Fundamental of IT

This document provides answers to questions related to file size, TCP/IP overhead, IP and TCP protocols, Agile methodology, Agile model, Apple product design process, and project failure reasons.

Running head: FUNDAMENTAL OF IT
Fundamental of IT
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author’s Note

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Answer to Question 1:
File size = 1024 bytes
Payload size = 128 bytes.
TCP header = 20 bytes
IPv4 header = 20 bytes.
So total TCP/IP header = 40 (20 + 20) bytes.
1024 bytes is divided into 8 segments, which means each segment has 128 bytes.
Then,
(40+128)*8= 1344 bytes
So total 1344 bytes will be sent and this include TCP/IP overhead.
i) Protocol Overhead
IPv4 percentage overhead:
Total overhead that is included in eight segments: 8*40= 320 bytes
Total data sent: 1024 bytes
Percentage overhead: (320/1024)*100= 31.25%
ii)
Divide 1024 bytes is divided into 8 segments and this specifies that each segment has 128 bytes.
Then,

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(60+128)*8= 1504 bytes
So total 1504 bytes will be sent that includes the overall TCP/IP overhead as well.
Protocol overhead:
IPv6 percentage overhead:
Total overhead in eight segments: 8*60= 480 bytes
Total data sent: 1024 bytes
Percentage overhead: (480/1024)*100= 46.87%
Answer to Question 2:
IP is termed as Internet Protocol and utilized as a numeric label for addressing the device
installed in a network. TCP is termed as transmission control protocol and utilized for
maintaining logical connection between the transport layer such that the message transmitted
over the network contains no errors and received as the same order that is sent from the ender
end (Kao, 2018). There are two different protocol of TCP and IP i.e. TCP (connection service)
and UDP (Connection Less service).
TCP protocol works in the transport layer and it monitors the congestion, order of packets
delivered and reliable link. It works for making sure that the data packets are transmitted
between two different sources and it has nothing to deal with the routes or the paths it is the work
of IP protocol (Nath & Uddin, 2015). The IP can use different paths or routes for forwarding the
data packets based on congestion or availability. The delivery of the data between the client and

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the server is maintained and each of the data packets are treated differently for sending to the
destination. The TCP verifies whether the packet have reached the destination securely.
Answer to Question 3:
One of the advantage of Agile methodology is that it can improve the satisfaction level of the
customer by rapid and continuous delivery of the software product.
One of the disadvantage of agile methodology is that the effort needed for the development of
the software deliverables is hard to measure at the beginning of software development lifecycle
Answer to Question 4:
The agile model uses a team based and iterative approach for the development of a software
product. The main objective of the agile methodology is to deliver the software product quickly
and with working functional component. The software development task is completed in sprints
instead of completing them in sequence. The sprints usually run for 1 to 4 weeks and a
deliverable list is completed in a sprint. The tasks that are unable to complete within the sprint is
left and included in the next sprint. In the agile methodology the different stages included in the
software development lifecycle can be revisited for making some changes (Krishnan, 2015). The
involvement of the customers is also high in each of the stages of development and they can
perform review for the application for improvement and making suggestion for changes. The
customer engagement is more than the evolutionary model and this it ensures that the final
product is satisfactory to the customer.

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The iterative and the incremental model of software engineering lifecycle combines to form the
Evolutionary software development process. This model is suitable for the software products that
contains the set of feature redefined during the process of development due to feedback from the
user and different factors. In this model the development cycle is divided into smaller and
incremental waterfall model such that the product is accessible to the users at the finish of each
cycle. The user gives feedback about the product and develop the plan for development of the
next cycle. The feedback is evaluated and responded by the development team for changing the
product and planning process. Thus the evolution of the software is process against time. The
work is broken down into smaller chunk for the evolutionary model and they are prioritized for
delivering them to the client one by one (Ritchie, 2015). There are huge number of chunks and
deliveries made to the customer. It can help in increasing the confidence level of the customer as
a constant quantifiable delivery of the software product is maintained for validation of the
requirement. The evolutionary model finds its application in large projects where the project can
be divided into modules and if the customer has the requirement to start with the development of
core features and does not want to wait for full software.
Answer to Question 5:
Apple is a company that leads the market with the creative and unique design and innovative
product. For the year the users are attracted to apple products and this is done with the
application of empathetic challenge of design. New innovative products are unveiled into the
market by the company for strengthening the competency with its competitors. For designing a
unique product creativity is an important factor but not enough to be transformed into a

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successful product. For designing the product focus is given on the product design and the design
process follows the below steps:
Ideas – In this stage the senior manager expresses their interest for the development of new
product and provides a basic brief information about the product.
Creation of product start-up – After defining the product a team gets involved for focusing on the
product development. The team are separated from office barriers and sometimes gets office
building part for the management of workflow (Schwalbe, 2015). The removal of the office
barrier helps the team to focus on process of development.
Prototyping - The mockup of the product is created with lots of effort for developing the project
visualization. About 10 concepts are designed and finally 3 concepts are selected and then one to
be used for the design.
Apple New product process – After the selection of the prototype the production process is
started and ANPP document is used for describing the process and mapping different stages of
development process.
Answer to Question 6:
The main reason for failure of a project is inappropriate development schedule or unavailability
of the resources needed for the project development. A project manager may face difficulty
while listing each of the activity and in the real life more activities can be included causing
addition of time and budget for the project (Kerzner, 2018). In some cases, the resources may not
be available due to some circumstances the employees may be on strike and cause missing the
deadlines and increasing extra cost and increasing chances of project failure.

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Answer to Question 7:
The goals of the project are defined below:
 Identify the functionality and security of the software before its application
 Identify the software that can offer competitive advantage to the company and
provide quality of service
 Identify the maintenance cost of the software before its implementation.

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Bibliography
Kao, R. (2018). Disruptive Leadership: Apple and the Technology of Caring Deeply--
Nine Keys to Organizational Excellence and Global Impact. Productivity Press.
Kerzner, H. (2018). Project management best practices: Achieving global excellence.
John Wiley & Sons.
Krishnan, M. S. (2015). Software development risk aspects and success frequency on
spiral and agile model. International Journal of Innovative research in computer and
communication Engineering, (3), 1.
Nath, P. B., & Uddin, M. M. (2015). TCP-IP Model in Data Communication and
Networking. American Journal of Engineering Research, 4(10), 102-107.
Ritchie, C. S. (2015). Agile Development: Implementation, Best Practices and Lessons
Learned. Journal of Software Engineering Practice, 1(2), 1-17.
Schwalbe, K. (2015). Information technology project management. Cengage Learning.