Electric Vehicles - Term Paper

Running head: ENGLISH TERM PAPER
ENGLISH TERM PAPER
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author Note:

1ENGLISH TERM PAPER
Electric Vehicles
Electric vehicle is considered as essential means for coping with the increasing
environmental issues within transport sector. Governments all over the world have targeted for
increasing electric vehicles’ number. There is need to increase renewable energy’s share in
electricity generation for making electric vehicles much more environmentally friendly (Feng et
al. 255). Electric vehicles are one of possible solutions to help in successfully climate change.
City transportation’s electrification as well as renewable energy resource’s use within transport
system is the leading trends of sustainable transportation (Ajanovic et al. 422). There is
promotion of electric vehicles as the future transportation having potential benefits of
environment to promote urban transportation. Light weight battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are
most famous models which catch global attention as well as have enormous integration
possibilities within systems of transportation (Jursova et al. 38). Electric vehicles’ simple
definition will be automobile where electric motor will replace gasoline engine.
Electric vehicles are created by use of similar chassis as in gasoline vehicles. It is quite
tough in distinguishing electric vehicle from gasoline vehicle. Only thing which indicates vehicle
to be electric vehicle is level of low noise which the vehicle produces as there is limit for
creating sound (Coffman et al. 83). Power that is transmitted into motor comes from
rechargeable batteries’ array as well as is regulated through controller. Electric vehicle’s
operating principle is dependent on the DC controllers which take the power from battery (Plötz
et al. 35). Electric vehicles modulate this in manner which motor receives quantity of power
which the electric vehicle requires. DC controller is throttle signal for indicating power level
which can be sent to motor. Electric vehicles are promising enough for increasing energy
efficiency however do not have capability to reduce greenhouse gases (Liao et al. 267).

2ENGLISH TERM PAPER
Biggest change which is brought by the eco-friendly vehicles was noise reduction as well
as reduction of air pollution through reducing carbon dioxide along with other harmful emissions
(Feng et al. 252). Eco-friendly vehicles’ new concept is good start to healthier environment,
however more attention is needed also for process of recycling as electrical batteries’ benefits are
essential always, and however recycling process’s negative effect is skipped often (Liao et al.
260). First step to develop well-defined end for battery’s life strategies is necessity for knowing
their composition to select correct process for recycling. Through recycling them, little quantity
of energy could be recovered (Tobollik et al. 354). Generalized process of recycling for the
batteries uses energy and water for separating wastes form the viable substances.
Electric vehicle is recognized as a key technology within automotive industry,
contributing to the sustainable development by greenhouse gas’ lower emissions, less pollution
of air as well as new opportunities of job with positive social impact (Gabsalikhova et al. 672).
In future, increase in nuclear energy’s generation as well as energy from the alternative sources
like, biomass waste, solar power and water power is expected. Electricity could not be generated
from oil (Ajanovic et al. 421). Electric vehicles will introduce relation among water footprint and
carbon footprint. Electric cars are turning to be essential element in automotive industry’s
development strategy.
One of priorities to develop transportation system is dealing with decrement
environment’s negative impact due to green fuels’ use, which include natural gas. Green fuel is
biofuel which is distilled from animals and plants materials (Coffman et al. 81). Consumer
preferences’ global trends will affect market’s structure of automotive vehicle within 2025. Need
of products which have new properties will develop inevitably. The vehicles will be different
fuel vehicles, which includes electric vehicles along with smart vehicles. Smart vehicles are

3ENGLISH TERM PAPER
autonomous vehicles (Gabsalikhova et al. 672). Obstacles and capabilities either prevent or
stimulate vehicles’ development. The engines deal with finite hydrocarbon reserves that are
available, constant growth in prices of every kinds of fuel and environmental degradation (Huang
et al. 106465). Maximum global vehicle manufacturers see resolution of the issues for
application having technologies to save energy and transition for electric transmission by using
power units that are environmentally friendly.
Due to urgent need in reducing emissions of greenhouse gases as well air pollution, there
is rapid increment in interest of mobility’ electrification (Plötz et al. 38). However, despite
implementation of several supporting policies in various countries, quantity of electricity that is
used for transportation sector is negligible still. In meantime, there is recognition of electric
vehicles by several governments as the technology that could contribute in reductions of
emissions in sector of transportation (Jursova et al. 38). Due to implementation of various
supporting policies in number of countries all over the world, quantity of electric vehicles is
increasing continuously with almost 3 million electric vehicles. However, electric vehicles total
number is still quite low when compared with total stock of vehicles (Tobollik et al. 354). Main
reasons for electric vehicles’ slow penetration are higher prices for purchases, longer time for
charging, charging infrastructure and shorter range for driving.
Emissions taking place while manufacturing of electric vehicles are not same for ICE
vehicles. Biggest difference is the fact that there is no internal combustion engine or fuel tank for
battery electric vehicles, instead have electric drive motor, systems for regenerative braking,
power control electronics and battery pack (Ajanovic et al. 429). Major issue as well as biggest
source for uncertainty for electric vehicles’ future assessment is battery. Size and type of battery
that are used for cars have quite high impact over materials used for manufacturing the vehicles

4ENGLISH TERM PAPER
as well as manufacturing emissions (Petrauskienė et al. 119042). Electric vehicles are promoted
widely as technology that is environmentally friendly and several governments provides several
incentives with goal for increasing electric vehicle’s use and reduce finally air pollutions as well
as emissions of greenhouse gases from sector of transport (Liao et al. 256). However, electric
vehicles’ total emissions are dependent from emissions that are caused during production as well
as use of vehicle.
Physical limitations for power exchange among few countries could be modelled through
setting restriction of maximum quantity of electricity that could be exchanged among model
nodes during any time (Plötz, et al. 35). Extension of transmission losses and capabilities of inter
connector are considered within exogenous data. Optimization model’s major decision variables
are existing capacities’ production level, investment within new capacities as well as energy
exchange flows among market areas (Coffman et al. 83).
The program to reduce emissions of gas within transport promotes infrastructure of
vehicles with respect to clean energy, plug-in hybrid electric and electric vehicles’ charging
stations (Tobollik et al. 353). However, accelerating existing refurbishment as well as
deployment of infrastructure of new energy is crucial for achieving objectives of energy as well
as climate policy for reducing emissions of greenhouse gases (Feng et al. 261). Fuel mix of
future transport will be including characteristics: reducing emissions of greenhouse gases,
reducing energy dependence upon third countries as possible, keeping consistency in costs and
diversifying sources of energy.
It is indicated by the global trends that measures should be taken for ensuring transition
of environmentally friendly kinds of transport. Currently, at same time, diel and petrol fuel
remain to be dominant kinds of motor fuel (Gabsalikhova et al. 672). Major trends for

5ENGLISH TERM PAPER
developing electric vehicles might be associated to development of charging stations as well as
batteries of high capacity (Liao et al. 260). Resource management of greenhouse gas as well as
water is now essential parts of the sustainable transport. Public tends in judging electric vehicles’
environmental benefits with the energy consumption as well as emissions while using. However,
mobility’s whole effects on environment are based on entire lifetime of electric vehicles (Jursova
et al. 38). Additionally, considerable role is played by battery recycling for reduction of
emissions of greenhouse gases.
Concerns about environment as well as fossil fuel’s rising costs are the driving
automakers for designing and building energy efficient and cleaner vehicles, represented by
electric vehicles (Tobollik et al. 356). Major drawback is energy source. Hence, electric vehicles
will not be able in helping successfully fight the change of climate by reducing emission of
greenhouse gases.

6ENGLISH TERM PAPER
References
Ajanovic, Amela, and Reinhard Haas. "On the Environmental Benignity of Electric
Vehicles." Journal of Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment
Systems 7.3 (2019): 416-431. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.13044/j.sdewes.d6.0252
Coffman, Makena, Paul Bernstein, and Sherilyn Wee. "Electric vehicles revisited: a review of
factors that affect adoption." Transport Reviews 37.1 (2017): 79-93. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2016.1217282
Feng, Xuning, et al. "Thermal runaway mechanism of lithium ion battery for electric vehicles: A
review." Energy Storage Materials 10 (2018): 246-267. Retrieved from
doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2017.05.013
Gabsalikhova, Larisa, Gulnaz Sadygova, and Zlata Almetova. "Activities to convert the public
transport fleet to electric buses." Transportation research procedia 36 (2018): 669-675.
Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2018.12.127
Huang, Wenjie, Mengqiang Lv, and Xudong Yang. "Long-term volatile organic compound
emission rates in a new electric vehicle: Influence of temperature and vehicle
age." Building and Environment 168 (2020): 106465. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106465
Jursova, Simona, Dorota Burchart-Korol, and Pavlina Pustejovska. "Carbon footprint and water
footprint of electric vehicles and batteries charging in view of various sources of power
supply in the Czech Republic." Environments 6.3 (2019): 38. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.3390/environments6030038

7ENGLISH TERM PAPER
Petrauskienė, Kamilė, Monika Skvarnavičiūtė, and Jolanta Dvarionienė. "Comparative
environmental life cycle assessment of electric and conventional vehicles in
Lithuania." Journal of Cleaner Production 246 (2020): 119042. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119042
Plötz, Patrick, et al. "Impact of electric trucks powered by overhead lines on the European
electricity system and CO2 emissions." Energy policy 130 (2019): 32-40. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.03.042
Tobollik, Myriam, et al. "Health impact assessment of transport policies in Rotterdam: Decrease
of total traffic and increase of electric car use." Environmental research 146 (2016): 350-
358. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.01.014
Liao, Fanchao, Eric Molin, and Bert van Wee. "Consumer preferences for electric vehicles: a
literature review." Transport Reviews 37.3 (2017): 252-275. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2016.1230794