Table of Contents INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1 BACKGROUND.............................................................................................................................1 SEARCH STRATEGY....................................................................................................................1 SIMPLE APPRAISAL OF ARTICLE............................................................................................2 Aim..............................................................................................................................................2 Study Type..................................................................................................................................2 Whereabouts of the study............................................................................................................3 The participants involved in the study........................................................................................3 Research and information gathered.............................................................................................3 Key findings................................................................................................................................4 Strengths and Weaknesses of the study......................................................................................4 Recommendation and Author's Identification.............................................................................4 Conclusion...................................................................................................................................5 REFERENCES................................................................................................................................6
INTRODUCTION Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes. The essay is base on the research question, Does no smoking interventions reduce the prevalence ofsmokingamongstpregnantwomen?Theessaycomprisesdraftingofaim,objective, collection, questions and analysis. This essay is based on one article on the basis of area of study. The study discusses research for evidence for the question, 'Are smoking interventions effective in mental health for pregnant women(Curtin and Matthews, 2016).' Proper research tool will use in this assessment that helps researcher in managing smooth investigation process. BACKGROUND Informationliteracyisasetof integratedabilitiesthatencompassesreflectiveof information and the understanding of how information is developed and valued. Researcher determines the area of study and nature and extent of information related to benefits of smoking cessation for pregnant women(Ekblad, Korkeila and Lehtonen, 2015). Researcher stated that the literacy related to information collection is necessary that improve the issue in positive manner. Information literacy is essential for researcher in the study of smoking cessation as it promote various thinking skills and problem solving approaches such as; finding information, evaluating sources, etc. SEARCH STRATEGY PICO is the most suitable evidence-based model that uses a process to frame question and developingsearchstrategyforcriticalthinkingandliteraturereview.PICOsearchesfor qualitative study of smoking cessation. In the research tool, P stands for Population, problems or Patients, I stand for indicator or intervention, C stands for comparison, control and O stand for outcome or result(Bérard, Zhao and Sheehy, 2016). Researcher identify PIO and there is no other alternatives of the intervention in the present study. The population that was selected in the study are pregnant women on which the whole study is based on, the interventions for the issue is tobacco that created smoking intervention. Researcher stated that there are no alternatives of the intervention. The outcome stated that it is bad for the pregnant women's to smoke because it harms the unborn child and tends to create bad health in the later stages of the child's life. The filters which were used includes the documents introduced as the association between treatment adherence to Nicotine Patches and Smoking Cessation in Pregnancy: A 1
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secondary analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial. It allowed the research to be more specific and made it possible to identify that it is harmful for pregnant women to smoke. The investigation was done in March 2016. It allowed putting particular focus in understanding the importance of Nicotine and Tobacco Research and how do they impact the lifestyle of people specially the pregnant women. Along with it, it allowed the researcher to identify the core issues surrounding the environment and how often they create situations where people face issues regarding growth and development. The study also identified the health beliefs which were not supported by the present report. Beliefs such as women’s thought that it is appropriate to continue smoking while pregnancy if they are using the patches. However, these patches do not ensures that they will not affect the health of the unborn. The filters and limiters were used in order to understand how the study of particular topic is important in order to achieve set result and find the impacts of smoking on pregnancy and pregnant women's health(Polanska, Jurewicz and Hanke, 2015). The limiters allow the study be more comprehensive because it allowed the researcher to be only focused on the certain keywords. This enhanced the overall articles understanding and made it possible for the researcher to provide better understanding of the topic. SIMPLE APPRAISAL OF ARTICLE Aim The aim of the article is to identify the association between treatment adherence to patches of nicotine and cessation of smoking in pregnancy. This articles helps in identifying if nicotine patches are the best way for the pregnant women's to deal with the cessations of smoking while they are pregnant. The research is going to help in identifying the major causes which increases the cessation of smoking in the times of pregnancy for the women. Along with it, how effective other nicotine replacement therapy methods are in order to ensure smoking is not impacting the pregnant women's and their child's. The research evaluates the importance of treatment adherence to nicotine patches and cessation of smoking in pregnancy. It explores if nicotine patches are successful in helping the women's to leave the smoking(Spindel and McEvoy, 2016). The overall research explains the 2
importance of the treatment method and how effective they can be done in order to enhance the treatment of NRT. Study Type The type of the study was Evaluation. In the study, the evaluation was done in order to understand if nicotine patches are the right option to build the adherence to the treatment of smoking. It made use to typical researches such as quantitative which allowed the researcher to quantify data and generalize results from a sample to the population of its interest. It also helped the researcher to measure the incidence of a number of views and opinions in the chosen study. Whereabouts of the study The study was done at various places from where the data is been gathered. The data was gathered in the United Kingdom Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, the division of primarycare,andUniversityofNottinghamMedicalSchool,Queen'sMedicalCentre, Nottingham, United Kingdom(Avşar, McLeod and Jackson, 2018). The second place is United Kingdom Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. The major places where the study was done is the UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies. It was done and published on March 31, 2016. The participants involved in the study The participants involved in the study 1050 pregnant trial participants were involved in study. The participants were pregnant women's of the White British and Irish ethnicities. It was important in order to conduct the right research to make use of pregnant women's. The age of the women's were between 23-35. Selection of this age group allowed the researcher to be more elaborate in looking for the results and ensuring better findings to make the research proper and better. The education background of these women's were, that they belonged from a variety of new educations background such as the field of Arts, sciences and commerce. Research and information gathered The research was about analysing the impacts of nicotine patches on pregnant women's and finding the association between treatment adherence to nicotine patches and smoking cessation in Pregnancy(Curtin and Matthews, 2016). The research made use of 1050 pregnant women's who were smokers and evaluated if nicotine patches are really helping them in reducing the cessation of smoking.The evaluation allowed the researcher to more clear and specific about 3
the result and to be more precise in understanding of the treatment adherence and the way smoking impacts the younger people. Key findings The key findings of the adherence during the first month were associated with lower baseline which included cotinine concentrations. The adherence during both of the treatment months was associated with being randomized to NRT. It also inversely associated with cessation at one month and delivery(Ekblad, Korkeila and Lehtonen, 2015). Instead of this, there was no such association was observed in the sub where reverse causation was not possible. The research concluded that, among all the women's the greater adherence to the patches of nicotine were associated with a cessation that was increased yet the greater adherence to the placebo was not there. The method used in the research to gather the information included usage of regression models in order to investigate the associations between maternal characteristics, smoking cessation and adherence. It helped the researcher to be more clear about the results and ensure that the research is done well. The salutogenesis model which is focused on factors that support both well being and health of human explains that usage of smoking and nicotine patches does not ensures that the health of the women will not be affected. Smoking is going to continue harm the baby and the mother both. So, it is important to be focused on quitting smoki ng rather than using other methods to reduce the effect of smoking. Strengths and Weaknesses of the study As per the author's point of view, the strengths of the study were numerous participants to conduct the research. Around 1050 pregnant women were used in the research to identify the impacts which smoking causes on pregnancy(Spindel and McEvoy, 2016). It helped the researcher to become more advance in the study and provided new data every time while conducting surveys. The weaknesses of the study were the limitations of the number of previous researches done on the same topic. It made the author to look for new concepts and ideas while conducting the complete research. 4
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Recommendation and Author's Identification As per the author, the value of the research were its core development in NRT while observing the requirements of the women to smoke while they are pregnant. It allowed the research to be more elaborate and made it possible for the author to find a variety of new data on the beliefs and requirements of the research. It also enhanced the researcher's ability to transform itself into new areas of growth and development(Avşar, McLeod and Jackson, 2018). In order to provide recommendations to take the study further, it is important that different ethnicities of pregnant women are used for the survey and in order to gather the qualitative research methods are used. Also, the author identified that the culture also impacts the habit of smoking in women. The culture in which women tends to smoke make other women’s do the same. Conclusion The overall study concluded that the adherence to treatment was associated with the cessations of smoking yet it is still not clear if the reason behind it were due to active NRT treatments. The key influence showcases that adherence was the provision of nicotine and on the similar levels the patches of NRT were associated with off which were greater on cessation than the ones with placebo. The research also concluded that as per the likely hypothesis on the NRT patches, if they are used sufficiently might be effective for cessation of smoking in the pregnancy. 5
REFERENCES Books and Journals Avşar, T. S., McLeod, H. and Jackson, L., 2018. Health outcomes of maternal smoking during pregnancy and postpartum period for the mother and infant: protocol for an umbrella review.Systematic reviews.7(1). p.235. Bérard, A., Zhao, J. P. and Sheehy, O., 2016. Success of smoking cessation interventions during pregnancy.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 215(5). pp.611-e1. Curtin, S. C. and Matthews, T. J., 2016. Smoking Prevalence and Cessation Before and During Pregnancy: Data From the Birth Certificate, 2014.National vital statistics reports: from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. 65(1). pp.1-14 Ekblad, M., Korkeila, J. and Lehtonen, L., 2015. Smoking during pregnancy affects foetal brain development.Acta paediatrica.104(1). pp.12-18. Polanska, K., Jurewicz, J. and Hanke, W., 2015. Smoking and alcohol drinking during pregnancy as the risk factors for poor child neurodevelopment–A review of epidemiological studies. Spindel, E. R. and McEvoy, C.T., 2016. The role of nicotine in the effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy on lung development and childhood respiratory disease. Implications for dangers of e-cigarettes.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.193(5). pp.486-494. 6