Fundamentals of Evidence Based Practice in Healthcare - (Doc)

Fundamentals of
evidence based practice

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
Purpose and process of conducting evidence-based practice.................................................3
Skills and qualities needed to conduct a literature review.....................................................4
Own skills and knowledge in order to conduct literature review...........................................5
Skills are required to conduct ethical research.......................................................................5
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
Introduction to Literature Review..........................................................................................6
Communication Skills for Nurses..........................................................................................6
Communication skills in practice...........................................................................................7
Benefits of effective communication for patients..................................................................7
Results of Literature Review..................................................................................................8
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................8
Project proposal form.............................................................................................................8
Introduction............................................................................................................................9
Aims and objective...............................................................................................................10
Literature review..................................................................................................................10
Research methodology.........................................................................................................12
Expected outcomes...............................................................................................................12
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................14
Positive impact of research on current practice to improve service delivery.......................14
Own learning and practice in the workplace........................................................................14
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................15
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................16

INTRODUCTION
Evidence based practice (EBP) refers to the fundamental of quality as it is focused on
improving the outcomes and quality of life standard of the people. This EBP includes external
evidences which are having systematic reviews, randomised control trials, clinical practice
guidelines & best practice whereas internal evidence includes quality improvement projects,
clinical expertise as well as outcome of the management initiatives (Reeves and et. al., 2013).
EBP is very essential for the health care as it assist the health care providers in providing
effective services to the people as well as to boost the outcomes of treating the patients. This
report will discuss the purpose and process of conducting research along with the explanation of
skills and qualities needed to conduct a literature review. Further, literature review will be
conducted along with the evaluation of reliability and validity of literature review. Project
proposal will also be developed along with the different ways in which the literature review
influences evidence-based health and social care practice will be discussed in the end.
TASK 1
Purpose and process of conducting evidence-based practice
Research is conducted by persons when they have to determine the various aspects which
are associated with the assigned topic or study (Brach and et. al., 2012). There are several steps
which are necessarily followed by the organisations and persons in order to conduct the research
in proper manner without involving in any issues. These steps of the Research are as follows:
 Identify the Problem
 Review the Literature
 Clarify the Problem
 Clearly Define Terms and Concepts
 Define the Population
 Develop the Instrumentation Plan
 Collect Data
 Analyse the Data
Purpose of Research

It is defined as the statement where it is reviewed that what is the main purpose of
conducting the research or what is the necessary things which are required to be obtained
through this research.
Process of Conducting Research
It is very important that how what process does any individual conduct for there research
because it decided what can be possible outcome of the research. There are basically five
different steps which are required in conducting the research and they are:
 to develop the research plan.
 Defining the problem which can be faced during the research.
 Collect the relevant data
 Analysing the report of data and finding collected for research.
 Implementing the plans for finding the conclusion of the report.
Evidence Based Practise
Evidence based practise is an knowledge based approach for the purpose of clinical
practise. It is helpful in the field of medical sector which helps to solve the problem which are
complex in nature
Skills and qualities needed to conduct a literature review
Personal Professional
 Decision making is important quality
which is necessary for taking suitable
decisions. This is done by collecting the
data regarding the topic of research so
that proper decisions can be taken.
 Interpersonal skills are essential for
communicating with the team in order
to properly conduct the literature
review as well as for actively listening
to the views of people.
 Time management is essential for
analysing the information from articles
 Problem solving is necessary for
collecting the suitable information
through which issues can be resolved in
order to conclude the outcomes.
 Technical skills involves several skills
such as mechanical, information
technology, mathematical or scientific
tasks which are helpful for analysing
the literature review and collected data
based on the facts & figures or
statistical data appropriately.
 Presentation skills are useful in

and books so that these can be
interpreted in the given or set timeline.
presenting the collected data of
literature review in order to develop
Research is conducted by persons when
they have to determine the various
aspects which are associated with the
assigned topic or study (Brach and et.
al., 2012). There are several steps
which are necessarily followed by the
organisations and persons in order to
conduct the research in proper manner
without involving in any issues. These
steps of the Research are as follows:
 Identify the Problem
 Review the Literature
 Clarify the Problem
 Clearly Define Terms and Concepts
 Define the Population
 Develop the Instrumentation Plan
 Collect Data
 Analyse the Datadesired outcomes of
the research.
Own skills and knowledge in order to conduct literature review
There are various skills which are possessed by me which is useful for conducting the
literature review in an effective manner. However, there are several skills which needs
improvements as I am facing issues in overcoming them. My own skills and knowledge in
context of personal and professionals skills & qualities are explained below:
Interpersonal skills: These skills are present in me but also there are weak areas in these
skills which leads to ineffective communication with my team. Due to this, I am not a much
active listener which can impact the conducting of literature review in team.

Advantages Disadvantages
Through these skills, I can communicate with
various people in an effective manner.
However, these lacks due to which I could not
be able to interact with people properly which
leads to in effective communication.
Time management: My time management skills are not effective due to which the work
is not managed on timely basis. This also leads to delay in submission of report to the
subordinates or peers.
Advantages Disadvantages
Through these skills, I managed the time in
executing the priority based work first.
Whereas, lack of these also leads to late
execution of some tasks which are not to be
executed in priority basis.
Technical skills: My technical skills lacks due to which problem arises in my working.
This also creates problem in analysing the statistical figures and facts which are collected from
different sources of information.
Advantages Disadvantages
These skills are useful for handling the
software for data collection or analysis in order
to get a reliable and valid outcome.
These skills can also impact the working
process if suitable information is not provided
for data analysis and collection which can
result into wrong conclusion.
Skills are required to conduct ethical research
Ethical skills refers to knowledge which contains the information regarding the norms
which must be followed by the people in order to conduct research properly. The researcher
needs to follow these ethics such as norms and principles in proper manner. There are various
principles of ethics such as obtain informed consent, minimise risk of harm, protect anonymity &

confidentiality, ignore utilising deceptive practices and right to withdraw etc. The researcher
needs to use the suitable methods as well as needs to maintain privacy of the respondents or
participants which can positively impact the practices in health and social care (Chin and et. al.,
2012). The implementation of changes in the daily activities of the health care firms should
require to provide ethical and practical reasons for increasing the patient outcomes. The
principles of ethics must be followed by practitioner in order to positively influence practice and
provision in health, care and support services.
TASK 2
Introduction to Literature Review
Literature review refers to the data collection from the various sources such as surveys
books, scholarly articles and journals etc. in order to provide the description of topic along with
the critical evaluation of the research topic. Effective communication is essential for the health &
social care organisation as it assist them in making the patients comfortable during treatment or
supporting the patients in handling the health problems of patients. Communication is also
essential for the medical professionals and their teams in order to deals with the patients
treatment and procedure. Also the literature review is used for critically evaluating the research
topic through the analysis of collected information. The topic chosen for this literature review is
on the topic of “importance of communication among nurse and patients”.
Communication Skills for Nurses
According to Hilary Bush, (2019) Nurses speak to various people such as educational,
cultural and social backgrounds and they needs to communicate with all these people in an
effective, caring and professional manner essentially in speaking with patients and their family.
There are several aspects of communication which assist health experts in mastering their day-to-
day practice. These aspects includes Speak Slowly, Speak Clearly, Avoid Using Slang, Stop and
Listen, Use Body Language etc. through which health experts can communicate properly with
their patients in an effective manner (Communication skills for Nurses, 2019). The experts need
to speak clear and slow so that certain words which can sound very similar to one another when
they are spoken fast. The health experts needs to take a pause before starting the sentence and
needs to consider that the words are spoken slowly and carefully. Also they do not need to use
the slang terms which are suitable for very situation. Communication is a two-way street and it is

essential to stop and listen actively and ethically to what the other person is telling. Body
language is also essential for health experts while communication so that the patients does not
get conflicting messages. The professions should use their face, hands, posture etc. for proving
their argument of words and body.
Communication skills in practice
According to the Webb, (2011) The journey to become a successful practitioner requires
practitioners to show effective communication skills while interacting with patients, carers and
other healthcare professionals. This is based on sound evidence and must be applied in a variety
of care homes. These skills must be practised by health professional by using the examples,
scenarios, and videos etc. so that they can easily adopt the suitable approach for interacting with
others at the workplace. Effective communication skills are also must for health professionals in
order to interact with the patients for understanding their issues and concerns in taking the
treatment for a particular disease. Effective communication skills are required of supporting the
patients so that they do not feel danger in taking the treatment. The experts needs to
communicate with their patients so that effective conversation can take place (Webb, 2011).
Through effective conversation, health experts can understand their mentally and physically
problems which patients are facing in their life. Through effective communication, health
professional can provide their support to the patients in order to improve their morale which will
also strengthen their relationship with each other. Some of the additional way through which
communication can be done with between the patient of dementia and nurses are:
 Communication can be done with the help of non verbal behaviours.
 It is important for nurses to get the attention of patient while communicating any of the
information with them.
Benefits of effective communication for patients
According to the Ali, (2017) Effective communication is also necessary for patients as it
protects patients from potential harm which can arise due to misunderstandings of ineffective
conversations. Patients does not prefers to talk to machines or other technological inventions due
to which they prefers to talk to humans such as health professionals for ensuring their
satisfaction. When effective communication takes place between the health professionals and
patients, the patients also more likely to follow the treatment procedure or advices (Benefits of
communication for patients, 2017). Ineffective or improper communication can leads to serious

harm to the patients such as wrong leg being amputated etc. even the minor problems can also
have serious repercussions. For example: Ineffective communication between nurses and their
patients can leads to giving the wrong medication, or patients taking an incorrect dose of the
right medicine. Communication is necessary for nurses and their colleagues as poor
communication can results in providing incorrect information to professional which can be
proved harmful for the patients. Nervousness is natural among the health professional when
communicating with the family and relatives of the patients. This nervousness can also results in
improper communication or forgetting the information such as forget to introduce self or
maintain appropriate eye contact.
Results of Literature Review
Literature review is useful for supporting the arguments done in the report. It also
supports the aim of the research by providing the importance of communication at the work
place in the health and social care sector. The communication also plays a major role in
improving the patients outcomes. With the help of effective communication skills, patients and
health experts can communicate properly for their concerns which will positively impact the
conversation (Aarons and Sommerfeld, 2012). When professionals fails to communicate with
their patients and inappropriate conversations takes place, then patients becomes uncomfortable.
Due to this uncomfortable, they could not express their problems and issues which can
negatively impact the family of patient and other staff members. The taken literature review's are
valid and reliable as ethical and practical reasons are discussed which are effective for evidence
based practice.
TASK 3
Project proposal form

Project Title: “To investigate the various aspects of communication skills and techniques in a
health or social care service”. A study on health and social care sector
Introduction
Communication refers to an ability of a person to expresses their thought with other
individual by opting mutually understand language and signs. Proper skills assist employees and
service users to establish relationship so that patients would be able to convey their problem or
disease which makes the experience more fruitful. It is important for employees in health and
social care services to have strong communication skills as then only it would be possible for
them to communicate the problem patients is facing. For instance, by taking to person who is
suffering from dementia, it is essential for the speaker to provide full time to speak other person
(Kothari, 2004). Moreover, clear pronunciation is required in this and those who does not not
expertise in the communication skills wont be able to conduct it which makes the patients
engagement experience negative. Apart from this, bad communication skills increases cost of
the service provider as more time and resources would be waste on the user if correct problem
which patients is facing is not identified in the first stage. For instance, if the patients has
explained their hindrance which they are facing in their daily life and provider would be not
able to make drug programmes according to patients requirements. Then chances of getting
badly affected from the wrong medication are high which would create a negative image of
provider in the mind of customer. To reduce the problem of bad communication skills, proper
training and development should be provided by the management to their employees so that
higher level of productivity and clinical practices would be attain by them in future.

Aims and objective
Aims refers to the understanding and knowledge in research so that proper research
questions would be answered. On the other side, objectives refers to the actions which needs to
taken by the researcher to attain their aim of the research.
Aim: “To investigate the Influence of communication skills and techniques on outcomes for
service users in a health or social care service”
Objective
 To identify the concept of communication skills and techniques within health and social
care services.
 To investigate the impact of communication skills and techniques within health and
social care services.
 To determine the barriers to communication and different ways to overcome it in health
and social care service.
Literature review
Concept of communication skills and techniques within health and social care services
According to Riley, (2015), main motto of communication in general is to able to
communicate with other by avoiding barriers of it so that message would be clearly understood
by the receiver. Communication assist user to develop working relationship with the user so that
proper and clear information regarding the support patients expected would be identified and
solved accordingly. There are two ways of communication is used in social care sector i.e.,
verbal and non verbal In verbal, words are used to express their views in the language
understood by the service user. On the other hand, non verbal includes signs languages, body
pose, hands are used to express the thought to other. For instance, if any deaf people is visiting
the hospital then it must be important for the employees to have the sign language knowledge as
then only proper and barriers free communication would be attain by them which is positive
sign of treatment (Riley, 2015). On the other hand, if any foreign patients has arrived in the
hospital which does not know the local language of it then it would become hard for the
employees to express their concern regarding their health. In addition to it, patients would also
not be able to communicate the problems properly to the staff so that proper drug description
would be made accordingly. So it can be said that it is essential for employees or service

provide to attain mastery over communication skills and techniques as it would assist them to
perform their work with highest productivity.
Impact of communication skills and techniques within health and social care services
As per the views of Moss, (2017), communication plays an essential role in the health
and social care services as if staff is not able to understand the problem which patients is facing
then it leads to negative image of provider in the patients. Negative customer experience
engagement is not good for service provider as their profitability would be hampered. Effective
communication helps user to gain trust over career so that they can share all their problem by
feeling comfortable. If all the information is shared by the patients then it helps the staff to
provide medication and support accordingly. Having good listening skills assist providers to
ascertain if patients is having some problem and then identify ways through which it would be
removed (Moss, 2017). For instance, if any staff has expertise in communication skills so then
while talking with the hearing impairments patients, they would considered to maintain their
body position and face and mouth towards patients so that other person would be able to
understand the language by reading lips. Moreover, clearly and short sentence would be used by
the provide so that it wont become hard for other person to understand the message. So it can be
summarise that it is important to have good command over communication in health and social
care services as then only all the needs and problem of patients would be identified and resolved
accordingly.
Barriers to communication and different ways to overcome it in health and social care
services
As Moore and et. al., (2017) states that, there are various barriers of communication like
aggression while talking as it makes the communication ineffective as if patients is aggressive,
full of frustration etc then it wont be possible to them to resolve the problem of patients. So to
reduce this barrier, service provider must try to calm other person while making relationship
with them so that they would be comfortable in making communication thus effective
communication would be attained (Moore and et. al., 2017).
Other barrier which commonly faced by the provider in health and social care is unmeet
language and sign needs. For instance, if any patients has hospital for consultation but does not
have any knowledge regarding English in UK then it would affect the communication
negatively as it would not be possible for other person to understand the message they are

sending. Moreover, provider would also not be able to share the message they want to
communicate which means that both the parties have reached an impasse hence creating
negative image of hospital (). To cope up with that, first needs assessment will be done and by
identifying the needs, training would be provided to the staff so that they can perform their task
with highest potential. Besides this, usage of Jargon must be avoided by the provider as patients
does not have any knowledge regarding the problem they are facing which ends up in increasing
fear and frustration in the mind of patients. So employees must considered to avoid usage of
jargon and use simple language which patients can understand.
Research methodology
Research methodology is a way of collecting information and data according to the
research topic so that research aims and objectives would be attain. For this research,
quantitative research would be used which refers to a way of collecting numeric data according
to the research objectives so that research theme would be satisfied. Different ways which
would be used by research is questioner, survey and through face to face interview. On the other
side, qualitative research would also be used as it assist research to solve the problem on the
basis of respondents observation instead of numerics value.
Apart from this, for data collection technique primary research would be used which
refers to a collection of data and information for the first time so that research aim would be
achieved in the future. In addition to it, secondary resources will be used by research so that
various problems which past researcher would not be able to notify or solved will be identified
and then data would be collected accordingly. It could be attain through studying various
research journals, articles, magazines, newspaper etc related with the research topic.
Expected outcomes
As mentioned above, communication plays an essential role in the health and social care
sector as without it proper relationship would not be able to generated with the patients due to
which chance of getting negative consequences are high. To reduce the barriers, needs and
problem must be identified in the first place and then training to the employees would be
decided accordingly so that it would be eliminated in the future.

Challenges faced by the nurses and the patient of dementia
It is never gonna be easy for any of the patient of dementia and nurses because there si
always communication gap between both patient and doctor. The major challenges are faced by
patient because they are unable to see any thing and because of that they are unable to perform
there task on regular basis. Where as doctors are required to help the patient due to which they
are unable to give proper care to each and every patient.
P5 Benefits of Evidence Based Practise
Some of the benefits of Evidence based practise are listed below:
 it helps to provide the better safety to the patient.
 It improves the better patient outcomes.
This improvement can be in terms of better patient outcomes, increased patient safety and
improvement in the delivery of quality services etc. Whereas the process of evidence based
practice involves various steps which must be followed by the medical practitioner in proper
manner for getting the desired and accurate results (Brach and et. al., 2012). These steps include
the questions which are converted from the information in order to track the best evidences for
answering the questions.
M3 Rationale of the proposed of Research
The main purpose was just to find that how communication skills can be improved
between patient and health and social care and. Also, what can be the impacts of all those
techniques which any of the health care apply just for the purpose of providing additional
benefits to patient.
D2 Critically assess the viability of own project proposal in relation to the literature review
conducted
Conducting literature review provide reliable and genuine data which makes easy for the
health care centre and because that they can work on those area where they are weak. Even it
will help health care centre that how they can treat with the patient who are suffering from
dementia.

TASK 4
Positive impact of research on current practice to improve service delivery
This given research was proposed for analysing the effectiveness of communication in
the healthcare on patients outcomes to provide evidence based practice. It is very essential for the
health experts to determine the value and benefits of effective communication so that they can
provide proper treatment to the patients in an appropriate manner (Patel and et. al., 2013). This
research is conducted by using the secondary data collections methods and sampling for making
accurate conclusion. Additionally, the taken literature review are also reliable and valid because
the information was collected from online articles in order to analyse about the given issue of
investigation.
Own learning and practice in the workplace
Literature review's are based on the framework in which the data is gathered from the
various sources such as articles, journals, books etc. which also supports this given research aim
with appropriate facts and figures. This research positively impact the present practice as the
people are getting aware regarding the benefits of effective communication in improving the
service delivery of patients. This research assisted me in determining the importance of
communication in health care sector as well as to listen the views & problems of sick person
carefully in order to address their health issues. Also this result assisted me in taking correct
decision regarding the suitable medication procedure which must be followed by me. Also
through my research, I an contributing in improvement of Evidence based healthcare or support
practice and service delivery by creating awareness among the people regarding the importance
of communication for increasing the patient outcomes.
P7 Describe different ways in which the literature review influences evidence- based health
and social care practice.
Literature reviews are always helpful for any of the of evidence based health and social
care practice because it literature review is always based on true facts and results which are
collected by different authors. It will be crucial for any of the researcher to take the help of
literature review because it helps that how any work is required to be done so that better results
can be obtained.

D3 Evaluate own journey towards contributing to innovation and improvement in
evidence-based health, care or support practice and service delivery
It was great experience for me to work on this research because it helps to enhance the
knowledge in the field of health care. Even it enhanced the knowledge that how patient of
dementia have the struggle in there life as they have very rare number of resources available with
them.
CONCLUSION
It has been concluded from the above report that the evidence based practice is helpful
for the health professionals in improving the treatment or care procedure of their patients. Also
literature review's are helpful for the research as these provides the required information from the
scholar articles so that valid and reliable conclusion can be drawn. Apart from that,
communication skills are very essential for health experts in improving the patients outcomes as
well as for properly interacting with the patients.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Aarons, G.A. and Sommerfeld, D.H., 2012. Leadership, innovation climate, and attitudes toward
evidence-based practice during a statewide implementation. Journal of the American
Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 51(4). pp.423-431.
Bowling, A., 2014. Research methods in health: investigating health and health services.
McGraw-hill education (UK).
Brach and et. al., 2012. Ten attributes of health literate health care organizations (pp. 1-26).
Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.
Chin and et. al., 2012. A roadmap and best practices for organizations to reduce racial and ethnic
disparities in health care. Journal of general internal medicine. 27(8). pp.992-1000.
Moore and et. al., 2017. Barriers and facilitators to the implementation of person‐centred care in
different healthcare contexts. Scandinavian journal of caring sciences. 31(4). pp.662-
673.
Moss, B., 2017. Communication skills in health and social care. Sage.
Patel and et. al., 2013. Grand challenges: integrating mental health services into priority health
care platforms. PloS medicine. 10(5). p.e1001448.
Reeves and et. al., 2013. Interprofessional education: effects on professional practice and
healthcare outcomes. Cochrane Database of systematic reviews. (3).
Riley, J.B., 2015. Communication in nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Webb, L. ed. 2011. Nursing : communication skills in practice, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Kothari, C.R., 2004. Research methodology: Methods and techniques. New Age International.
Marczyk, G., DeMatteo, D. and Festinger, D., 2005. Essentials of research design and
methodology. John Wiley & Sons Inc.
London, M., 2014. Career barriers: How people experience, overcome, and avoid failure.
Psychology Press.
Silverman, J., Kurtz, S. and Draper, J., 2016. Teaching and learning communication skills in
medicine. CRC press.
Online
Communication skills for Nurses. 2019. [Online]. Available through:
<https://www.ausmed.com/cpd/articles/communication-skills-for-nurses>

Benefits of communication for patients. 2017. [Online]. Available through:
<https://www.nursingtimes.net/clinical-archive/assessment-skills/communication-skills-
1-benefits-of-effective-communication-for-patients/7022148.article>