HLTENN011 Written knowledge demonstration

This written knowledge demonstration covers various health conditions, causes, and treatments. It also includes information on burns, dehydration, fractures, concussion, and medical procedures such as tracheostomy suctioning, underwater seal drainage tube management, and intercostal catheter care.

HLTENN011 Written
knowledge demonstration

Table of Contents
Question 1....................................................................................................................................3
Question:2 ...................................................................................................................................6
Question 3 ...................................................................................................................................6
Question 4 ...................................................................................................................................7
Question 5 ...................................................................................................................................7
Question 6 ...................................................................................................................................8
Question 7 ...................................................................................................................................9
Question 8..................................................................................................................................10
Question 9..................................................................................................................................11
Question 10................................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13

Question 1.
Health Condition Definition State 2 (two) possible
causes of each
condition
Angina Angina refers to the pain the
the chest and in this a person
feels due to low blood flow in
the heart muscle. Angina feels
like pressure or pain in the
chest Balla, Pavasini, &
Ferrari, (2018). It is the
symptoms of coronary artery
disease and is one of the
common heart disease.
Two reasons are:
 It can be caused
due to unhealthy
eating habits and
diet.
 Due to lack of
exercise and
with increase in
the age of the
person.
Acute neurological
disorder
It refers to the the disorder
that affects the brain and also
the nerves that is found in the
body and in spinal cord
Feigin, and et.al., (2020).
Two reasons can be:
 It can have
caused due to
burns or fracture
and dislocation
of bone.
 It can also be
caused crushing
of the nerves.
Cellulitis It is and severe inflammatory
disorder related to the dermis
and subcutaneous tissues that
is usually found in ulcers and
wounds in the body.
Two causes are :
 It is usually
caused enters a
wound and
causes bacterial
infection.
 Severe bacterial
infection on the

wound where no
layer of skin is
present on the
injury.
Renal Calculi It refers to the small and hard
deposits of acid salts and
minerals that are formed
inside the kidney and is
painful.
 Drinking less
water
 It can be due to
obesity and
weight loss
surgery.
Myocardial
Infarction
Commonly known as heart
attack and occurs when there
is less flow of blow in the
coronary artery of the heart
resulting in causing harm to
the heart muscle Kwong, and
et.al., (2018).
 It occurs when
the level of
cholesterol
increases in the
body at faster
rate
 The Myocardial
Infarction can be
caused due to
the blockage in
the coronary
arteries of the
human body.
Sepsis/Shock When the part of the human
body suffers from severe
infection results into sepsis
and causing inflammation in
the body.
It can be caused due to:
 Digestive
system
infections such
as lung
infection(pneum
onia).
 Urinary tract

infection
Deep Vein
Thrombosis
A severe medical condition
which results in blood clots in
the veins of human body,
typically form in the lower
legs of the body.
Causes:
 It can be caused
due to injury
which causes
blood clots
 Long bed rest
and sitting in the
same position
for long hours.
Haemorrhage It refers to the loss of blood
from the injured blood vessels
in the human body and causes
internal bleeding. Internal
bleeding happens when the
blood leaks from the injured
blood vessel or any other
organ of the body.
Various cause:
 Intake of
Alcohol, drugs
and tobacco
from long time
can also be one
of the major
causes for
Haemorrhage
Dawud, and
et.al., (2019) .
 On of the major
causes of this
problem is the
Cancer which
refers to the
disease that
occurs when the
cells divide in
the body [arts at
faster rate but

this disease can
be diagnosed.
Question:2
Burns refers to the impairment in the tissues that is caused by the heat , chemicals and
can be through radiation of the sun. It is observed that burn in the skin causes grater risk of
infection on the human body and in order to avoid the infection it is advised to keep it clean and
change the bandages regularly. The three types of burns to human body are: Thermal, radiations
and chemical burns.
Thermal burns:It occurs when a person touches the hot object that results into increase in the
temperature of the skin and affects the cells of the skin deeply. It includes the objects such as hot
metal , steam and flames and is caused when the skin come into contact with the object that
causes thermal burns on the skin.
Radiation burns: Radiation burns are caused due to the exposure to the ultraviolet rays of the
sun for long time or it can be through various other sources such as X-rays or any radiation
therapy which is used in diagnosing the cancer.
Chemical burns: The chemical burns are caused due to strong acid , washing powder and
various other solvents that come in contact with the skin and causes reaction on the skin
resulting the causing redness and irritation Kuehlmann, and et.al., (2019).
There are various ways that can help in reducing the impact of burn on the human body taking
care of the skin and wear sunscreen whenever going out. Avoid the use of hard chemicals as they
can cause severe infection on the skin.
Question 3
Dehydration is the clinical practice and refers to the loss of water in the human body
which enable the body to function properly due to lack of energy in the body. It is observed that
human body is made up of 75% of water and is present inside the cells and blood vessels of the
human body. Dehydration can treated by increasing the water intake in the body but on the other
hand in the most severe cases medical treatment is required to be given to the adult or child. The
symptoms of dehydration include the darker urine or decrease in the urine production. It is also

stated that the colour of the urine indicates the dehydration level in the human body. But in older
adults it has been seen that dehydration occurs without thirst and is suggested to drink enough in
order to keep the body hydrated.
The three main causes of dehydration in adults and children are:
 Diarrhoea and vomiting: Diarrhoea causes severe loss of water and also electrolytes in
the human body. Vomiting is also one of the main cause of dehydration which causes loss
of minerals and other fluids in the body. In infants diarrhoea is considered as severe
problem in which the children experience high loss of the fluids and high fever
Boskabadi, & Rakhshanizadeh, (2018). In addition to this, in adults the water intake
reduces and are prone to chronic illness and severe health problems.
 Sweating: One of the causes of dehydration is sweating and hot and humid climate and
intense physical exercise can also result into more amount of fluid loss . Moreover, fever
can also increase the sweating and causes dehydration in the human body.
Question 4
Fractures are classified into
 Spiral fracture: This fracture occurs in the long bones in the human body and also
spirals around the bone. They usually occur in the femur and fibula in the legs. In
addition to this they can also occur in the long bones of the arms. The major causes of the
spiral fractures are through twisting and injuries caused while playing or an accident.
 Greenstick fracture:Greenstick fracture occurs mostly in children in which the bone
bends and breaks but bones are not broke into pieces. Children of small age experience
this type of injury as in early age the bone are softer and more flexible.
 Compression fracture: In this type of fracture , the bones are crushed and it is observed
that after the injury the bones becomes flat and wide. The compression fracture occurs
mostly in the spine and results in collapsing of the vertebrae Faruqi, and et.al., (2018).
It causes loss and damage and loss of the bone that is called osteoporosis and is one of the
major cause in compression fracture.
 Stress fractures: Stress fracture also known as hairline fracture where there is crack in
the bone and is challenging to examine through regular X-rays and these fractures are
also caused by doing repetitive motions such as running.

Question 5
Concussion- This is related to traumatic brain injury (TBI) which can be happens when brain is
shaken or jarred hard enough to bounce against skull.
Contusion- Injury on actual brain itself is causes due to swelling and bleeding (Bailly, Laporte
and Arnoux, 2018).
Intracranial haematoma (ICH)- This injury is caused due to heavy bleeding under the skull
and it creates clot in the brain. It can be served by where it is from grouped.
Question 6
A B
Local Anaesthetic anaesthetic is injected into the immediate area to be
operated on
Open reduction surgical procedure to restore a fracture or dislocation to
the correct alignment
Epidural an injection of a local anaesthetic into the space outside
the dura mater of the spinal cord
Hip replacement Removal of hip joint to be replaced with an artificial
joint
Appendectomy Surgery to remove appendix
Elective surgery Non-emergency surgery
Tonsillectomy Surgery to remove tonsils
General Anaesthetic medically induced state of unconsciousness
Amputation surgical removal of all or part of a limb or extremity
Laparotomy surgical incision into the abdominal cavity
Prostatectomy operation to remove all or part of the prostate gland
Emergency Surgery surgery to treat trauma or acute illness
Hysterectomy operation to remove the uterus
Peripheral nerve block anaesthetic is injected near a specific nerve or bundle of
nerves
Cataract Extraction surgery to remove a clouded lens (cataract) from the eye
Craniotomy Operation to expose the brain

Question 7
Tracheostomy suctioning: It refers to the medical procedure of surgical opening into the
trachea under the larynx through which the inward tube is placed in order to mitigate or remove
the upper airways obstruction and also facilitate the mechanical ventilator support and also to
remove the tracheo-bronchial secretions. The Tracheostomy kit should be accompanied by the
patient at all possible time and it is the duty of the nursing staff to keep a check at the patient to
ensure that all the equipments are available with the patient or not Pinto, and et.al., (2020). It is
stated that if the Tracheostomy tube is blocked can result in to breathing difficulty and medical
treatment is required. This can be traumatic for the patient and its nature can be permanent and
temporary.
It is very necessary to check the tracheostomy tube on regular basis and it is also important to
clean the cannula in every 8 hours in order to avoid the spread of infection in the body. The
interventions of Tracheostomy suctioning are :
 Place the patient supine in order to expose the neck and check the removal of the tubes
and try to ventilate using the ambu-bag. If it is not possible to provide ventilation then
try suction of normal saline in order to clear the cannula.
 Deflate the cuffed tube and inform the physician and any respiratory therapist and seek
medical treatment.
 If the patient is not able to ventilate then remove the tracheostomy tube and insert the
dilators until the experience health care professional is bale to insert the tracheostomy
tube.
Underwater seal drainage tube management: Underwater seal drainage tubes are inserted in
order to emptying the space around the lungs that contains the blood or air. This tube is
connected to the water sealed with the plastic container. It should be checked that water seal
container should not be kept empty or has to be changed on regular basis. If the chest tube is
inserted in the patient , nurse should be trained and have the specialized knowledge and has the
responsibility for the underwater seal drainage system Lu, and et.al., (2018). It is important to
monitor the position and also attachment of chest tube and also keep a check to check the empty
containers and also to look after the patient. The nurse should have required knowledge and
experience regarding treating the patient with the chest tube. The possible interventions are:

 If the patient has wound drainage tube, the goals of the nursing staff will be to heal the
promotion and control the infection that can spread in the body.
 It is necessary to place the tube in the right position and the wound should be assessed
regularly. It is important to change it regularly.
 Reinforcement interventions are required to properly maintain the wound drainage
system . It is important to use the separate dressing in order to avoid the infection.
Intercostal catheter care: It is the chest tube that is inserted between the ribs and in the spaces
between the lungs and chest wall. Proper procedure is followed by the medical practitioners and
with proper guidance of the experts. The various precautions that should be taken into
consideration is to never lift the drain high above the chest level and also assure that the
connections between the chest tubes and drainage should be clean and secure in order to avoid
any problem and harm to the patient and its health. It is very necessary that due care should be
taken while treating the patient and the nurse and medical practitioners should have required
knowledge and experience in performing the practice.
Question 8
 Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)- There are some steps which are
necessary to followed by carer in order providing good care such as to test out the CPAP
machine for the shorty period for one time a day. Then to use the cap every night during
nap so that it help to reduce stress. CPAP treatment occur when mask is not putting
comfortably at that time it is necessary to refrain from huge adjustment for CPAP
machine. Also, it is to be suggested that try using ramp mode help to feel like high air
pressure in order to use better CPAP machine that can be increase the air pressure when
patient is asleep (Labarca, Dreyse and Barbe, 2020 ). There saline nasal spray are
available in the market which can be used for mild nasal congestion. Also, it is important
to clean the CPAP equipment in order to clean tubing, headgear and mask for a week that
helps tos set reminder by not using same equipment again without washing.
 Bi-level Positive Airway Pressure (BIPAP)- It is to be suggested that to sterilize the
device it is necessary to fill proper distilled water or cold water at top and between scale
line. Also, in which boiled water and tap water can not be safe for sterilize the equipment
and then it is ready to use otherwise it can be spread germs. Nurse should follow the clear
instructions that is given from the manufacturer in regard to how to use it and how to

clean it so that it help to prevent from infection. This is also helps to use non-invasive
technique that is used for providing ventilatory support to spontaneously bus it can be
insufficient for breathing patient by using face-mask or nasal mask.
 Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC) line management – This is look like a
long tube which is inserted via vein in the arm, it can be pass via larger vein near the
heart it is the very situation in which it is placed in leg (Burbridge, Lim and Ahmed,
2021). Also, it can be necessary to use the apply warm pack to PICC line area for half an
hour in every 24 hours. To maintains it includes assessing for insertion site for infection
which can be compared the arms of patient to include circumference with baseline
measurement. During inspiration, it causes by negative intracohort pressure that help to
encourage ait in order to enter the exit site which can because an air embolism.
Question 9
 To use anti emboli stockings or sequential compression devices that are appropriate, this
will helps to limit the walking and prevent from the blood clots.
 To pressure relieving devices which are helps patient in immobility by providing them
gels mattress because normal mattress can be affected by infection in order to use it for
long time (Bilal, Rasheed and Cui, 2018). Also, it can create back pain that can be reason
of immobility.
 This is also important to use the strategy for providing guidance and support to patient so
that they can encourage themselves for improving the conditions of the patient.
Question 10
 Keep the insertion site dry and clean with the help of plain soap and water for once as
day or 2 times so that it helps for any drainage area onto the skin. By cleaning the area, it
is necessary to clean and dry the area with soft & clean cloth in order prevent skin from
moisture and irritation.
 To check site every day in order to prevent from infection that can be causes due to
redness, pus, pain, swelling etc. (Anderson, 2019).
 It is necessary to be acted quickly if tube comes put and cover the site with dry and clean
cloth.

REFERENCES
Books and journals
Anderson, L., 2019. Enteral feeding tubes: an overview of nursing care. British Journal of
Nursing, 28(12). pp.748-754.
Bailly, N., Laporte, J.D. and Arnoux, P.J., 2018. Effect of helmet use on traumatic brain
injuries and other head injuries in alpine sport. Wilderness & environmental
medicine, 29(2), pp.151-158.
Balla, C., Pavasini, R., & Ferrari, R. (2018). Treatment of angina: where are
we?. Cardiology, 140(1), 52-67.
Bilal, M., Rasheed, T. and Cui, J., 2018. “Smart” chemistry and its application in peroxidase
immobilization using different support materials. International journal of biological
macromolecules, 119.pp.278-290.
Boskabadi, H., & Rakhshanizadeh, F. (2018). Neonatal hypernatremic dehydration and
thrombocytopenia: Its prevalence and relationship with prognosis. Iranian Journal of
Pediatrics, 28(4).
Burbridge, B., Lim, H. and Ahmed, S., 2021. Comparison of the Quality of Life of Patients
with Breast or Colon Cancer with an Arm Vein Port (TIVAD) Versus a Peripherally
Inserted Central Catheter (PICC). Current Oncology, 28(2). pp.1495-1506.
Dawud, and et.al., (2019). Application of deep learning in neuroradiology: brain haemorrhage
classification using transfer learning. Computational Intelligence and
Neuroscience, 2019.
Faruqi, and et.al., (2018). Vertebral compression fracture after spine stereotactic body radiation
therapy: a review of the pathophysiology and risk factors. Neurosurgery, 83(3), 314-
322.
Feigin, and et.al., (2020). The global burden of neurological disorders: translating evidence into
policy. The Lancet Neurology, 19(3), 255-265.
Kuehlmann, and et.al., (2019). Beneath the surface: a review of laser remodeling of
hypertrophic scars and burns. Advances in Wound Care, 8(4), 168-176.
Kwong, and et.al., (2018). Acute myocardial infarction after laboratory-confirmed influenza
infection. New England Journal of Medicine, 378(4), 345-353.
Labarca, G., Dreyse, J. and Barbe, F., 2020. Efficacy of continuous positive airway pressure
(CPAP) in the prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with obstructive sleep
apnea: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep medicine reviews, 52 p.101312.
Lu, and et.al., (2018). Variation in nurse self‐reported practice of managing chest tubes: A cross‐
sectional study. Journal of clinical Nursing, 27(5-6), e1013-e1021.
Pinto, and et.al., (2020). Knowledge and practices of endotracheal suctioning amongst nursing
professionals: a systematic review. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine: Peer-
reviewed, Official Publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine, 24(1), 23.