Fundamentals of IT | Assignment

1/15/2020
Running Head: FUNDAMENTAL OF IT 0
Student name
Fundamental
of IT
Report

FUNDAMENTAL OF IT 1
Q-1 a.
The network reference model is a base of transfer data between different computer
systems. Open System Interconnect (OSI) reference model is used for connecting different
devices, such as computer systems, printers, scanners, and many other devices. TCP/IP
protocol architecture has used for the same purpose using a different approach. It uses
protocols for works, there are many works, which are based on the protocols. There are many
benefits to this approach. Moreover, the OSI model has created layers for different works.
However, TCP/IP has changed it from protocols-based architecture (Dye, McDonald, &
Rufi, 2007).
Source: (Ciss100, 2010)
Moreover, the main reason behind the change of the layer in the OSI to TCP/IP,
which is beneficial from various points of view. In addition, session and presentation layers
are used for dialogue and data format, which can be done at the application layer as well. It
will reduce the packet size, as packet headers are avoided in that case. It is better for
transferring of data and information. There are many benefits to data formatting and sessions.
Moreover, there is some procedure, which has followed in the data transmission. Thus, it will
reduce the time and size of the packet as well (Medhi & Ramasamy, 2017). Furthermore,
the TCP/IP network model has avoided such types of processes, which takes time and size. It

FUNDAMENTAL OF IT 2
makes a huge impact on the performance of a network as well. Thus, the TCP/IP protocol
suite was designed with minimum layers and more protocols for processes (Paquet, 2013).
In addition, there are some basic needs of a network, which has required a minimum
size of packets to transfer data in a fast way (Sunshine, 2013). Moreover, the computer
network has required a simple and small packet size, which is better for data transfer. It is
helpful in the time-management. There are some basic needs of a network, which is
congestion control, flow control and error control (Tanenbaum, 2014).
b.
Show the calculations for finding the estimated percentages of overhead for TCP/IP protocol for IPv4
and IPv6 versions.[4 marks]
The TCP/IP protocol has used headers for each layer. Thus, it is a necessary part to
consider header size for calculating overhead percentage in the transmission. In addition,
IPv4 have used 40 bytes for packet headers. Thus, TCP MSS will be 1460, as 1500 byte is an
IP MTU. Therefore,
1500 - 20 B (IPv4) - 20 B (TCP+checksum) = 1460 B DATA (and 40 B Overhead)
Add 40 B + 14 B (Ethernet) + 4 B (FCS) + 12 B (Interframe gap) + 8 B (preamble) = 78 B
Overhead
78 / 1460 * 100 = 5.34% overhead
1460 / ( 1460 + 78) * 100 = 94.93% Throughput/Goodput
1,000,000,000(1Gbit) * 94.93% = 949Mbit/s(0.949Gbit/s)
We measured 941Mbit/s that gives (949 - 941) / 949 * 100 = 0.84 % error between
theoretical and actual.
c. There are various segments in a TCP/IP packet. It is a part of the whole packet.
The main TCP segment has used 16 bits for the offset field. Thus, it will be 2^16 that is
65,536. It will vary from zero to 65525. Therefore, the network can know about the packet
and its segment. It is useful for avoiding collision and confusing the host (Forouzan, 2007).

FUNDAMENTAL OF IT 3
Source: (Rouse, 2008)
Moreover, the segment has used for fragmentation and reassembly of packets, which
has required for managing congestion and flow control in a network.