Design Aspects in Green Commercial Buildings: Literature Review

This literature review discusses the importance of green building, investment and demand, and the concept of green building. It also covers the design aspects of green commercial buildings.

Running head: GREEN COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
WHAT ARE THE DESIGN ASPECTS IN GREEN COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS?
Name of the students
Name of the university
Author note

1GREEN COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
Table of contents
Chapter 1: Introduction....................................................................................................................3
1.0 Introduction and background.................................................................................................3
1.1 Problem statement.................................................................................................................3
1.3 Aims and objectives...............................................................................................................4
1.4 Limitation of the research......................................................................................................4
1.5 Summary................................................................................................................................5
Chapter 2: Literature review............................................................................................................5
2.0 Introduction............................................................................................................................5
2.1 Concept of green building.....................................................................................................5
2.2 Importance of green building.................................................................................................7
2.3 Green building investment and demand................................................................................8
2.4 Theoretical explanation of green building...........................................................................11
2.4.1 SOR model....................................................................................................................13
2.4.2 The green building purchasing matrix..........................................................................14
2.5 Economic benefits of green building...................................................................................15
2.6 Summary..............................................................................................................................16
Chapter 3: Research methodology.................................................................................................16
3.0 Introduction..........................................................................................................................16

2GREEN COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
3.1 Research Philosophy............................................................................................................16
3.2 Research approach...............................................................................................................18
3.3 Research purpose.................................................................................................................19
3.4 Data collection process........................................................................................................19
3.4.1 Data sources..................................................................................................................19
3.4.2 Data analysis techniques...............................................................................................20
3.5 Sampling technique.............................................................................................................20
3.6 Accessibility issue...............................................................................................................21
3.7 Ethical consideration...........................................................................................................21
3.8 Research limitation..............................................................................................................21
3.9 Gant chart:...............................................................................................................................22
Figure: Gant chart..................................................................................................................23
3.10 Summary............................................................................................................................23
Reference list.................................................................................................................................24

3GREEN COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.0 Introduction and background
The term green building indicates the construction or operational process, that play an
important role in case reducing the negative impact on the environment (Mi et al. 2015).
Through the green building initiative, the .positive impact can be introduced in the environment.
In the current situation, due to the active participation of Governmental and non-governmental
organizations in different awareness programs, demand for green building among the customers
have increased (Alwan, Jones and Holgate 2017.). In this situation it has been identified that
people have become concern regarding the population and waste management practices. With
the changing needs of the customers, importance of green building designing has become
necessary. On the other hand, it cannot be denied that due to changing demands of the customers
and their awareness regarding the environmental consideration in the designing process, have
become necessary for the current industry. In this chapter the research back ground will be
discussed.
1.1 Problem statement
Due to excessive carbon emission and increasing pollution from the construction projects, the
global climate change has become the major concern for the construction industry. In the words
of Nejat et al. (2015), in case of the construction industry, near about 5% of the total carbon
dioxide emission comes from this industry. It has been identified that due to increasing
environmental pollution, the demands for the alternative products in the industry has increased.
On the other hand, it cannot denied that due to active participation of both the governmental and
non-governmental organizations for increasing the awareness regarding increasing
environmental pollution, the demands for green building has increased (Gao et al. 2015). It is

4GREEN COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
also true that with increasing uses of nonrenewable sources in the commercial place, the
environmental pollution as well as the expenses has also been increased. On the other hand, it is
true that increasing environmental pollution is creating obstacles for maintaining the sustainable
environment. In this situation, green building has become important for maintaining the waste
management and improving the quality of life. The importance of green commercial building has
become important as in this process the waste reduction has become easier to measure. By using
the water and natural resources are the energy sources, the cost reduction process has become
easier. It is also true that with this initiative, the recycling of the products can help to maintain
the environmental friendly atmosphere.
1.3 Aims and objectives
The aim of this research is to understand the strategies and methods in case of mitigating the
environmental impacts on the current construction industry.
 To understand the strategies and the methods for mitigating he environmental impacts
on the construction of building
 To understand the design strategies for building an effective and a green building
system
 The ways about how the HVAC building designs integrated with holistic approach
helps to build a sustainable environment
1.4 Limitation of the research
It can be assumed that in case of analyzing the entire research project, it can be assumed
that budget can create challenge for the researcher for conducting the research. It is true that in
case of conducting the research on the global green commercial building, proper budgeting is
important as it is a large field. In case of buying the paid journals, the researcher may face the

5GREEN COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
challenge. On the other hand, if only 7 months will be allocated for conducting the research, it
may create tough situation for the researcher as with in such limited period, it will be harder to
complete the entire data collection process.
1.5 Summary
In this chapter it has been discussed that problem statement of the study and the
background of the research are very important for next process. By setting the aims and
objectives depending on the identified problem, the structure of the research plan has been
developed.
Chapter 2: Literature review
2.0 Introduction
Green commercial building is known as high performance building that is needed to
maintaining environmental sustainability. The chapter will shed light on designing the aspects of
green commercial building by highlighting different theories and models. By reviewing different
journal, here the literature gap will be identified.
2.1 Concept of green building
Green building is being considered as the effective method by following which high
quality and energy efficient commercial buildings can be constructed. It is beneficial in term of
reducing the negative impact on the environment for maintaining the standard quality of life. It
has been identified that green designing pays an important role in case of maintaining the
balance between the low environmental impact and high quality of construction (Borkovskaya
2014). Green bulling is an initiative that is required in case of maintaining the sustainability in
the environment. In case of green building, the green globe system is being considered as the

6GREEN COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
important management tool that helps to develop the economic and environmental sustainability.
It has been identified that with the increasing pollution in the construction, the concept of green
building has become popular among the people. Through the initiative of green building, the
healthy indoor environment can be developed with the minimal pollution. In case of the green
building, the uses of renewable energy can help to reduce the cost of energy consumption. By
reducing the water uses, the green building helps to maintain the water supply.
Figure: An overview of the Green building concept
(Source: Borkovskaya 2014)

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In the above diagram, six major elements of the green building initiatives have been
highlighted. It has been shown in this diagram that green building initiative can help to improve
the indoor quality, maintain the uninterrupted water supply chain, beauty & freshness, increase
the uses of renewable energy sources and also introduce the environmental friendly non-toxic
construction material. In the words of Radwan et al. (2017), for designing, planning, constructing
and operating a project by reducing the negative impact on the environment, the green building is
an innovative initiative. By introducing the classical building design, the durability, utility and
comfort are being introduced in the construction industry. The green building concept has been
developed by US green building council. It has been identified that productivity and health of the
users can be influenced by the green building initiative. As stated by Gunawardena (2017), green
building initiatives is being considered as the combination of environmental up gradation and
economic sustainability. It has been identified that in case of the natural building the smaller
trends and scale natural materials are being used in the projects. In case of the developing the
green architecture and sustainable design, the green building concept is very important. The aim
of the green building initiative is to bring the sustainable development so that the energy crisis
can be managed (Ragheb, A El-Shimy and Ragheb 2016). With the increasing energy
consumption in the current construction industry, it has been analyzed that with the long run the
energy crisis can create the difficult situation for the people. In order to maintain the supply, the
alternative initiative has become important in the industry. On the other hand, it has been
identified from the report of 1970 that due to increasing the environmental pollution and energy
crisis, the sustainable development has become necessary (Wong and Zhou 2015). Therefore, it
can be said that with modern sustainability initiative, environmental friendly construction
practices can bring the revolution in the construction industry.

8GREEN COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
2.2 Importance of green building
Green building practice has become very important in the current business scenario
(Hwang, Zhao and Tan 2015). It has been identified that due to excessive amount of carbon
emission and increasing the uses of machinery products, the construction industry has played the
major role in case of bringing the global climatic changes. It is also true that due to increasing
fossil fuel burning, it can be assumed that in the long run the global citizen can face the energy
crisis. With the initiative of high-performance building native environmental impact can be
reduced. On the other hand, it is true that it can be beneficial in case of decreasing the lifecycle
costs. Through the green building initiatives, the natural environment can be enhanced. In the
words of Nguyen et al., (2017), the green building concept is an environment sensitive initiative
that helps to save the natural resource. By supporting this Hwang, Shan and Phuah (2018) stated
that green energy is an effective way to develop the model energy code. By reducing the rate of
fossil fuel consumption rate, it contributes in the global environment. Hence, it can be said that
in case of maintaining the uninterrupted supply of energy the green building plays a significant
role.
2.3 Green building investment and demand
Analyzing the perception of green building in Singapore, it has been identified that that
both the tangible and intangible advantages of green building have been agreed by the
stakeholders. As per the perception of the homeowners, it has been identified that near about
94% of the total population have agreed to invest more in case of constructing the green building
(Bca.gov.sg 2018). It cannot be denied that green building will attract those people who are
aware regarding the increasing environmental pollution. On the other hand, the green building
project also targets those people who prefers the health benefits rather than luxury. It cannot be

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denied that in case of green building projects the indoor air quality can be improved (Hwang,
Shan and Phuah 2018). Therefore, in the profitability perspective, it can be said that large
number of people in Singapore have admitted that the resale value of green building can be
profitable. It has been identified that the office tenants also agreed that green building initiative
can bring the wellbeing and health benefits. In the words of (), in a comparison on indoor
environment of non-Green Mark buildings and Green Mark buildings by NUS and BCA, it has
been identified that the green mark buildings provides the healthier environment than the non-
Green Mark buildings (Hwang, Zhao and Tan 2015). In a recent report, it has been identified that
the residents are satisfied with the indoor environment of the green mark buildings in such cases
the risks of fatigues, irritated skin and syndrome of unusual headache are very less.
Figure: Comparison between the Traditional and Green building projects
(Source: Qian et al. 2015)

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In the above diagram it has been identified that the popularity of green building projects
are quite higher than the traditional projects. It has been identified that after the introduction of
the green building initiatives in the global industry, the awareness regarding the environmental
pollution and its negative impact on the health have increased (Wood et al. 2016). In the above
diagram, it has been identified that among the green building constructions, most of the green
building projects are being done for the office purpose.
Figure: Green building material market trend
(Source: Khatib, 2016)
In the above diagram the growth trend in the green building material market has been
shown. In the diagram the gradual growth of the green marketing between the year, 2014 to 2020
have been mentioned. By analyzing the growth trend, it can be said that the demands of green
construction among the people has increased. In the current scenario, people have become
conscious regarding their health and environmental sustainability. Not only for the health
benefits, but also the green building can be beneficial in terms of gaining the cost benefits
(Darko, A. and Chan 2016). As it also the rate of energy consumption and the resale value of the

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green buildings is quite high due to its indoor environment, therefore, it can be said that the with
the increasing demands for the green building, the growth in the green building material industry
has been introduced. With the increasing growth it can be assumed that in the year 2020, the
growth rate will reach approx. 250.3 billion USD (Kibert 2016).
2.4 Theoretical explanation of green building
In this study, it has been identified that due to increasing demands of the green building
project the growth trend in the construction industry has changed. By following the current
construction industry trend, it can be said that in case of the green building the level of
satisfaction of the occupants regarding the green buildings still does not exceed the bench mark
of satisfaction in case of predictable structures (Bca.gov.sg 2018). In the current scenario, the
satisfaction is being measured depending on the post occupancy evaluation rate. It is true that
depending on the feedbacks from the occupants, the level of satisfaction is being measured. In
the words of Yang, Zou and Wang (2016), BREAM or LEED are the rating tools in the green
building projects. In case of the green products the target customers are those who prefers the
greed products due to their preference on reducing the impact of anthropogenic factors on the
environment (Bca.gov.sg 2018). In the words of Zhao, Hwang and Lee (2016), with the
increasing concern of people regarding the resource depletion and environmental degradation,
the architects have decided to derive their attention towards the resource efficient construction
practices. It cannot be denied that depending on the sustainable building, the economic, social
cultural and the ecological status can be improved (Si et al. 2016). In case of analyzing factors
that play an influential role in case of driving the human perspective have been highlighted in
this study. In the bellow puzzle, the factors which are interrelated in case of influencing the
human perception have been mentioned.

12GREEN COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
Figure: Factors affect the perception of a green building
(Source: Radwan et al. 2015)
In the above puzzle, four main factors have been highlighted, those have higher level of
impact in driving the human perception. In case of analyzing the certificate level, it can be said
that the certificate level is surrounded by the important three factors such as eater efficiency,
energy efficiency and resources and materials. In the words of Zaidin and Abidin (2015) the
certificate level factors are very important for bringing the environmental revolution as well as
maintaining the sustainability. It cannot be denied that indoor environment quality is a significant
category of the environment that influence the rating system in green building. In case of the
belief in sustainability, it has been shown in the above diagram that it is surrounded by the
sustainable site, media and education (Zuo and Zhao2014). In this case, the awareness among
people regarding the negative impact of the environmental pollution can be improved due to such
influential factors. In the right the personal experience of the users and schema congruity have
been mentioned. It is shown in the above diagram that these two categories are surrounded by the

13GREEN COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
cultural expression, social territories, task performance, visual and nonvisual aesthetics and way
finding. By following these categories the experience of the user can be analyzed. In case of
highlighting the SOR model the perception of the customers has been discussed.
2.4.1 SOR model
The SOR model is being considered as the information storage and retrieval system
(ISRS) in which the authoritative sources of the information and the particular data is being
collected from multiple sources (Maheswari and Balaji 2018). In the SOR model the relationship
between Stimulus, organism and response is being developed. In the below diagram the SOR
model has been discussed.
Figure: Stimulating-Organism-Response (SOR) Model
(Source: Tan 2017)
In the above SOR model it has been identified that human behavior and classical conditioning
are highly interconnected. It has been identified that in case of analyzing the rate of the human
activities and psychological state of human before purchasing any products can be measured
(Mishra and Behera 2017).

14GREEN COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
2.4.2 The green building purchasing matrix
Depending on the needs and beliefs of sustainability, the certification of green building is
being done. It has been identified that in case of green purchasing situation, the level of
certification and confidence of people are very influencing. Depending on the Peattie’s matrix,
the confidence level regarding the green product has been highlighted
Figure: The green building perception matrix
Source:
In the above diagram, different purchasing situation of the customers have been discussed. The
lower compromise with higher confidence indicates the win-win situation. On the other hand,
with higher confidence and higher compromise, the ‘feel good’ situation occurs. In the higher
compromise and lower confidence, people do not bother to purchase the products. In case of the
lower compromise with lower confidence situation, the people do not be able to decide whether

15GREEN COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
they will abele the product or not. In the other words, it can be said that they become confuse
regarding the differences between green mark building and no green mark buildings.
2.5 Economic benefits of green building
Reduce the uses of energy
In case of green commercial buildings like, school, college and offices, due to its planned
designs, the rate of energy consumption is very less. In the green building initiative, without
adding the extra costs, the rate of energy consumption rate can be reduced. Using the wind
power, water and solar sources, the consumption cost can be reduced.
Increase the job opportunities
It is true that like every profession, efficient and skilled employees are required for the
green building initiative (Kibert 2016). Using the proper tools and designs, the industry provides
proper training to the employees. It is also true that with the increasing growth in this sector, job
opportunities have also increased.
Reduce the operating cost
Due to introduction of green building, the monthly energy bill in the global context has
reduced (Sorvig and Thompson 2014). The rate of energy consumption has also decreased.
Comparing the energy consumption rate in the traditional construction projects, it has been
identified that due to green building initiative near about 19% of energy consumption has been
reduced (Zuo and Zhao 2014).
Make the economy stronger

16GREEN COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
If the rising growth in US is being analyzed, it will be identified that after the
introduction of green building in the construction industry the rate of unemployment has
dropped. It has been analyzed that using the LEED certificate, near about $30 billion has been
contributed in the GDP (Olubunmi, Xia and Skitmore 2016).
2.6 Summary
In the above chapter the concept of green building has been discussed. Apart from that
the importance of green building project in current society has been highlighted. on the other
hand, discussing the theoretical framework regarding the human perception of green building,
the SOD model and the green building perception matrix have been mentioned.
Chapter 3: Research methodology
3.0 Introduction
Research methodology is being considered as the important chapter in a research project
(Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault 2015). Depending on this chapter the researcher develops the
systematic process by following which the entire project is being done. Using the relevant data
analysis process ad data collection method, the proper structure of the research can be developed.
Through this chapter the research philosophy will be identified with the proper justification. At
the end of the research, the ethical consideration and research limitations will be discussed,
which may be faced by the researcher during the research.
3.1 Research Philosophy
As stated by McLaren (2016), the term research philosophy has higher level of
importance in case of conducting a research. It helps to provide the proper dimension by
following which the entire research plan is being developed. Using the appropriate research

17GREEN COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
philosophy, the knowledge and idea can be used in the research project in an appropriate manner.
Epistemology and ontology are two types of research philosophical aspects. In case of ontology,
the reality is being denied, on the other hand, in case of epistemology, the knowledge is being
preferred.
On the other hand, the research philosophy can be defined in different manner. It has
been argued by Ledford and Gast (2018), research philosophy consists with realism, post
positivism and positivism. In case of realism, the objectives of reality regarding the particular
research topic is being analyzed. In case of positivism, different philosophical aspects are being
utilized. On the other hand, in case of post positivism, the information is being collected from the
previous knowledge of findings. In order to conduct the research, positivism research philosophy
will be followed.
Justification
In case of describing the knowledge based phenomena and developing the correlation
between the information, the positivism is beneficial. By using the positivism research
philosophy, it will be easier for the research to develop the research in logical manner. on the
other hand by following this systematic approach, it will be easier to identify the challenges.

18GREEN COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
3.2 Research approach
Figure: Research approach
(Source: Palinkas et al. 2015)
In the words of Lewis (2015), the research approach can be classified into two parts such as
inductive and deductive approach. In case of the deductive approach, the researcher conducts the
research depending on the previous models and theories. On the other hand, in the inductive
research approach, the researcher develops new models and theories for achieving the objectives.
Deductive research approach will be followed for this research project.
Justification
The researcher will follow the deductive research approach, because depending on the
previous articles, theories and models the research will be developed. By utilizing the research
models and theories, the research can be conducted in an appropriate manner.
e earcR s h
approach
InductiveDeductive

19GREEN COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
3.3 Research purpose
As stated by McLaren (2016), exploratory, explanatory and descriptive are the three types
of research purpose. In case of the explanatory research purpose, the long term research process
is being introduced. By understanding the reasons and ideas of the research topic, the
explanatory research purpose can be discussed. On the other hand, in case of the descriptive
research purpose, the gathered information is being explained in detail, which helps to reach at
the research objective is being explained in right manner.
Justification
Descriptive research purpose will be chosen by the researcher. It will help to explore the
information regarding this topic in right manner. On the other hand, it is true that using the
descriptive research design, the additional information regarding the topic can also be collected
by the researcher.
3.4 Data collection process
In order to achieve the research objective the researcher needs to focus on the acquiring
different types of information. In the words of Holloway and Galvin (2016) depending on the
data collection process, the authenticity and the quality of the research project can be analyzed.
In this research, primary quantitative data will be collected from random customers and the
secondary data will be collected from secondary sources such as books, journals and Articles.
3.4.1 Data sources
Data sources can be classified into two parts, one is primary data another is secondary
data (McLaren 2016). In case of the primary data sources, the information is being collected
directly from the field. Interview and survey are the two important primary source. In case of

20GREEN COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
secondary sources, the information is being collected from various journals and articles. On the
other hand, statistical data is being collected from the authentic websites and the offices.
Therefore, it can be aid that the primary data is being collected rom the unpublished or
unauthentic sources, when the secondary information is being collected from the authentic and
published sources.
In this research, both the primary and secondary data sources will be used. In order to
conduct the research project, the primary data will be collected on the random customers. On the
other hand, interview will be conducted on the 3 managers, who are involved in the construction
industry. By developing a questionnaire the researcher will conduct the survey.
3.4.2 Data analysis techniques
Qualitative and quantitative are the two types of data analysis techniques (Holloway and
Galvin 2016). In the quantitative data, the numerical values are being represented through the
Microsoft Excel sheet. On the other hand, in case of qualitative data technique, the information is
being collected in detail.
In this research project, both the qualitative and quantitative data techniques will be
followed. In case of survey, the quantitative data analysis techniques will be followed. On the
other hand, in case of the interview process and secondary information, the qualitative data
analysis will be followed.
3.5 Sampling technique
Non-probability and probability are the two types of sampling techniques (Harriss
and Atkinson 2015). In order to conduct the research, quantitative data collection process will be
done by following the he probability, simple random technique. On the other hand, qualitative

21GREEN COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
data collection process will be done depending on non-probability, convenience sampling
technique. In case of conducting the research, the survey will be conducted on 100 customers.
On the other hand, the interview will be done on the 3 managers of different construction
organizations.
3.6 Accessibility issue
After analyzing the research plan, it can be assumed that the while conducting the
research, the researcher may face the issue regarding collecting the authentic information. It can
be assumed that it will be harder to get the appointment of the managers of the companies. If the
managers will not provide the sufficient time, it will be tough for the researcher to develop the
project with sufficient information. On the other hand, it is also true that in case of collecting the
information from the customers, the chances of getting the improper data can be increased
because, depending on the mood of the customers, they will provide the answer. In such
circumstances, maintaining the authenticity of the research project will be major concern for the
researcher.
3.7 Ethical consideration
In the words of Smith (2017), following the Data Protection Act 1998, is very important
conducting the research project. In the data protection Act it is mentioned that confidentiality of
the participants will be maintained in this research. The researcher will do proper in texting in
case of using the information from journals and articles. The information will be collected from
the authentic sources. The research project will be used only for the academic purpose. In case of
maintaining the authenticity of the research, it will not be copied from any sources. One of the
information regarding the research will be leaked or published in unethical manner.

22GREEN COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
3.8 Research limitation
In this research, it can be assumed that the researcher may face the challenges for
completing the entire project within 7 months. On the other hand, it is true that the research topic
will cover the entire Green commercial building aspects, in this situation, it will be expensive for
the researcher to get the maid journals. It can be assumed that due to lack of financial backup, the
researcher may not be able to conduct the entire project within appropriate manner.
3.9 Gant chart:
Main activities/
stages
Month
January
Month
February
Month
March
Month
April
Month
May
Month
June
Month
July
Topic Selection  
Research on the
topic
  
Outlining layout of
the research

Literature review   
Research Plan
formulation
 
Selection of an
appropriate
Research
Techniques
 
Primary data
collection
 

23GREEN COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
Analysis &
Interpretation of
Data Collection
 
Conclusion 
Rough Draft 
Final Work 
Figure: Gant chart
(Source: As created by author)
3.10 Summary
In this chapter the data collection method, data sources, sampling techniques, research
approaches, research philosophy and sample size have been discussed. In the above chapter it has
been discussed that both the primary and secondary data will be used for the research. By
maintaining the Data protection Act 1998, the authenticity of the research will be maintained.

24GREEN COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
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