in
construction project .673 .087 .824 7.703 .000
a. Dependent Variable: Elevation in cost and its impact on profitability
Alternative hypothesis accepted.
Interpretation - the above analysis reflects the there is a highly positive
relationship in between the elevation cost and the profitability. The evaluation also indicates that
as the value of R square is .679 which means that there exist a higher relationship in both of the
variables. The P value resulting as 0.00 which indicates that there is the difference in between the
elevation cost and the profitability which in turn means that alternative hypothesis is been
accepted and null hypothesis is rejected.
Hypothesis 7
H0: There is no significant impact of changes initiated by owner on project cost.
H1: There is significant impact of changes initiated by owner on project cost.
Table 22Variables entered
Variables Entered/Removed
Model Variables
Entered
Variables
Removed
Method
35

1
Changes
initiated by
owner and its
role in project
schedule
delayb
. Enter
a. Dependent Variable: Changes initiated by
owner and project costing
b. All requested variables entered.
Table 23Model summary table
Model Summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
1 .637a .406 .385 .82196
a. Predictors: (Constant), Changes initiated by owner and its
role in project schedule delay
Table 24ANOVA table
ANOVA
Model Sum of
Squares
df Mean Square F Sig.
1
Regression 12.949 1 12.949 19.167 .000b
Residual 18.917 28 .676
Total 31.867 29
a. Dependent Variable: Changes initiated by owner and project costing
36

b. Predictors: (Constant), Changes initiated by owner and its role in project
schedule delay
Table 25Cofficient table
Coefficients
Model Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1
(Constant) .819 .322 2.544 .017
Changes initiated by
owner and its role in
project schedule delay
.594 .136 .637 4.378 .000
a. Dependent Variable: Changes initiated by owner and project costing
Alternative hypothesis accepted
Interpretation - The above table shows that value of R resulting as 0.637 which shows a
positive relationship among the chosen variables that is influence of the initiated changes by the
owner and project cost. The value of R square equates to .406 which clearly reflects that the
relationship in between the variables is high and the P value the evaluated as 0.000, lower than
0.05, indicates that alternative hypothesis is accepted and the other one is rejected and this in turn
means that there is a significant effect of the change that is initiated by owner on the cost of the
project.
Discussion
The Construction Industry plays an important role in the development of economy of
every country. All the operations undertaken by the construction industry mainly emphasises on
making significant difference in between current as well as future development. Operations of
construction industry has its basis mainly on the agreements of contractual nature and
frameworks. The term construction is defined as a process covering function related to
37

constructing any building, undertaking of infrastructure activities etc. It is considered as a branch
which is involved in the manufacturing and trading activities such as constructing new buildings
or apartments, maintaining, repairing, development, infrastructure etc. For every economy, it is
one of the most essential part which helps in growth and bringing in economic development as
well. It highly depends on the work nature & magnitude, job complexity, needs in relation of
specific designs, annual funds etc.
Delays in relation to construction activities of project are known as time lag which has
incurred while completing the whole activity of project. It includes either late completion or late
starting of activities in respect of baseline schedule having its main impact on cost as specified
for the project. These delays made in completion of project thus directly aids to extension of time
which will be required for completing whole project work. As a result of which, it will leads to
charging of fine amount along with increase in the amount of cost arises due to rise in inflation.
Furthermore, sometime it also results in termination of the whole contract or project as followed
by making of court case due to delay made which thus creates delay damages or combination of
every factors.
There are number of factors which can contributes to delay in the completion of the
whole project activities. It is very much important on the part of contractor to analyse all those
factors causing delays so that its impact can be minimized. Most of the delays made in
construction projects are of complicated nature for which researcher as well as contractor is
required to make focus on the amount of cost as incurred along with risk associated therein. Any
delay made in the context of design approval and its revision makes impact on the completion of
overall project. Another factors which contributes in making delay in successful completion of
project activities includes:
 Financing and payment related activities undertaken for the work which is required to be
completed by the owner.
 Inadequate or lack of experience with the contractor
 Changes as made by the owner or by their clients, agent during construction in the
design.
 Poor and inability of the contractor in conducting operational, management as well as
supervision activities in respect of a particular site.
 Changes order made too frequently by the owner thus impacting project completion.
38

Construction related delays or non-timely completion of project as per its actual time
schedule creates negative effect on the whole project. The main causes of such delay can be of
internal or external types. Internal delays made in project mainly comprises of all the factors as
well as causes which has been emerging due to four parties pertinent to enter into the project.
These four causes mainly includes consultants, clients, contractors as well as designers. On the
other hand, factors which are of non-controllable nature comes under the category of external
causes which creates negative impact in successful completion of project. These external causes
covers factors such as weather conditions, suppliers, government as well. Thus, from
construction delay it can be stated that it is slipping of project activities in relation to its schedule
as planned for effective as well as efficient completion of the whole project work. Such delays
are considered as one the most common aspects in business operations of the construction
industries.
Delay has been categorized of different types such as excusable and non-excusable delay,
critical delay, concurrent delay as well as compensable delay etc. Strike as undertaken by the
labour is also another factor which can adds to the delay problem of construction business. For
every business organization, its labour, employees as well as workers are considered as one of
the most important human assets which are required to be understand. By analysing factors
which are providing motivation and satisfaction to these human assets can business in growing at
much faster pace. As per the thoughts of Shehu, Endut and Akintoye, (2014), by determining
their strengths and weaknesses can help the contractor in successful completion of the whole
construction activities. Sometimes, delay made in respect of progress payment can result in
arising of conflicts in between many labours, suppliers and other parties engaged in the business
of construction.
Thus, it can be said that the construction industry is subject to huge risk and losses which
can be arises due to advancement and development made in techniques, processes, operations
along with the complexity associated with it. The most important effect of such delay is made on
the goodwill and image of the contractor and on its business operations as it is impossible for
such contractor to manage both cost as well as time factors after delay made. Along with the time
factor, one of the most important element which adds to delay damages is Cost overrun. The
term Cost overrun basically arises as a result of delay made by the contractor in completion of
the whole activities relevant for a particular project. It is a situation in which the amount as
39

specified as well as decided for the completing project exceeds the available budget thus
resulting in increase in overall construction cost. Thus, if the project comes up with both the cost
overrun and time factor, it made negative impact on the mind set of clients and other related
partners.
Construction delay or late completion of the project activities gives rise to lack of trust,
interest on the part of many clients and customers. Thus resulting in decline in the level of
overall customer base for such construction company. In case of the contractor itself, such delay
can hamper the overall business production as well as manufacturing functions. Also, it can
results in decrease in the level of profit margins for a particular time period. Both the cost – time
over run factor are interrelated with the schedule delay. With the increase in the delay made in
project work, it results in increase in both the time as well as cost factor.
Before incorporating any business operations, it is very much important to formulate a
sound and effective strategies, plans in line with the business objectives and aims. By adopting
inappropriate plans, it can have its impact on business productivity as well as profitability
aspects. After making any plan, it should be closely examined or monitored for determining any
error or loophole if any therein so that preventive measures can be taken for making corrections
in it. Before implementing any strategy, error needs to be identified so that its impact can be
mitigated in the coming future period. Operations of the construction business required a solid
base for proper working and execution of the project activities.
Factor such as intervention made by agencies operating outside the business era also
plays an important role in making delay in completion of project. Intervention can be made by
agencies having regulatory powers and authority to impact the whole business operations. In case
of the construction industry, the business gets affected by stringent rules and regulations which
are imposed by regulatory bodies, agencies or by the government.
Being a quantitative research, researcher has make use of Deductive approach for
undertaking this research study in appropriate manner. By formulating hypotheses as per the
research aims and objectives, it has provided ease to the researcher in making proper
interpretation of all the data gathered. Also, it has supported many other scholars as well as
researchers in completing their researcher study in more effective as well as efficient manner.
Furthermore, with the help of Positivism philosophy of research, analysis of causes and factors
which has made schedule delays can be done. Also, it helps in evaluating interrelationship in
40

between effect of schedule delays and cost overrun in respect of the construction project, if any.
20 Contractors has been selected for sampling purpose as well as for collecting relevant and
appropriate data. After gathering of data, the researcher has used SPSS tool for making analysis
as well as better interpretation of such statistical data having complex nature.
As per the findings of data analysis, there is a significance difference present in between
variables including schedule delay and construction project. Also due to such difference, impact
has been created by delay on construction project in form of cost and time overrun. As per views
of Sambasivan and et.al., (2017), cost overrun in construction project arises due to improper
planning, cost estimation of design, planning error, inefficiency of labour etc. Delay made in
starting of project is followed by increase in time, cost as well as risk factors as associated with
the process of project activities. Both the factors are highly interrelated with each other i.e. any
delay made in scheduled time and cost will bring direct impact on the construction project as
well. As a result of such schedule delay, it hampers the image of contractor and construction
business enterprises thereby declining their productivity as well as profitability level. Also,
customers lacks trust and interest in such company which is making delay in completing
construction project.
Furthermore, it has been assessed from the results that there is no correlation existing in
between the schedule delay made and project costing factor. The delay can be made because of
mismanagement done by the contractor by taking so many projects at the same time thus
resulting in non-completion of such projects. Also, it can be because of lack of experience or
knowledge of contractor which has made labour unable to understand the whole business
scenario thus making them incompetent. On the other hand, increase in project costing can be
arises due to shortage of raw material, breakdown of machinery equipment’s, lack of expertise
knowledge, outsourcing activity etc. Also in the view points of Al-Hazim, Salem and Ahmad
(2017), the cause and effect of schedule delay differs from the one construction project to the
construction project. Thus, from such findings it can be concluded that no correlation exist in
between project cost and schedule delay made on part of the contractor.
Results also evaluated that there are number of factors which contributes to the project
cost amount. One of the major factor as per Turner, Clack and Roberts, (2017) is labour strike as
done by the labour in respect of their business operations. For every business, its workers,
employees, labours are considered as one of the most important business assets which are need to
41

be considered from time to time so as to assess any changes they are expecting from the
company. By understanding their needs, strengths and weaknesses, every business organisation
can brings changes in their business production level. Non fulfilment of labour demands results
in strikes, lock outs which directly affects the operations of construction business thus making
delay in its completion process. Furthermore, such delay made can add to increase in the level of
cost elevation of the whole project due to time overrun factor. Therefore, it should be on the part
of company to monitor activities of its labours and employees for making changes required if
any for the betterment of business operations.
Planning is considered as one of the most important business tool with the help of which
every business enterprises can grow. Therefore, for making business operations more effective
and efficient it is essential to formulate strong business plans and strategies in line with business
aims and objectives. Any error or inappropriate planning can hamper business growth thus
resulting in decline in the level of profitability aspects for the future time period. As per the
findings there is a significant impact of error in the plan which has created impact on the overall
cost of the project. Planning should be done keeping in mind current as well as future market
needs so as to gain competitive advantage. Before implementation of plans formulated, it should
be tested for its accuracy and for determining variances and changes which are need to make
therein. Wrong planning can adds to increase in project cost and decline in profit margin.
From the findings it has been identified that there is a significance difference in between
the impact of intervention by the outside agencies in respect of the project schedule delay and
project costing. According to the thoughts of Arditi, Nayak and Damci, (2017) any changes as
mentioned by the agencies and other regulatory bodies in the context of overall construction
business operations are required to be adopted by the contractor in its business project as well.
Adoption of specified business norms and standards by such outside agencies needs to be done
by the contractor for mitigating unnecessary delays and losses. This results in the increase in the
level of project cost as new concepts and frameworks are required to be followed by the
contractor as specified therein. In case of noncompliance made if any related to the rules,
regulations and systems which has been laid down by these outside agencies can result in penal
provision on contractor which directly affects the goodwill and increase in the project cost as
well.
42

It has been assessed from the findings that there is a significance difference among the
project elevation cost and profitability aspect of the business project. With increase in the level
of cost factor of the project it results in the decline in the level of profit margin for the contractor
from the same project activities. For contractor it is very much important to formulate a business
plan and budget for successful completion of the whole project and its related activities.
Furthermore, if proper planning is not made related to the course of action it can affect business
operations by adding to unnecessary business expenses and decline in the level of overall
business of the contractor as well.
As per the result section, it has been assessed that there is a significant impact of changes
as initiated by the owner on the cost of the overall project and its related activities. With constant
changes in the plans, strategies and course of action, it affects the effectiveness of the whole
project. Also, such ongoing changes hampers the efficiency of the contractor in making focus on
a specific business plans and strategies to be implemented in completing the construction work.
Also, with changes in the design documents by the client, customer or owner itself can make
delay in starting of the construction work and in its successful completion as well. Thus, as per
the findings of data analysis it can be stated that with changes made in design or plan by the
owner can bring impact on the project costing.
43

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion
It has been identified from the above research that researcher effectively explains all the term
used in the project and able to achieve the aim of the project that is to identify the relation
between the costs overrun and schedule delay. At the end it can be found that researcher use
different methods to accomplish the project effectively and efficiently. Schedule delay and cost
overrun are positively related and make negative impact on completion of the project. Increase in
cost of the project also increase the time in completion of project because contractor has to
identify the different sources from which they can raise the fund. Inadequate plan, poor labour,
shortage of resources etc. increases the cost of the project and also increases the time period to
complete the project within the specified project.
It can be concluded from the literature review that there are various factors which cause
the schedule delay and cost overrun in construction project. Labour strike, owner interest and
changers are some internal factor which increases the time in completion of the project. Owner
change the design of the project according to its interest which require additional time and cost to
complete the project on time which directly results to schedule delay. As per the study it also
concluded that schedule delay is differed from one nation to another because of the different
equipment, climate, policy and economic condition. The differences in the opinion of labour and
contractor result to create dispute and dissatisfaction with the job which generate the situation of
labour strike. Labour strike increases the time period to complete the project and also increases
the cost. It can be interpreted from the literature review section that most of the author found that
there is positive relation between the cost overrun and schedule delay. The delay in schedule is
result to the exceeding cost of the project. Author conclude that contractor has to undertake the
useful measure and strategies to minimize the schedule delay. Understanding of each and every
component in the project help the contractor to identify the measure and techniques which
reduces the project cost and time in completing the project.
Researcher uses the different tools and techniques to complete the project and identify the
relation between the different variables. Researcher uses the deductive-approach method to
ensure the reliability and validity of the project by making the hypothesis from the different
theories. The SPSS tool help the researcher to interpret the collected data and help the researcher
44

for their further study. It has been concluded that to complete the research with the efficiency
and effectiveness they use both primary and secondary data to collect information from the
different sources and respondents. It helps them to minimize the cost and time of the project by
collecting data through primary source and maintain the reliability and accuracy of the research
project by collecting data from primary method. It can be concluded from the ethical
consideration and consent form that the collected data or information is free from any biases and
researcher collect them by the proper consent of respondent. All the 20 contractors are volunteer
participate in the research without any pressure and force. The selection of 20 contractors as
respondents help them to get the deeper knowledge’s regarding the subject area of research and
conclude the information on the basis of the data provided by the contractors.
Researcher has to face various limitation while conducting the research such as time
constraint, limited budget, sample size etc. The limitation of project affects the reliability and
validity of the project. It can be finalized that researcher use various techniques and methods to
minimize the limitation of the project. To minimize the time and cost constraints they prepare
proper time line by assigning cost and time to each and every activity and monitor them to
complete the project within the assign time. Researcher selects the specified sample size from the
population so the result are according to the aims and objectives of the study. It helps them to get
the accurate and reliable information from the 20 contractors.
From the data analysis part of the study it has been found that researcher use the various
tools and methods like SPSS, ANOVA etc. to identify the relation between the cost overrun and
schedule delay. The frequency of schedule delay of the project make a huge impact on the
construction project. It increases the time of the project which requires additional cost to
complete the project on time. The different factors such as labour strike, outside agencies, etc.
increases the cost of the project. Outsider agencies and their activities influence the construction
project which impact to increases the cost of the project. The ANOVA method of the data
analyse help to understand the impact of outsider agencies on the project. From the research it
has been concluded that schedule delay and project cost are correlated. Increase or decrease in
schedule delay results to increase and decrease in the cost of the project respectively. The data
analysis part help the researcher to get the deeper knowledge’s by interpreting the information
gathered from the data collected from contractors.
45

It also concluded from the study that there is significance difference in elevation cost and
profitability of the project. The increase in elevation cost reduces the profitability of the project.
Contractor uses different methodologies and techniques to reduce the cost of elevation cost, so
they can increase their profitability and maintain the performance. It can be identified from the
project that inadequate planning of contractor and intervention of owner in the project increases
the cost of the project. It can be concluded that contractor has to plan the activity according to
the time, cost and availability of the human and material resources. It helps them to control and
monitor the activity on regular time interval, so they can identify the gap and rectify it in proper
time. From the above study it can overall concluded that the researcher is able to achieve the aim
and objective of the study and provide the useful material and information to the different
contractors, researcher, scholar and student to understand the study and its subject area in deeper
sense.
Recommendations
 In order to avoid delay within the construction process, careful planning is been
considered as of great importance which helps in determining the blockers prior to
implementation of the project and for preventing in facing an obstacle.
 By making improvements in the management methods, the issue delay could be avoided
as the managers of an organization should create project plan which includes the required
elements in relation to the task to be performed and the manner in which the project is to
be completed within the particular time period. A construction manager should juggle
various aspects of the detailed project plan which results in minimizing delays and will
help in removing the blockers that could hold the progress.
 Assigning roles and the responsibility appropriately clearly also helps in avoiding delays
and in making an effective completion of the project. Managers should establish
accountability in respect of planning and preparing for the timeline under which he
should focus on what task has to be performed and whom will be responsible in
performing it.
 Contractors should have the direct communication with the team of project management
and the stakeholders as poor communication in between the parties resulted as big delays
in resolving and communicating the problem as early as possible. It is has been
recommended that contractor has to assign the duties and responsibilities to the different
46

personnel and communicate with them regarding their job role and their satisfaction or
dissatisfaction with the job. It will help them to minimize the labour strike which
ultimately manage the cost overrun and schedule delay.
 A labour management relations plan should be implemented which refers to compliance
of state and the federal employment laws along with facilitating the platform for the
labour in discussing their grievances and corrective procedures should be adopted for
resolving their grievances. This in turn helps the company in avoiding the labour strike or
reduces the chances of strike against an organization.
 Construction manager should create a culture that unites and inspires the labour prevents
strike as strong culture increases cooperation, motivation and the collaboration which
leads to improvement in the decision-making, communication and in providing adequate
tools for solving the problem more effectively.
 Providing an adequate amount of the wages to the labour is also an essential component
that an enterprise should consider for encouraging initiatives among the workers which in
turn prevents strike and leads business towards growing success. This also helps in
increasing the satisfaction among the workers and in decreasing likelihood of strike. It
will help the contractor to manage and maintain the relation between the labour and
contractor. It improves the performance of the labour and reduces labour strike as well as
schedule delay.
 Constructor has to regulate all the activities of the project on regular time interval to
identify the gap in project plan. The systematic schedule of all the activities in the
construction project will help them to identify the constraints which increases the cost of
the project and also help to reduce the cost overrun and schedule delay.
 It recommends to the researcher that contractor also has to control the external activities
which impact on the completion of project such as intervention of outsider agencies.
Some outsider agencies interfere in the construction which increases the time and cost of
the project. So contractor has to control and monitor the outsider work as well as.
47

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APPENDIX
Questionnaire
Demographic information
Name: _________________
Age: ________________
Gender: _____________
Often in the project schedule delay happened.
 Strongly agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 Disagree
 Strongly disagree
How frequently schedule delay happened in the project?
 Most of times
 Less frequent
Schedule delay have very high impact on the construction project.
 Strongly agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 Disagree
 Strongly disagree
Cost often increased in the construction project.
 Strongly agree
 Agree
 Neutral
53

 Disagree
 Strongly disagree
Due to increase in cost significant decline is observed in project profitability.
 Strongly agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 Disagree
 Strongly disagree
Which of below given factor in your opinion is mainly responsible for cost overrun and schedule
delay?
 Labour strike
 Changes initiated by owner
 Error in plan
 Intervention by outside agencies
Labour strike is highly responsible for project schedule delay?
 Strongly agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 Disagree
 Strongly disagree
Labour strike lead to heavy increase in project costing.
 Strongly agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 Disagree
 Strongly disagree
Changes initiated by owner is highly responsible for project schedule delay?
 Yes
 No
54

Changes initiated by owner lead to heavy increase in project costing.
 Yes
 No
Error in plan is highly responsible for project schedule delay?
 Strongly agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 Disagree
 Strongly disagree
Rate below impact of error in plan on project costing.
 Very high impact
 Moderate impact
 Low impact
 No impact
Extent to which intervention by outside agencies is highly responsible for project
schedule delay?
 To great extent
 Moderately responsible for schedule delay
 May be
 Not responsible for project schedule delay
Intervention by outside agencies lead to heavy increase in project costing.
 Strongly agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 Disagree
 Strongly disagree
55