Fast Fashion and Sustainability: A Case Study of Zara
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The case study of Zara has been used to highlight the issues associated with the fast fashion industry. The paper has discussed the definition of sustainability and ethics and how they are related to the fast fashion industry. The paper has also provided recommendations for reducing the fashion carbon footprint both at the local and global level.
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Case Study
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Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................3
Discussion..................................................................................................................................3
Conclusion..................................................................................................................................9
References................................................................................................................................10
Introduction................................................................................................................................3
Discussion..................................................................................................................................3
Conclusion..................................................................................................................................9
References................................................................................................................................10
Introduction
Fast fashion is a much-talked issue in the fashion world. The fast fashion world is
characterized by low cost, stylish, luxurious brand trends that also reflect the desires of
individuals. This particular case will focus on how the fast fashion industry trends are
negatively affecting sustainability along with raising issues such as global warming.
Discussion
The case study ZARA: Fast Fashion by Ghemawat & Nueno (2016) provided an insight into
the overall structure of the global apparel industry with a focus on Inditex Company Zara and
its competitors. The issue of sustainability and ethics are related to the modern fast fashion
industry. Inditex, Gap (U.S.), Hennes & Mauritz (Sweden), and Benetton (Italy) are the major
players in the fast fashion industry. The fast fashion companies such as Zara are earning a
huge profit but, they are also blamed for their ethical and sustainability misconducts. Zara is
the largest chain of Inditex with over 2200 stores in 96 countries as of May 2018 (Forbes,
2018). The two of the major reasons behind the profitability of Zara in the fast fashion
industry include its business system and an international expansion strategy. The fast fashion
is trend sensitive and affordable that raises both the ethical and sustainability issues. In order
to understand the issue of sustainability and ethics associated with the fast fashion brand
Zara, it is essential to look at the definition of ‘sustainability’ and ‘ethics’. Sustainability can
be defined as the activity that does not harm others and also meet the needs of the current
generation without compromising with the needs of future generations. Ethics, on the other
hand, can be defined as the moral principles that govern the behaviour or the ways of
conducting an activity (Ghemawat & Nueono, 2006).
The major focus of this case is on determining the sustainability and ethical issues in the
context of Zara. One of the most important aspects of Zara’s business system that is
Fast fashion is a much-talked issue in the fashion world. The fast fashion world is
characterized by low cost, stylish, luxurious brand trends that also reflect the desires of
individuals. This particular case will focus on how the fast fashion industry trends are
negatively affecting sustainability along with raising issues such as global warming.
Discussion
The case study ZARA: Fast Fashion by Ghemawat & Nueno (2016) provided an insight into
the overall structure of the global apparel industry with a focus on Inditex Company Zara and
its competitors. The issue of sustainability and ethics are related to the modern fast fashion
industry. Inditex, Gap (U.S.), Hennes & Mauritz (Sweden), and Benetton (Italy) are the major
players in the fast fashion industry. The fast fashion companies such as Zara are earning a
huge profit but, they are also blamed for their ethical and sustainability misconducts. Zara is
the largest chain of Inditex with over 2200 stores in 96 countries as of May 2018 (Forbes,
2018). The two of the major reasons behind the profitability of Zara in the fast fashion
industry include its business system and an international expansion strategy. The fast fashion
is trend sensitive and affordable that raises both the ethical and sustainability issues. In order
to understand the issue of sustainability and ethics associated with the fast fashion brand
Zara, it is essential to look at the definition of ‘sustainability’ and ‘ethics’. Sustainability can
be defined as the activity that does not harm others and also meet the needs of the current
generation without compromising with the needs of future generations. Ethics, on the other
hand, can be defined as the moral principles that govern the behaviour or the ways of
conducting an activity (Ghemawat & Nueono, 2006).
The major focus of this case is on determining the sustainability and ethical issues in the
context of Zara. One of the most important aspects of Zara’s business system that is
contributing to the sustainability and ethical issues includes its fast or quick response. The
fast fashion industry in which Zara is operating promotes low or high- cost clothing
collections that are particularly based on the new fashion trends and it naturally encourages
disposability as it involves a fast-response system. (Joy et al., 2012). The richer
communication links across the globe have also led to the growth and promotion of fast
fashion trends. The fast fashion companies such as Zara thrive on fashion cycles that are fast
and require a quick response. In the fast fashion cycle, there is a rapid prototyping, the variety
of clothes is wide but the batches are small. In addition, the delivery and transportation are
highly efficient so as to meet the dynamic and rapidly changing needs of the customers. The
case indicates that the cycle time of Zara is as shorter as 2 weeks in case of restocking and 4-
5 weeks in case of new designs (Härtsiä, 2011). The bulk production of Zara can also be
attributed to the fact that it is operating in a highly competitive industry. Zara is promoting a
trend that focuses on disposing of the old clothes and using the clothes of new trends and
fashion. In other words, the fast fashion trends indicate that the clothes are not meant to last
longer but, they are meant to be bought in large quantities and are only used for a short
period. This particular fast fashion trend promotes wastage and rapid disposal of the clothes.
This trend can lead to serious environmental and sustainability issues that can ultimately lead
to a clothing crisis and global warming both at the local and global level. The wrong disposal
of clothes will lead to a rise in temperature of the climate system (Dockrill, 2018).
Global warming is a global threat that is also referred to as climate change. Global warming
is leading to a rise in the average temperature of the climate system across the world. The fast
fashion companies are contributing in climate change or global warming. According to a
study, 5% of the greenhouse gas emission is attributed to the apparel industry or the fast
fashion industry. The fast fashion companies are negatively affecting the environment in
terms of polluting the air, water and the food we eat. In other words, the fashion carbon
fast fashion industry in which Zara is operating promotes low or high- cost clothing
collections that are particularly based on the new fashion trends and it naturally encourages
disposability as it involves a fast-response system. (Joy et al., 2012). The richer
communication links across the globe have also led to the growth and promotion of fast
fashion trends. The fast fashion companies such as Zara thrive on fashion cycles that are fast
and require a quick response. In the fast fashion cycle, there is a rapid prototyping, the variety
of clothes is wide but the batches are small. In addition, the delivery and transportation are
highly efficient so as to meet the dynamic and rapidly changing needs of the customers. The
case indicates that the cycle time of Zara is as shorter as 2 weeks in case of restocking and 4-
5 weeks in case of new designs (Härtsiä, 2011). The bulk production of Zara can also be
attributed to the fact that it is operating in a highly competitive industry. Zara is promoting a
trend that focuses on disposing of the old clothes and using the clothes of new trends and
fashion. In other words, the fast fashion trends indicate that the clothes are not meant to last
longer but, they are meant to be bought in large quantities and are only used for a short
period. This particular fast fashion trend promotes wastage and rapid disposal of the clothes.
This trend can lead to serious environmental and sustainability issues that can ultimately lead
to a clothing crisis and global warming both at the local and global level. The wrong disposal
of clothes will lead to a rise in temperature of the climate system (Dockrill, 2018).
Global warming is a global threat that is also referred to as climate change. Global warming
is leading to a rise in the average temperature of the climate system across the world. The fast
fashion companies are contributing in climate change or global warming. According to a
study, 5% of the greenhouse gas emission is attributed to the apparel industry or the fast
fashion industry. The fast fashion companies are negatively affecting the environment in
terms of polluting the air, water and the food we eat. In other words, the fashion carbon
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footprint is very large. (Scamans, 2016). The fast fashion company such as Zara are
responding quickly to the demands and changing trends by producing a large number of
apparels that are ultimately wasted or disposed of in a wrong manner that further leads to
environmental issues and global warming. In addition, the fast fashion companies such as
Zara destroy the clothes that are unsold instead of selling the same at cheap prices. This is
done so as to maintain the exclusivity of brand. This unethical practice leads to global
warming and other environmental issues. Therefore, there is a critical need to solve the issue
of global warming that is caused by the apparel industry and fast fashion trends. The
discussion below will focus on the recommendations that can be implemented in the context
of reducing the global warming caused because of the fast fashion or apparel industry both at
the local and global level (Garcia-Torres et al., 2017).
The focus of the major industry players in the fast fashion should be on using the eco- fashion
practices that can help in reducing the size of fashion carbon footprint. The eco- fashion
practices include the use of natural pesticides dyes and fabrics for manufacturing of the
clothes. The eco- fashion practices can be adopted both at the local and global level.
In order to reduce the fashion carbon footprints, collective steps have to be taken both at the
local and global level. In this context, the focus of apparel manufacturing and fast fashion
companies should be on changing the patterns of their production, distribution and marketing
practices. The companies should contribute to making the consumption patterns sustainable.
This can be done by a number of methods that have already been adopted by some of the big
fast fashion companies. The recommendations have been discussed below on the two levels-
local and global (Yang et al., 2017).
Local level
At a local level, a rental system can be established that can be used for renting the clothes at
cheap prices to the consumers. The rental system will help in preventing the wrong disposal
responding quickly to the demands and changing trends by producing a large number of
apparels that are ultimately wasted or disposed of in a wrong manner that further leads to
environmental issues and global warming. In addition, the fast fashion companies such as
Zara destroy the clothes that are unsold instead of selling the same at cheap prices. This is
done so as to maintain the exclusivity of brand. This unethical practice leads to global
warming and other environmental issues. Therefore, there is a critical need to solve the issue
of global warming that is caused by the apparel industry and fast fashion trends. The
discussion below will focus on the recommendations that can be implemented in the context
of reducing the global warming caused because of the fast fashion or apparel industry both at
the local and global level (Garcia-Torres et al., 2017).
The focus of the major industry players in the fast fashion should be on using the eco- fashion
practices that can help in reducing the size of fashion carbon footprint. The eco- fashion
practices include the use of natural pesticides dyes and fabrics for manufacturing of the
clothes. The eco- fashion practices can be adopted both at the local and global level.
In order to reduce the fashion carbon footprints, collective steps have to be taken both at the
local and global level. In this context, the focus of apparel manufacturing and fast fashion
companies should be on changing the patterns of their production, distribution and marketing
practices. The companies should contribute to making the consumption patterns sustainable.
This can be done by a number of methods that have already been adopted by some of the big
fast fashion companies. The recommendations have been discussed below on the two levels-
local and global (Yang et al., 2017).
Local level
At a local level, a rental system can be established that can be used for renting the clothes at
cheap prices to the consumers. The rental system will help in preventing the wrong disposal
of the clothes. This will help in reducing the fashion carbon footprints to a significant level as
the clothes will not be burnt or disposed of in a wrong manner. Further, at a local level, the
fast fashion companies can also adopt ‘recycling’ process for ensuring sustainability and
effective disposal management of the clothes. (Macchion et al., 2017). Recycling can be
defined as the process that is associated with the conversion of the waste material into a new
object or material. Recycling is an alternative to the traditional method of disposal of waste.
Some of the ways in which companies including Zara can practice recycling at a local level
are as follows:
The donation of the clothes can be encouraged by the fast fashion companies. This will help
in increasing the life of the clothes along with reducing the fashion carbon footprint. Further,
the clothes can also be given to someone at the cheap or discounted prices. Further, the
clothes can be recycled using a standard recycling procedure so as to convert them into a
fabric that can be further used for manufacturing the clothes (Common Objective, 2018). A
textile waste diversion method can also be used for ensuring the sustainability of the fast
fashion industry along with the reducing the fashion carbon footprint. In this method, the
fashion waste can be diverted to the local municipal bodies that can further be forwarded for
the recycling process. In order to prevent the global warming arising out of the fast fashion
industry, it is essential for the local bodies to support collectively for recycling or
management of disposing (Economic Times, 2018).
Global level
The above recommendations can be implemented at a local level for reducing the fashion
carbon footprint; the recommendations given below can be implemented at a global level so
as to prevent global warming. The committees and laws will govern the manufacturers and
retailers in the context of both manufacturing and disposal of the clothes (Sustainability,
2017). In addition, the committees and authorities established for the investigation of
the clothes will not be burnt or disposed of in a wrong manner. Further, at a local level, the
fast fashion companies can also adopt ‘recycling’ process for ensuring sustainability and
effective disposal management of the clothes. (Macchion et al., 2017). Recycling can be
defined as the process that is associated with the conversion of the waste material into a new
object or material. Recycling is an alternative to the traditional method of disposal of waste.
Some of the ways in which companies including Zara can practice recycling at a local level
are as follows:
The donation of the clothes can be encouraged by the fast fashion companies. This will help
in increasing the life of the clothes along with reducing the fashion carbon footprint. Further,
the clothes can also be given to someone at the cheap or discounted prices. Further, the
clothes can be recycled using a standard recycling procedure so as to convert them into a
fabric that can be further used for manufacturing the clothes (Common Objective, 2018). A
textile waste diversion method can also be used for ensuring the sustainability of the fast
fashion industry along with the reducing the fashion carbon footprint. In this method, the
fashion waste can be diverted to the local municipal bodies that can further be forwarded for
the recycling process. In order to prevent the global warming arising out of the fast fashion
industry, it is essential for the local bodies to support collectively for recycling or
management of disposing (Economic Times, 2018).
Global level
The above recommendations can be implemented at a local level for reducing the fashion
carbon footprint; the recommendations given below can be implemented at a global level so
as to prevent global warming. The committees and laws will govern the manufacturers and
retailers in the context of both manufacturing and disposal of the clothes (Sustainability,
2017). In addition, the committees and authorities established for the investigation of
manufacturing, recycling and disposal of the waste should also check the amount of waste
generated by the companies along with the method they are using for recycling the waste
generated from the fast fashion industry. At a global level, the focus should also be on
promoting the use of an organic fabric such as the Algae-based fabric. Traditional fabrics like
cotton can have a number of negative impacts on sustainability because of large footprints.
Lastly, each of the company involved in manufacturing and selling of the apparels such as
Zara, should have a database to record the number of products that have been disposed and
recycled (Yang et al., 2017).
The recommendations discussed have a number of implications for governments, producers
and consumers. The government across the world is putting continuous efforts to reduce the
carbon footprints. The efforts from the fast fashion industry from both the local and global
level will help the government in reducing the carbon footprints and the issue of global
warming. The producers can use the eco -fashion practices discussed in the recommendations
for improving their corporate image along with fulfilling their Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) towards the environment. Lastly, the consumers will get a clean
environment in which they can live a healthy life.
There are some strategic and operational dimensions that have to be considered while
actually implementing the recommendations in the context of achieving sustainability and
reducing global warming. The strategic practices include the setting of goals and
commitment, stakeholder engagement, establishment of processes and systems, tracking the
progress and communicating the expectations (BBC, 2018). The strategic practice of setting
the goals and objectives will help in leading the communities and organizations towards a
particular direction of reducing the carbon footprint and global warming effects. For example
the objectives related to recycling will help industry players in recycling most of their wastes
and unsold garments (Kell, 2018). Further, the stakeholders such as the producers, suppliers,
generated by the companies along with the method they are using for recycling the waste
generated from the fast fashion industry. At a global level, the focus should also be on
promoting the use of an organic fabric such as the Algae-based fabric. Traditional fabrics like
cotton can have a number of negative impacts on sustainability because of large footprints.
Lastly, each of the company involved in manufacturing and selling of the apparels such as
Zara, should have a database to record the number of products that have been disposed and
recycled (Yang et al., 2017).
The recommendations discussed have a number of implications for governments, producers
and consumers. The government across the world is putting continuous efforts to reduce the
carbon footprints. The efforts from the fast fashion industry from both the local and global
level will help the government in reducing the carbon footprints and the issue of global
warming. The producers can use the eco -fashion practices discussed in the recommendations
for improving their corporate image along with fulfilling their Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) towards the environment. Lastly, the consumers will get a clean
environment in which they can live a healthy life.
There are some strategic and operational dimensions that have to be considered while
actually implementing the recommendations in the context of achieving sustainability and
reducing global warming. The strategic practices include the setting of goals and
commitment, stakeholder engagement, establishment of processes and systems, tracking the
progress and communicating the expectations (BBC, 2018). The strategic practice of setting
the goals and objectives will help in leading the communities and organizations towards a
particular direction of reducing the carbon footprint and global warming effects. For example
the objectives related to recycling will help industry players in recycling most of their wastes
and unsold garments (Kell, 2018). Further, the stakeholders such as the producers, suppliers,
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consumers, and workers should be engaged in the process of using the sustainable practices
such as the use of organic fabric and disposing of the fashion waste in a proper manner.
(Sustainable Jungle, 2017). Another strategic practice is setting a system such as a database
that can be used for the future reference in the context of ensuring sustainability in the
communities and organizations. Lastly, the focus should be on tracking the progress. This can
be done with the help of metrics such as reduction in carbon emission, the number of
disposed products and the number of recycled products. This strategic practice should,
however, be combined with the expectations regarding future reduction in the fashion carbon
footprints (Kaikobad et al., 2015).
Apart from the strategic practices, there are some operational practices that can be
implemented by fashion giants such as Zara and other players of the fast fashion industry.
Zara should focus on recycling and diverting the wastes to the local authorities for the
process of recycling. Recycling will help in reducing the waste that ultimately leads to global
warming on being burnt or being disposed of in a non-environment- friendly manner. Further,
Zara should focus on educating its customers regarding the recycling of the clothes by
donating clothes to the needy. This will help in reducing the overall waste that is generated
from the fast fashion industry. Lastly, Zara should also ensure the ethical treatment of the
workers who are involved in the production of a large variety of clothes. In essence, it can be
stated that an effective implementation of strategic and operational practices in the fast
fashion industry will help in reducing the global warming effects on the climate (Inditex,
2018).
The fast fashion industry is associated with both opportunities and challenges associated with
making the fashion industry a sustainable and ethical industry that has minimum fashion
carbon footprints. It is essential to determine the opportunities present in the fast fashion
industry so that they can be leveraged with the help of the strengths of giant players such as
such as the use of organic fabric and disposing of the fashion waste in a proper manner.
(Sustainable Jungle, 2017). Another strategic practice is setting a system such as a database
that can be used for the future reference in the context of ensuring sustainability in the
communities and organizations. Lastly, the focus should be on tracking the progress. This can
be done with the help of metrics such as reduction in carbon emission, the number of
disposed products and the number of recycled products. This strategic practice should,
however, be combined with the expectations regarding future reduction in the fashion carbon
footprints (Kaikobad et al., 2015).
Apart from the strategic practices, there are some operational practices that can be
implemented by fashion giants such as Zara and other players of the fast fashion industry.
Zara should focus on recycling and diverting the wastes to the local authorities for the
process of recycling. Recycling will help in reducing the waste that ultimately leads to global
warming on being burnt or being disposed of in a non-environment- friendly manner. Further,
Zara should focus on educating its customers regarding the recycling of the clothes by
donating clothes to the needy. This will help in reducing the overall waste that is generated
from the fast fashion industry. Lastly, Zara should also ensure the ethical treatment of the
workers who are involved in the production of a large variety of clothes. In essence, it can be
stated that an effective implementation of strategic and operational practices in the fast
fashion industry will help in reducing the global warming effects on the climate (Inditex,
2018).
The fast fashion industry is associated with both opportunities and challenges associated with
making the fashion industry a sustainable and ethical industry that has minimum fashion
carbon footprints. It is essential to determine the opportunities present in the fast fashion
industry so that they can be leveraged with the help of the strengths of giant players such as
Inditex. Further, the determination of challenges will help in the determination of the ways
that can be implemented for reducing the fashion carbon footprint to reduce global warming
(Macchion et al., 2017). The major opportunities that support the use of sustainable practices
in the fast fashion industry and will help in implementing the recommendations include
customer awareness and technological innovations. With the advent of technology and social
media, consumers are getting aware of the malpractices that lead to global warming and the
importance of reducing the fashion carbon footprints for the community (Perry, 2018).
Further, there are a number of technological innovations that can be used for disposal
management and recycling the waste generated by the fast fashion industry. (Elder, 2011).
Apart from the opportunities that can be used for making the fast fashion sustainable in
nature, there are some challenges associated with the same. For example the biggest
challenge is associated with the cost of going sustainable, changing the legacy systems along
with changing the perception of consumers towards the fast fashion trends. The cost of cotton
is high because of the shortage of yarn and labour and power shortages in the regions where
there is a good quality of spinning (Live Mint, 2018). Therefore, it is difficult for
manufacturers of the fast fashion industry to switch to other fabric production. This will also
lead to an increase in the cost of the apparels for both the manufacturers and consumers.
Further, the fast fashion companies will face major challenges while changing their legacy
systems and processes related to the traditional manufacturing process. Lastly, the challenges
will be associated with changing the perception of consumers towards recycling and using the
clothes for a longer time rather than disposing of them after a short cycle (Todeschini et al.,
2017).
that can be implemented for reducing the fashion carbon footprint to reduce global warming
(Macchion et al., 2017). The major opportunities that support the use of sustainable practices
in the fast fashion industry and will help in implementing the recommendations include
customer awareness and technological innovations. With the advent of technology and social
media, consumers are getting aware of the malpractices that lead to global warming and the
importance of reducing the fashion carbon footprints for the community (Perry, 2018).
Further, there are a number of technological innovations that can be used for disposal
management and recycling the waste generated by the fast fashion industry. (Elder, 2011).
Apart from the opportunities that can be used for making the fast fashion sustainable in
nature, there are some challenges associated with the same. For example the biggest
challenge is associated with the cost of going sustainable, changing the legacy systems along
with changing the perception of consumers towards the fast fashion trends. The cost of cotton
is high because of the shortage of yarn and labour and power shortages in the regions where
there is a good quality of spinning (Live Mint, 2018). Therefore, it is difficult for
manufacturers of the fast fashion industry to switch to other fabric production. This will also
lead to an increase in the cost of the apparels for both the manufacturers and consumers.
Further, the fast fashion companies will face major challenges while changing their legacy
systems and processes related to the traditional manufacturing process. Lastly, the challenges
will be associated with changing the perception of consumers towards recycling and using the
clothes for a longer time rather than disposing of them after a short cycle (Todeschini et al.,
2017).
Conclusion
The above paper has focused on the fast fashion trends and issues in the context of Inditex
that owns the major giants of the fast fashion industry including Zara. The case indicates that
the fast fashion companies such as Zara respond quickly to the changes in the fashion trend
by producing a large quantity of fashion apparel. This gives rise to the sustainability issues,
ethical issues and global warming. The case recommends that there is a critical need to
promote the sustainable and ethical practices such as recycling and use of organic raw
material for the production of fashion clothes and accessories. The major recommendations
of the case include the practices such as recycling, waste diversion and use of fabric other
than cotton so as to promote sustainability along with reducing global warming. The case
study has provided a deep insight into the issue of sustainability in the context of fast fashion
brands like Zara along with the opportunities, challenges and recommendations associated
with the same.
References
BBC, 2018. Can you be sustainable if you're into fast fashion online? [Online] Available at:
https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-45766366 [Accessed December 2018].
Common Objective, 2018. Fast Fashion: Can It Be Sustainable? [Online] Available at:
https://www.commonobjective.co/article/fast-fashion-can-it-be-sustainable [Accessed 07
December 2018].
Dockrill, M., 2018. How Ethical Is Zara? [Online] Available at: https://goodonyou.eco/how-
ethical-is-zara/ [Accessed 07 December 2018].
Economic Times, 2018. How Does Fast Fashion Relate to Climate Change? [Online]
Available at: economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/ikea-has-cut-5000-jobs-due-
to-economic-crisis-report/articleshow/4693917.cms [Accessed 07 December 2018].
Elder, J., 2011. Improve Your Sustainable Business With SWOTs. [Online] Available at:
https://www.triplepundit.com/2011/06/sustainable-business-swot/ [Accessed 07 December
2018].
Forbes, 2018. #46 Zara. [Online] Available at:
https://www.forbes.com/companies/zara/#555f8ec97487 [Accessed 08 December 2018].
The above paper has focused on the fast fashion trends and issues in the context of Inditex
that owns the major giants of the fast fashion industry including Zara. The case indicates that
the fast fashion companies such as Zara respond quickly to the changes in the fashion trend
by producing a large quantity of fashion apparel. This gives rise to the sustainability issues,
ethical issues and global warming. The case recommends that there is a critical need to
promote the sustainable and ethical practices such as recycling and use of organic raw
material for the production of fashion clothes and accessories. The major recommendations
of the case include the practices such as recycling, waste diversion and use of fabric other
than cotton so as to promote sustainability along with reducing global warming. The case
study has provided a deep insight into the issue of sustainability in the context of fast fashion
brands like Zara along with the opportunities, challenges and recommendations associated
with the same.
References
BBC, 2018. Can you be sustainable if you're into fast fashion online? [Online] Available at:
https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-45766366 [Accessed December 2018].
Common Objective, 2018. Fast Fashion: Can It Be Sustainable? [Online] Available at:
https://www.commonobjective.co/article/fast-fashion-can-it-be-sustainable [Accessed 07
December 2018].
Dockrill, M., 2018. How Ethical Is Zara? [Online] Available at: https://goodonyou.eco/how-
ethical-is-zara/ [Accessed 07 December 2018].
Economic Times, 2018. How Does Fast Fashion Relate to Climate Change? [Online]
Available at: economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/ikea-has-cut-5000-jobs-due-
to-economic-crisis-report/articleshow/4693917.cms [Accessed 07 December 2018].
Elder, J., 2011. Improve Your Sustainable Business With SWOTs. [Online] Available at:
https://www.triplepundit.com/2011/06/sustainable-business-swot/ [Accessed 07 December
2018].
Forbes, 2018. #46 Zara. [Online] Available at:
https://www.forbes.com/companies/zara/#555f8ec97487 [Accessed 08 December 2018].
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Garcia-Torres, S., Rey-Garcia, M. & Albareda-Vivo, L., 2017. Effective Disclosure in the
Fast-Fashion Industry: from Sustainability Reporting to Action. Sustainability, 9(12), pp.1-
27.
Ghemawat & Nueono, 2006. ZARA: Fast Fashion. Harvard Business Review.
Härtsiä, A., 2011. Future of Sustainability in Fast Fashion. Bachelor Thesis. Helsinki
Metropolia University of Applied Sciences.
Inditex, 2018. Climate change and energy. [Online] Available at:
https://www.inditex.com/our-commitment-to-the-environment/climate-change-and-energy
[Accessed 07 December 2018].
Joy, A., Sherry Jr, J. F., Venkatesh, A., Wang, J., & Chan, R., 2012. Fast Fashion,
Sustainability, and the Ethical Appeal of Luxury Brands. Fashion Theory, 16(3), pp.273–96.
Kaikobad, N.K., Bhuiyan, Z.A., Sultana, F. & Rahman, M., 2015. Fast fashion: marketing,
recycling and environmental issues. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science
Invention, 4(7), pp.28-33.
Kell, G., 2018. Can Fashion Be Sustainable? [Online] Available at:
https://www.forbes.com/sites/georgkell/2018/06/04/can-fashion-be-sustainable/
#313158412b7e [Accessed 07 December 2018].
Live Mint, 2018. Why mills aren’t worried about low cotton production yet. [Online]
Available at: https://www.livemint.com/Money/iBpvBWLucZGtURlwHRze2I/Why-
spinning-mills-are-not-worried-about-low-cotton-producti.html?
utm_source=scroll&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=scroll [Accessed 08 December
2018].
Macchion, L., Da Giau, A. & Caniato, F., 2017. Strategic approaches to sustainability in
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