Health Disparities and Cultural Competence

The assignment delves into the complex issue of health disparities, analyzing how factors such as race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status contribute to unequal health outcomes. A key focus is on cultural competence as a crucial strategy for bridging these gaps in healthcare delivery. The assignment requires students to critically evaluate relevant research papers and policies aimed at addressing health disparities and promoting equitable access to quality healthcare.

Role of Public Health in
Health and Social Care

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK.1............................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Powers of various health agency:..........................................................................................3
1.2 Infections disease: ................................................................................................................4
1.3 Assess the efficiency of various approaches:........................................................................5
TASK.2............................................................................................................................................6
2.1 Current priorities:..................................................................................................................6
2.2 Elaborate the relationship that exists between the prevalence of disease.............................7
2.3Analyse the impact that current lifestyle................................................................................8
TASK.3..........................................................................................................................................10
3.1 Interpret the health priorities for individuals:.....................................................................10
3.2 Effectiveness of strategies, system and policies:................................................................10
3.3 changes which could improve health:.................................................................................10
3.4 Tasks which encourage behaviour change for increasing health:.......................................11
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, everyone is looking for the good health in their life. For getting good health,
everyone is seriously working over it. Now, it has been observed that the health has become the
great concern for today's life cycle. New and advanced technology have been emerged to cure
the critical diseases. But, as the time passes, new diseases also have been emerged. International
bodies like- World Health Organisation, are seriously overviewing the issues and also
encourages scientists to invent the new technologies so that they could get over the newly
horrible diseases (Jackson and Gracia, 2014.). Health is one of the fundamental concern. General
health and social care is not only the range where individual thinks but also have a greater
government concern issues.
TASK.1
1.1 Powers of various health agency:
There are so many health-care agencies which are operating in the country which main
aim is to determine level of health and diseases in communities. They can be regional or global.
Regional bodies are the main bodies which are ultimately responsible to provides health-care
facilities in each country. If any infection spread out in the country, then such regional body
official would be responsible.
Their role includes nursing and detect of health measures and resounding out epidemic
investigation to identify the cause for diseases and conduct laboratory testing if existing, debar
and managing of the sick, give attention on sick spreaders. The agencies also stimulate and
safeguard the health via control, company, novelty, and act in public health and any other modes.
To attain this, they are attentive on spread out health, avoid protected sicknesses and injuries, and
replying to the community health disasters and infectious illness eruptions.
World Health Organisation is striving hard to create a global investigation system which
linked together current, local, provincial, countrywide and global networks of research
laboratories and health centre into a vast investigation network of diseases. Administrative
bodies such as government and local authorities perform superiority in infectious diseases like
UK community Health Laboratory Service, US Canters for Sickness Control and Avoidance.

Public health agency can be defined as the government body which derives responsibility and
authority from the local and state laws which govern them. National Health Service (NHS) is the
authority which is in charge of the execution of related exercises (Kohl and et. al., 2012). Every
individual governing bodies and other divisions and administering bodies are going under
secretary. Secretary is the person who ultimately provides the legitimate rules and charges to
alternate specialists about every one of the medications administration, upgraded invention,
infection administration related strategies and procedures. Bureau of Health is ultimate authority
who is in charge of the activity plan and usage of the policies characterized and to deal with the
better health of people in general. There are various key health experts who are also responsible
for doing ground work implementation. One class is the essential care trust, which adopting the
general population's health at the time of emergency crisis (Bradley and et. al., 2011). There are
group of health administration, General experts, dental specialists, drug specialists and opticians.
They all are responsible on their individual part to perform their duties in the society in order to
cure the maximum disease.
The second class is the NHS trust or the optional care unit. This is the real segment of the
health administration. Which has dealt with hospitals facilities and other strong ancillary
services. The government on their part and other international bodies and non-governmental
bodies who specially works for the betterment for the community. Hospitals and clinics are
assuming a key part in prevention and cure of the disease. To overcome the chances of future
coming diseases, almost all countries are providing Epidemiological vaccination at the time of
the birth of newly born baby and after that frequent doses is to be provided to them for
prevention of infection. For eradicating the diseases, the hospitals are much important who look
after all the patients and also provides the adequate treatments so that the disease could be cured.
Local authorities are managed by the district council, and has wide range of
responsibilities and prosecution power in order to enforce legislation and regulation. Its
responsibilities area is food safety and hygiene, control of infectious disease, pest control, health
promotion etc. Government institutions like department of health and national institute of health
are responsible for the promotion of health among individuals. EU has created a health security
committee in order to communicate diseases which needs improvements.

1.2 Infections disease:
There are various infectious and non-infectious diseases which are harmful for the health
of the people. Infectious diseases are like influenza, HIV/AIDS, food/water borne infections,
MRSA, childhood illness etc. Non infectious diseases are asthma, obesity and malignant diseases
etc.
Epidemiology is the research of how often diseases happen in various group of people
and why. Epidemiological information is implemented to plan and review strategies to stop
disease and as a guide to the administration of patients in whom disease has already emerged.
Like- the clinical findings, the epidemiology of a disease is an inherent part of its common
description. The subject has its more particular methods of data collection and interpretation, and
its essential jargon for technical terms. There are so many research approaches which can be
implemented in order to transmit out the epidemiological research. Infectious diseases occurred
due to pathogenic bacteria, like- viruses, organisms or fungi.
Tuberculosis is one of the most common infection which is frequently occurred in
European nations. As this is not an easy to cure it completely unless take proper medications for
the long period. This is mostly occurred through not taking the cough and cold infections
seriously and due to prolonged cough and cold infections, tuberculosis have occurred (Bambra,
2011). After having tuberculosis, there is a need to cure such disease through taking at least 6
months’ non-stop treatment individuals tent to overlook some an opportunity to take drugs.
Because of his if the ordinary tuberculosis transform into extreme chronic tuberculosis it is
extremely hard to cure from existing drugs. Taking after insights demonstrate the conduct,
examples, and patterns of tuberculosis.
The following table and the outline demonstrates the rate and the aggregate no of cases revealed
and shockingly it is in raises.
Year 2017
Nation: Britain, Ireland, Scotland, Wales
country
no of cases found out of 1,000,000 in each
country
no of cases
cured
Britain 355000 245000
Ireland 655000 387520

Wales 752000 614582
Scotland 682450 675214
Britain Ireland Wales Scotland
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
800000
355000
655000
752000
682450
no of cases found out of
1,000,000 in each country
no of cases cured
The survey has been conducted in four of the nation, namely Britain, Ireland, Wales and
Scotland. Survey have been conducted in 1,000,000 in each of the nation. Where, the positive
results are being find out in each of the city. In Britain 350000 positive tuberculosis cases have
been find out and 245000 patients have been cured after taking proper medication. In Ireland, the
situation is different to then Britain out of 1,000,000 persons, 655000 positive tuberculosis
patients were found and out of 655000 patients, 387520 patients cured their disease after taking
their proper medications. Wales has been found the most frequent nation which have frequent
positive cases 752000 out of 1,000,000 and 614582 patients have been cured by effective
implementation of governmental norms. Scotland and Wales have majority of the patients which
shows almost 70% population are infected. The government also took initiatives to get over all
these complexities. And that is why most of the people have cured to this horrible disease.
NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASE:
Blood pressure is the non-infectious disease which is occurred due to many causes, such
as, smoking, consumption of alcohol etc. There are some data which has been collected in order
to assess the management.

Diastolic BP at baseline (mm
Hg) At baseline After 2 year After 4 year
less than 70 64 73 74
70-80 75 77 78
80-90 84 83 84
90-100 94 91 91
100-110 104 100 99
110 & above 117 102 105
Range 58.6 29.8 31.8
less than 70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100-110 110 & above Range
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
64
75
84
94
104
117
58.6
73 77 83
91
100 102
29.8
74 78 84 91
99 105
31.8
bar graph
At baseline
After 2 year
After 4 year
From the given report, it has been mentioned that the diastolic blood pressure has been
assessed at baseline, after 2 years and after 4 years.

1.3 Assess the efficiency of various approaches:
Health research association has now planned new improvements and methodologies to
limiting and abolish tuberculosis from the UK. There are numerous systems used and some of
the key areas are distinguished and the achievement of a portion of the territories have been
mentioned hereunder:
Invent new vaccine - TB vaccine which is still used, was created in 1921. this vaccine
was used to help out and protect almost 40,000 kids each year. Due to the increments of HIV. It
is spreading there is a necessity of investigating for new antibodies or vaccine so that these
diseases can be cured.
Invent more effective medications – Drugs which is still used, had been found almost 40
years back. Regularly it has to treat numerous moths. Patients who do not take the adequate
treatment course, are may get into medication resistance TB (Sørensen and et. al., 2012Kohl and
et. al., 2012).
Emerge effective diagnosis – Current system of diagnosis "sputum smear microscopy".
Which is 100 years of age system of recognizing the diagnosis of patients and it is so tedious.
Now, in 21st century, there is need to emerge a new technology for the diagnosis of TB.
Present advancement in TB control – In United Kingdom, the number of TB patients are
increasing and the number of HIV positive are also increased. That is why, it is must to discover
new techniques to control TB.
However, to prevent the Blood pressure, there is need to make the people aware about the
health issues. Now, this has been seen that if the appropriate authorities would take initiative
then it can be control. Currently, there are so many international and regional organisations are
working over it. To prevent form, the diseases, there is need to have adequate vaccinations in
order to protect from the in the near future. Different approaches are used in order to control the
incidence of disease in community’s evaluation of which is given below:
Surveillance – Every disease has some or the other effects the risk of same can be
minimised if arrangements are made in advance. Surveillance helps in doing the same. It is an
effective tool through which prior test are done so that screening can be done.
Education and social welfare program – It is one of the most commonly measure to
control diseases in society. People are provided with knowledge about different health issues so
that they can take precautionary actions on their own at initial stages.

M.1
There is need to have the regular check-up in order to detect the infectious and non-
infectious diseases. Once they have been diagnosed, there is a strong surveillance for the
infectious patients as these could create the bacteria for the other patients, and also need to make
proper screening for regular update of patients ( Marmot and Bell, 2012).
D1.
The non-governmental organisations and other local bodies assist for the measuring,
monitoring and controlling the incidence in communities, specially censer, HIV, tuberculosis and
other infectious and non-infectious disease.
TASK.2
2.1 Current priorities:
The whole world is currently confronting a more serious issue, which is Tuberculosis.
There are following approaches and priorities of rendering services to the people with disease or
illness.
There are two approaches which can be used in order to prevent the disease which are as follows:
Primary Prevention – All those actions that are taken at the initial stage of any disease fall
under this category. If Tuberculosis is considered than the government of UK has taken different
initiative so that impact of same can be reduced.
Secondary prevention – It consist of steps that are taken once the disease is detected. It
helps the diseased person in fighting with the medical issue he is suffering with.
 Disease prevention: It is a part of medication which priorities on serving people avoid
infectious disease.
 Treatment: Treatment is the most demanded thing for curing the disease. Now, it has
been seen that the treatment is dedicated on discovery novel and better operative
treatments, medicine courses which could be spread out to recover the life of the
individuals with diseases.
 Palliative care: It is segregated from the healthcare which concentrates on releasing and
inhibiting the sorrow of patients. Various from hospital care, palliative medicine is suited
for patients who suffer from whole disorder stages, with those suffering treatments for

curable infections and those alive with the regular diseases, and also for the patients who
are at their end days.
2.2 Elaborate the relationship that exists between the prevalence of disease:
Prevalence is adopted by dividing the sum of occurrences of the health meter via certain
time gap by the proportions of the population of indicator happened. In order to aids and
provides social services to individual prevalence is most crucial thing as it aids in planning. This
is adequate degree than occurrence when assessing the effects of the disease.
Number of individuals and patients who are getting some restorative testicles does not tally
correct number of individuals who has experienced a similar ailment. Same time there are many
individuals who don't know that they have officially tainted. Along these lines the correct no of
individuals needs to figure utilizing a model, comprehend the full impact to the general public,
and prepare for medicine.
The last 5 decades has seen a consistent increment in the occurrence and commonness of
chronic inflammatory illnesses with further increments have been anticipated.
Wrongly use of anti-infection agents particularly Beta-lactam anti-biotic
vitamin supplementation including folic acid more particularly vitamin D
presence of ecological elements which suppress (Balarajan, Selvaraj and Subramanian., 2011).
novel vectors for sharing pathogens including blood gift.
broad selection of obligatory mass inoculations
Recorded increments in the pervasiveness of certain mass vaccination.
Toward the start of the twentieth century, irresistible illnesses were the key causes of
death around the world. In United Kingdom, three ailments - tuberculosis, pneumonia, and
diarrhoeal disease --brought about 30% of deaths. By the finish of the twentieth century, in a
large portion of the developed world, mortality from irresistible sicknesses had been supplanted
by mortality from chronic diseases, for example, coronary heart disease, cancer and stroke.
2.3Analyse the impact that current lifestyle
There are huge discarded trends which creates the future health and social care to
comprehensive to follow. That is why, there is need to understand the assess the present grounds
and the current level of health care is required to be analysed.
Life style choices can be defined as the particular choice of the person regarding how to behave
and live according to their personal taste, attitude and values. It can also be defined as the way in

which people live their life. There are enormous undesirable current patterns which assist in
creating the future health and social care to increasingly thorough to serve (Jackson and Gracia,
2014). In this manner comprehension of the present grounds and the present level of medicinal
services must be analysed.
Current fundamental issues
Cigarette smoking is a standout amongst the riskiest long term issues. This is because of
the current level of smoking particularly among ladies and kids makes the question increasingly
basic as the impacts of smoking are conveying towards to the who and what is to come. The
present level of liquor utilization is likewise another enormous issue which society is
encountering which made overwhelming and some of the time destructive dangers the human
body.
Additionally, because of the level of changes to the eating regimen which has brought on
some long haul harms, for example, gastritis and live issues are should have been highlighted. It
is said that there is a 46% expansion in probability of weight which is for the most part due to the
eager and recreation less bustling calendars (Bradley et. Al., 2011). This has likewise prompted
stationary way of life which makes issues considerably more serious. In this manner the
recommended arrangements will give a superior stage so as to limit the harms.
It is likely that there will be a considerable measure of growth patients because of the use of the
cigarettes and tobacco. Along these lines medicinal services association can do advancing the
disease alertness programs for the most part over the web focusing on youngsters and ladies
which makes the smokers to decrease their propensity. Additionally, keeping in mind the end
goal to diminish the disease issues, there social insurance associations can enhance safe
cigarettes which are of 0% nicotine. Such techniques are probably going to diminish the social
weight on disease and heart issues.
The use of liquor is probably going to damage the stomach and liver issues to the people.
Be that as it may, it is extremely hard to control the utilization of alcohol as they have no
administrative fixations uniquely to decrease the utilization (KohBambra, 2011). The
fundamental impact would be that there will be substantial measure of liver patients who are a
consequence of overwhelming liquor use. The fundamental answer could be that organizations
can hope to enhance elective items which contain least level of weight. Additionally, the groups
can orchestrate mindfulness crusades keeping in mind the end goal to change the essence of the

liquor which is existing in the human personality. In the event that the social insurance offices
can ask for governments to force increasingly assesses so as to keep the clients from such items
will have a negative effect over the usage.
M2
The prevention of disease would improve the patients mental and physical health and this
would also feel free for their work. Optimum health needs two approaches: prevention and
treatments. The primary objective of health care system is to cure disease and limit ill effects.
Hence, people could stay healthy (Marmot and Bell, 2012)Occupied timetables are probably
going to change the propensities for the working out. Along these lines. The WHO identify
prevention as approaches and activities purpose at limiting the possibilities that a disorder would
influence an individual, intervening or slowing the growth of disorder.
D2
The luxurious lifestyle makes people unhealthier as these are ready to take the comfort an
optimum level. Nowadays people are unhealthier about their recent lifestyle. In UK, the obesity
rate so high which is causing the adverse effect on health’s. Approximately, 5 million people are
affected from the diabetes.
TASK.3
3.1 Interpret the health priorities for individuals:
There are different sorts of wellbeing and prosperity needs that associations need with a
specific end goal to improve the associations situated to provide food the patients. Advancing
better and solid eating regimens will make the people to be increasingly and more advantageous.
Along these lines the general population will be progressively and more advantageous and that
will make the care of wellbeing setting to be more alluring in the aggressive setting. Advancing
locally established activities is another great propensity which organization would pass be able to
on. Those will be of high an incentive as the general population are truly needing the locally
situated activities the same number of them are not in a position to go to the exercise center as
often as possible (Yip and et. al., 2012). Advancing better wellbeing and clean qualities, for
example, appropriate arranging will make nature to be more sheltered also.
Health and wellbeing can be defined as the absence of disease, mental distress and health. It is
the outcome of combination of social, physical, intellectual and emotional factors. Health can be

defined as the sound mind and body. Wellbeing and health consist of four factors that is social,
emotional, intellectual and physical. There are different sorts of health and prosperity needs that
the associations is required to get so that such organisation is able to serve the patients. Better
and sound weight control plans will make the people to be progressively and healthier. In this
manner the general population will be healthy and more advantageous and that will make the
care of well-being setting to be more appealing in the aggressive setting. Promoting locally
established exercises is another great habit which organization can pass on.
Different factors that has their impact on the wellbeing of an individual are as follows:
Physical health – It is the capacity of an individual’s body to perform well.
Mental health – It shows the present state of mind of an individual that how sound he is.
Social health – It consists of those issue that arises due to unhealthy social surroundings.
3.2 Effectiveness of strategies, system and policies:
In the wellbeing and care setting there are distinctive techniques which use keeping in
mind the end goal to shape better qualities and better propensities inside the human character.
When they are actualized the accompanying can be accomplished. Better client fascination can
be accomplished as a perfect and slick place is constantly prone to get pulled in by the clients.
Additionally when the place turns out to be vastly improved, there will be a decent notoriety
which will construct the organization ascend among alternate establishments. Better partner
engaging quality is likewise prone to get pulled in when the organizations are probably going to
make the wellbeing and care rehearses. Additionally there is a decent plausibility to pick up a
superior representative reliability and a social place where the organization turns into an ability
retainer and an ability searcher.
In the health and care, there are diverse procedures which are implemented in keeping mind the
targets to frame better qualities and great habits inside the human nature. Once they are executed
the accompanying can be accomplished. Organisation for service provision include various
institutes which provide health and care services to the people who are in need, this may include
orphanages, old care homes, care settings etc. Quality provision homes helps in the improvement
of people's life who are not able to get proper living. Complaint policies should be made by care
settings in order to fulfil customers problems. Involvement of friends and families will help in
the quick recovery of patients. Better client attraction can be accomplished as a perfect place is

constantly liable to get pulled in by the clients. If the company do the health and care practices,
then these activities assists in attracting the consumers.
3.3 Changes which could improve health:
There must be a mental change which ought to happen with a specific end goal to make
the well-being and care to be more improved(Marmot and Bell, 2012). The attitudes with respect
to the elderly individuals and kids must be enhanced as those will have a noteworthy effect on
the organisational health care setting. States of mind, for example, love and tolerance must be
produced inside the human being. There must also an effective dieting practices which could
convince the patients with more balanced diet. Better health practices are useful for keeping
people healthy. Like- trainings are probably going to diminish the future sicknesses and to stop
the spread of the disease.
3.4 Tasks which encourage behaviour change for increasing health:
There are so many certain procedures which have been implemented for limiting health
diseases. It is prescribed to begin well-being camps from the school level, where entire
vaccination and related well-being camps can be held to manage their health issues and
protecting them to do. The following most essential arrangement of individuals is elderly group.
As per the social security information arranged visits need to manage week by week or month to
month to investigate the well-being status of these individuals.
Keeping in mind the end goal to comprehend certain necessities in human services and
social care, it is vital to think about various criteria of wellbeing related issues and discoveries.
There are a few ideas related with the wellbeing maladies, inability and shortcoming worried
with the wellbeing(Betancourt, Green, Carrillo and Owusu Ananeh-Firempong, 2016). There are
some money related and administrative group bolsters with a specific end goal to give care and
satisfaction of the prerequisites of physical and mental debilitated people. The legislature
received certain rights for physically incapacitated kids like cancellation and direction act. This
correct goes for giving great and well conduct towards incapacity by the social group, in light of
the fact that the crippled people are not treated well at the societal level. These are the above
ideas and concerns related with well-being and social care.
One of the best practices to limit the disease, there is need to have close investigations of
the immigrants during arrival at the airport and if someone is found with any of the viruses then,
departments of the health and social issues are need to make close check over it.

It has been seen that there is increasing AIDS and other social sicknesses in the world. These will
make the human conduct to be immaculate and the data will be useful uniquely the young to be
spared. These will apply to anybody at any stage yet at the same time these techniques have been
up to the standard and possessed the capacity to spare many lives. This has additionally made a
superior workplace as the energy is won among the working power as there are better
connections when the representatives and care labourers are increasingly prepared. Hence these
extraordinary demonstrations have possessed the capacity to satisfy the human well-being and
care to a greater setting(World Health Organization, 2012).
D3
Specific thought processes that enhances the ability to be creative. There is need to think new
ideas which introduces possibilities of new thought occurring.
CONCLUSION
As per the above review it is reasoned that health care is more critical issue nowadays.
There are so many health issues which have been described above and it also have been
mentioned that the health care problems can be overcome with the help of physical workout and
also following the good source of diet. In the above scenario, it has also been mentioned that the
hospitals needs to provides their patients a quality diet and also convince patients for the
development of their growth. Now, it has been point out that the persons can stay healthy by
opting the great source of dieting and exercise. Well-being is the fundamental vital piece of an
individual survival. Health is linked with the mental and physical prosperity. It is additionally
viewed as social prosperity concerning work force mind and physical needs or prerequisites.

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