[SOLVED] Defense Industry and Emerging Technologies

The provided assignment is a compilation of various sources related to the defense industry, emerging technologies, and their applications. It includes articles, patents, and research papers that discuss topics such as network security under joint node and link attacks, the defense industrial triptych, technological innovation in defense, and the impact of deregulation on the airline industry. The assignment also touches upon the future infantry soldier system, FELIN system, joint network node, and top defense trends to watch in 2019. It is likely intended for students in a course related to defense studies or emerging technologies.

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Unit Code Unit Title CURRENT TOPICS IN COMPUTER SCIENCE
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Topic of Assignment Current and emerging trends in
networking in the defense industry Group or Tutorial (if applicable)
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PROJECT REPORT
ON
CURRENT EMERGING TRENDS OF
NETWORKING IN DEFENCE
INDUSTRY

Table of Contents
Background of Industry Context................................................................................................5
Challenges faced by industry with respect to specific issue..................................................5
Literature review......................................................................................................................11
Emerging computer technologies........................................................................................11
Recent internationalization and globalization trends...........................................................13
Novel research areas............................................................................................................16
Case Study...........................................................................................................................17
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS FINDINGS ANALYSIS.............................................20
Summary of the findings.....................................................................................................20
Brief discussion over the ways in trends are influencing the industry................................23
CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................24
REFLECTION.........................................................................................................................26
Shifts in thinking.................................................................................................................26
Implications for your personal and professional development...........................................26
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................27

Background of Industry Context
Defence is a global industry which manufactures and market the
weapons, tools and technologies that are used by military. It involves
operations like research and development, production, engineering and
servicing of military material, facilities and equipments. The defence industry
cover up everything from land, air and sea capabilities to electronics as well as
cyber security for providing technology that help in protecting nation from all
over the world. The Australian defence industry employ approx. 27000 people
and supply its product and services to Defence Material Organisations and
Australian Defence Force. It exports over A$750 million of defence product and
services to countries like US, New Zealand and Europe as there is less
requirement of such products as well as technologies in Australia as
government is infrequent in upgrade and purchasing of such technologies
(Australian Defence Industry, 2019).
Challenges faced by industry with respect to specific issue
The defence industry works over providing number of technology which
Land, Sea and Air forces used in their wars and other activities performed
related with defence. The players within Australian defence industry
manufacture large number of technologies and equipment that are used for

dealing within the wars. These help a lot in keeping the nation safe by dealing
with the attacks from enemies. But despite of all these benefits and
development there are number of issues that are presented in from of defence
industry within Australia. One of those issues is that it is easier to manufacture
technologies related with defence but marketing of such equipment is very
difficult as the cost of such technology is relatively higher (Martin, 2014).
Hence, the major issue faced by Australia Defence industry is that even though
the demand of Defence product is higher but still the Australian government is
relatively infrequent in term of purchasing, upgrading and modifying its
weapon used for defence. This in turn has affected the networking of country's
soldiers as they can work more effectively with the help of new or upgraded
system. Because of this various challenges have been faced by the Defence
Industry such as,
 Lack of innovation development: Due to less demand of upgraded
technologies as well as equipment by government in term of defence it
become very difficult for industry to grow higher. This is because due to
less demand of defence technology upgrading as well as new product
the players within the industry like Boeing defence organisation, ASC Pty
Ltd and many more leads to minimise their manufacture regarding such
product for reducing cost. But this in turn may leads to affect the

capability of industry to more innovative and technically advanced
defence products which may affect the future practices. This is because
with the help of advanced technologies Australian government can
improve the practices performed by its army or soldiers by working over
their networking through which soldiers interact with one another. In
addition to this they can also be able to connect the system with soldiers
so that can predict the actions of enemy in advanced and take corrective
actions. This will happen because when demand is lower the high skilled
engineers started seeking new options to achieve more career growth as
a result of which industry may lose competent engineers which may
bring technological innovation that leads to success of Australia's
Defence industry (Defence - challenges for the future, 2019).
 Less profit:- Australia's defence industry is one of the most
technologically advanced sector as it bring up several innovative
technologies and specialised product such as multi-sensor data fusion,
underwater system, phased array radar navigation and positioning aids
etc. These all help militaries to perform their projects in term of defence
very well. But despite of this due to infrequency up-gradation demand of
government in defence technology reduces the profit of industry which
is one of the biggest challenge which defence sector is facing. This is

because infrequent up-gradation reduce the purchasing demand of
latest product which costs higher hence it leads to increase in expenses
of company (Matlary and Østerud, 2016). Despite of this less demand
lead companies in defence industry to produce less and as a result of
which these organisations doesn't become able to commercialise their
product at international level as the innovational base become affected.
This in turn affect the profit of company as by upgrading technologies,
defence industry become able to improve the practices performed by its
tools & techniques that can improve the networking as well as
connection between its instruments. This in turn provide a medium
through which Australian country can also implement the concept of
future soldiers where there are lots of devices that are attached within
its uniform and provide an interaction between then which reduces the
risk of getting harmed by provide information much quickly.
 High Fixed Cost: - With the issue of less up-graduation requirement of
technology regarding the products or services of defence industry one of
the major challenge faced is increase in cost of production. This is
because with the minimization of innovation within the industry there
remain less availability of resources and technologies that are used to
manufacture the defence products or equipment. In addition to this, the

resources used for product manufactured earlier are now get reduced
which increases the costs of these equipment’s. Apart from that these
technologies can only be used in Australian country as another nations
are technologically advanced where these technologies cannot be able
to formulate an effective network and interact with other devices. The
major drawback of this is that new technologies provide higher
networking bandwidth at relatively lower cost because demand is higher
which increases the availability of resources for manufacturing those
networking related devices. Hence, with the manufacturing of outdated
techniques, as a result of which it become difficult for companies to
arrange resources and other stuff which is required for manufacturing of
defence related products (Heidenkamp, Louth and Taylor, 2015). As a
result of which cost of manufacturing get increases which leads decrease
in profit earned by company.
These all are the challenges that Defence industry of Australia is facing
and among them the main challenges is lack of innovational development that
may improve the networking of systems used by soldiers. As a result of which
it become less competitive as compare to other countries. Hence, there is
requirement of enhancing innovational capability in term of developing a base

to work over emerging technologies related to networking that are now in
trend of global Defence Industry.
Literature review
Literature review is defined as the process of gathering information from
previously published scholars and then critically evaluating it to extract the
more reliable information suitable for current topic of concern (Bitzinger,
2014).
Emerging computer technologies
With the advancement of technologies and computer science there are
number of development that can be seen within defence industry throughout
the world. These all has improved the way defence forces work and deal with
the attacks that country faces. In defence industry, networking technologies
are emerging trend within this sector over which engineers are working.
Following are some emerging technologies that are expected to grow and
improve the operations of defence industry these are:
 Joint Networking node (JNN): As per the article published by Global
security. Org, 2019, it has been presented that Joint Network Node is
considered as an essential elements which help in Army's Joint Network
Transport Capability by using a satellite based communication. The
system is basically designed as a collaborative effort that can be used by

Army's project manager for Tactical Radio Communication System by
replacing the mobile subscription equipment to make network stronger
(Joint Network Node (JNN), 2019). This network take advantage of
access to satellite and updated commercial internet technology for
increasing bandwidth throughout the division by securely connecting
headquarters, battalion echelons and brigade combat team.
 Airborne Integrated networking: - It is an infrastructure which is
basically developed for Air force to provide them and network where
which they can interact with one another and perform operations
effectively. This technologies is named as Tactical data links or Link 16.
According to the article published by TONEX, 2019, Tactical Data Links
offers an essential communication route among forces to help in
interoperability. Its application helps in sharing tactic information
securely and sustainably to all force components which is very crucial for
battle space Management as well as Shared Situational Awareness
within the operations.
 Future solider:- This is a concept which is invented by French Ministry of
Defence Procurement Agency that contains an system of integrated
network which connect several devices with solider. This concept is
named as Future Infantry Soldier System of FELIN system which will be

integral part of French Army's future land and air network-centric
system. This will provide a soldier with improved close-combat capability
in context of survivability. Mobility, lethality and C4I (Command,
computer, communication, control and information). These al
technologies will be inserted over the uniform of soldier and for which it
has been targeted to kept maximum weight up to 25kgs which includes
weapons, ammunition, water provision and 24-hour energy, food etc.
(Future Infantry Soldier System, 2019)
Recent internationalization and globalization trends
As per the information published by EMS Now, 2019, the international
Aerospace & Defence sector is expected to raise up-to US$2.5 trillion by the
year 2024. This growth expectation of industry has increased due to several
trends has been anticipated with the integration of several countries
technology through globalisation. These growth factors includes global defence
spending, myriad technology trend and healthy commercial aviation revenue
potential which are contributing toward improving the supply chain, life-cycle
dynamics of Aerospace and Defence industry, operations and business models
of A&S companies. The integration of countries through globalisation has
enhanced the capability of organisations to perform well and bring new
technologies to improve networking and other equipment that can be used by

defence soldier to improve their operations. The emerging technologies at
global level are 3D Manufacturing/additive manufacturing, cloud networking,
innovative battery technology and smart wearable military technologies etc.
These all will support in improving the networking among the devices or
system that are used by soldiers to perform their actions effectively. Despite
of this there is also a trend is prevailing regarding improvement performance
through networking or cyber security which includes digital manufacturing,
smart factory, IT agility aided by cloud computing, Internet of things(IoT),
automation and artificial intelligence for predictive insight and faster decision
regarding the technological development.
(Source: Breakdown of global arms export market, 2019)
On the other side as per the article published by IHS Market on 30
January 2019, it has been identified that geopolitical trend is more prominent
now a days. This is because organisations in defence industry are focusing
more over internationalising their operations. It has been seen from above
graphical figure that growth in Auto, Aerospace and Defence industry has been
increased. The export market expanded in countries with 23% Russia, 33% in

US, 5.6% in Germany and so on. This has involved emerging defence industries
in areas like Middle East, Asia, Europe, North America and Australia by
asserting themselves as exporter and looking for growth overseas. The main
reason behind internationalization is to increase the capabilities to work better
for bringing new technologies to offer. This internationalization among the
defence sector of several countries increase the interest or trend among the
engineers of Artificial intelligence, Fuel cell, 3D printing, C4ISR and Unmanned
System & Counter Unmanned System. These in turn support soldiers to
perform their operations effectively as these techniques help in improving the
interaction by soldiers with one another by improvi8ng the networking
bandwidth. This is because networking support in connecting the large number
of equipment’s and systems together so that actions can be taken effectively.
Novel research areas
As per the view point of Conlon and Perkins, 2018, Defence industry has
now become an essential part of nation's security and because of which this
sector has experienced a constant transformation in its technological capability
and innovation since World War II. In recent year several national as well as
transnational defence firms get emerged with the help of merger and
acquisition for adopting dual-use technologies to create stronger weapons or
security systems. This in turn has improved the capability of companies to

develop stronger networking technologies with higher bandwidth which
provide more secure medium of communication to soldiers.
According to the view point of Cordner, 2016, the defence industry
started growing and developed with the increase in terrorism as well as other
crises throughout the world. This in turn has decreased the old labor based
method and increased innovative technological based process for improving
the quality of services. This has enhanced the role of ubiquitous role of
information technology, innovative changes in chain management of supply
globally, acceptance and support of proper development and dependence
over framework and changes in development process. These all factors lead
to emergence of major trends such as semiconductors are cornerstone of
global IT economy, multiple area of underway, silicon based integrated circuits
in formation of technologies.
Case Study
Case study of Joint Networking Node: - As per the case study presented
by David Perera, 2008, the military force of Iraq operates its communicational
activities over phone calls which make it very difficult to communicate
effectively. Then Defence Department decided to replace their
communicational system because of erect line-of-sight communication
antenna in the 3rd infantry division outran, the ability to it loses its terrestrial

radio capacity which required improvement in bandwidth of network. As a
result of this there is an invention of Joint Network Node which is a system of
commercial software and hardware coupled with trailer drawn satellite
terminal. This was invented at the time of Iraq freedom when operation relay
over Mobile Subscriber Equipment in order to improve the communicational
system by connecting transports with satellite. As a result of which Army spent
around 42 billion on JNN and in April this services is awarded with 4109 million
task order for upgrading more satellite terminals.
Case study on Future soldier:- With the advancement of technologies
there are number of innovation has been performed by defence industry in
order to simplify the work of soldiers, but these equipment lead to over
burden the uniform of them. For this a concept of future soldier has been
invested by French defence sector and named as FELIN. This is an integrated
soldier system designed for enhancing the for improving the operations
performed by soldier which includes, observation, protection, C4I (control,
command, communication, computer and intelligence), mobility, support and
weapons used. After this it went for test the system in some of the most
damaging environment to determine its reliability within the areas like forest,
mountain, and desert in urban combat and while parachuting. It has been
found that FAMAS rifle firing capacity increased in day from 300m to 500m

and 150m to 400m at night. Hence it was declared that the FELIN soldier
modernization system contains all the operational resources and coherent
technological resources that are required to meet the need of armies. This
modernization program has already get progressed as IMESS (Switzerland) FIST
(UK), Land Warrior (USA) and IDZ (Germany)
Case study Airborne Integrated networking:- As per For improving the
performance of armies and interconnecting the operations of armies over a
secure networking medium an integrated system has been invested and
named as Link 16. As per the case study presented by MARK Pomerleau, 2015,
the U.S. Marine Corps while working over improving the interoperability along
with various radio and communicational equipment by testing data link that
have the capability to integrate operations performed among helicopter crews,
ground force and unmanned aerial vehicles in order to replace the system of
paper-based operations. This exercise was performed over water Corps Air
Station Cherry Point, N.C., which involve the Water Light Affliction Helicopter
Air unit 467, Marine Corps Forces, Special Operations Command and
Unmanned aerial Vehicle Helicopter. It leads to the use of LINK 16 as a military
tactical data network which is used by US, NATO and many other forces for
facilitating the data interoperability among the aircraft pilots and joint terminal
attack controllers. This help in forming a network where the soldiers on the

ground are coordinating targets by communicating with air-strikes (Axelsson
and Easton, 2016). This exercise mainly focused over integrating the field
radios as well as commercial off-the-shelf tablet system which have the ability
to securely and rapidly pass the messages to aircraft with the help of Link 16.
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS FINDINGS ANALYSIS
Summary of the findings
From the survey conducted over the emerging trend of computer
technology in the field of defence industry it has been found that with the
enhancement of technologies and other related area there has been a
tremendous growth found within defence sector. This is because with the
enhancement of industry's technological capability there are number of
innovation that has been anticipated by the global defence industry for
improving the networking and operational efficiency of soldiers. In addition to
this it has been found that there are some technologies which are considered
as emerging trend in term of internationalization and globalisation concept
which are related with improving the communicational and networking
systems (Chen and et. al., 2017). This is because in recent years there is an
increase in terrorism attack and other activities which increase the risk of war
among countries. Hence, there is a requirement of enhancing the range of

networking technologies so that armies can have an eye over such actions of
allies and defence the nations against it by working with proper integration.
For this several technologies has been invented such as Joint Networking
node, Tactical data links or Link 16 and FELIN system. These are consider as
most emergent innovation within defence industry as the demand of such
system get increased among armies (Dinh and Thai, 2015). These all the system
provide a broader bandwidth to transfer the information at border area and on
the other side connect the larger number of people as well as transports in
order to perform operations with more efficient manner. From the case study
published over such technologies it has been found that these helped a lot in
improving the operations practices of armies (Marrone, Nones and Ungaro,
2016). Among them Joint Networking Node was first implement by Iraq in
order to replace its communicational system i.e. Mobile Subscriber Equipment
as its radio capacity is weaker. Hence it gets replaced with JNN which is an
integration of hardware and software along with satellite to increase the
communicational bandwidth network. This innovation get success in its
practices and also win an award of 4109 million task order to update networks.
On the other side, the efforts of French defence industry worked over
reducing the burden of soldier by creating a FELIN system which includes large
number of equipment that are essentials of a soldier while their operations. As

weight get increased while carrying these equipment hence they form up a
uniform attached with all the equipment and technologies that are required
for protection, observation and C4I (Krishnaswamy, 2016). Apart from this one
of the most prominent technology found through investigation was Link 16
which has a power to integrate aerial, marine and land transports used by
armies over a single link. A test was performed over its reliability by US Marine
Corps and it has been found that it has connected Marine Corps Forces,
Marines Light Attack Helicopter Squadron 467, Special Operations Command
and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Helicopter all together over a larger bandwidth
for networking. In addition to this it also provides a capability to perform
operation through land by having a sight over the area over which they are
working with the help of aircraft (Wiley, 2015).
Brief discussion over the ways in trends are influencing the industry
From the whole investigation, three major emerging trends has been
found within the defence industry related with computer technologies that are
Joint Networking node, Tactical data links or Link 16 and FELIN system (Soar,
Cynetic Designs Ltd, 2016). These all have an great influence over the
performance of defence industry as these innovation has supported in
improving the bandwidth of networking through which soldier can interact
with large number of networks such as headquarters, battalion echelons and

brigade combat team all together. In addition to this, these innovations also
provide a medium through which armies working either through from land, air
or sea level can perform their operations by integrating with one another over
a larger network which connect all the transports working with defence with a
secure medium of communication to transfer information (Williams, 2017).
Despite of all these it also has a negative influence over industry that is
reduction in profitability, because such technologies or equipments used
usually has high purchasing as well as implementation cost.
CONCLUSION
From the above explored information it has been concluded that the
government of Australia is infrequent in term of purchasing, modifying or
upgrading the technologies used by armies. This in turn has reduces the
production as well as innovational capabilities of defence industry which lead it
to face high competition when it try to operate within another nations.
Therefore, in order to overcome this issues defence industry of Australia can
work over adopting the equipment that help in innovating technologies that
are prevailing in other area of globe. For such development the defence
industry of Australia can also perform its operations over emerging computer
technologies for becoming capable of dealing at global level. For this it can
adopt most prominent and high demanded technologies related with

improved communicational system and networking. This includes Joint
Networking node, Tactical data links or Link 16 and FELIN system as these all
work toward improving the bandwidth or capabilities of network over which
they operate and soldiers interact while performing their operations. These
technologies help defence industry of Australia to be able to enhance its
capability of innovational development and becoming compatible with defence
companies that are working in other countries. This in turn further support in
improving the production efficiency which in turn can be further used to
perform operations with other transnational companies through which a
greater growth as well as success can be experience and industry be able to get
rid from such issue.
REFLECTION
Shifts in thinking
By performing investigation over the topic current and emerging trends
in networking within the defence industry I have experience a shift in my
thinking. As before this investigation I feel that Australia perform quick
upgrade in term of equipment, vehicle and technologies used for defence. But
after performing a deep investigation and thorough analysis over the
information available over several article I came to know that Australia is
infrequent in term of purchasing and upgrading such technologies.

Implications for your personal and professional development
Throughout this investigation, I become able to enhance my researching
skills as well as knowledge regarding the operations that defence industry
performs. In addition to this, I also become able to learn about several
technologies and ways in which those get implemented by soldiers to improve
their operations. I can use this information for my professional development
also as with the help of this knowledge I can develop my career in this area by
trying within such companies.

REFERENCES
Books & Journals
Axelsson, B. and Easton, G., 2016. Industrial Networks (Routledge Revivals): A
New View of Reality. Routledge.
Bitzinger, R., 2014. Towards a brave new arms industry?. Routledge.
Chen, Q. and et. al., 2017. An integrated framework for software defined
networking, caching, and computing. IEEE Network. 31(3). pp.46-55.
Conlon, R. and Perkins, J., 2018. Wheels and deals: The automotive industry in
twentieth-century Australia. Routledge.
Cordner, L., 2016. The future of maritime forces in an integrated Australian
defence force. Security Challenges. 12(1). pp.101-114.
Dinh, T. N. and Thai, M. T., 2015. Network under joint node and link attacks:
Vulnerability assessment methods and analysis. IEEE/ACM Transactions
on Networking. 23(3). pp.1001-1011.
Heidenkamp, H., Louth, J. and Taylor, T., 2015. The defence industrial triptych:
government as a customer, sponsor and regulator of defence industry.
Routledge.
Krishnaswamy, D., Qualcomm Inc, 2016. Application-proxy support over a
wireless link. U.S. Patent 9,521,621.
Marrone, A., Nones, M. and Ungaro, A. R., 2016. Technological Innovation and
Defence: The Forza NEC Program in the Euro-Atlantic Framework (Vol.
23). Edizioni Nuova Cultura.
Martin, S., 2014. The Economics of Offsets: Defence Procurement and
Coutertrade. Routledge.
Matlary, J. H. and Østerud, Ø., 2016. Denationalisation of defence:
Convergence and diversity. Routledge.
Soar, R. J., Cynetic Designs Ltd, 2016. Soldier system wireless power and data
transmission. U.S. Patent 9,331,495.
Wiley, G. A., Qualcomm Inc, 2015. Three-phase-polarity safe reverse link
shutdown. U.S. Patent 9,112,815.

Williams, G., 2017. The airline industry and the impact of deregulation.
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