Health & Safety in Workplace

This assignment requires a comprehensive literature review on health and safety in the workplace. Students must analyze diverse scholarly articles covering topics like occupational health and safety regulations, cultural competence in healthcare, mental health considerations in housing, and welding process safety. The review should synthesize information from these sources to provide a thorough understanding of health and safety challenges and best practices within various work environments.

Health Promotion

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Health promotion is basically concerned with providing better care services to all the
individuals in a society. It is very necessary to promote health because it helps in maintaining
proper well being which can keep a balance between physical, mental and emotional state of mind.
Due to greater pace of life, many aspects of life changed. Socio-economic difference have played a
major role affecting the lifestyles of all the individuals. Employment plays a significant role in life.
If a person is employed then he will be able to look after all his expenses. If a family contains more
than 2 children then it becomes very difficult for parents to give proper attention and care to their
children. It is very necessary for government sources to report the presence of inequalities in health
sectors because these inequalities produce hindrances in accessing healthcare facilities. All the
citizens are not able to access equal health care facilities as compared to other individuals due to the
presence of various healthcare barriers. Through devising various health promotion strategies the
main aim of government is to promote health and well being of all the individuals so that they are
able to live a diseased free life. Various healthcare professionals in UK plays a very important role
in promoting health and well-being in individuals who are living in UK. Health belief model helps
in reviewing all the health related issues that exists in UK. In this report, different aspects of health
promotion were considered. The report also focused on socio-economic differences that are present
in UK due to different reasons.

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................4
TASK 1.................................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Impacts of socio-economic situations on health........................................................................4
1.2 Assess the relevance of government sources in reporting on inequalities in health..................5
1.3 Reasons for barriers to accessing healthcare facilities...............................................................5
TASK 2.................................................................................................................................................6
2.1 Analyse the links between government strategies and models of health promotion.................6
2.2 Explain the role of professionals in meeting government targets for health promotion............6
2.3 Discuss the role of routines in promoting healthy living...........................................................7
TASK 3.................................................................................................................................................7
3.1 Explain how health beliefs relate to theories of health behaviour.............................................7
3.2 Discuss the possible effects of potential conflicts with local industry on health promotion.....8
3.3 Explain the importance of providing relevant health-related information to the public...........8
TASK 4.................................................................................................................................................9
4.1 Plan a health promotion campaign to meet specific objectives.................................................9
4.2 Explain how the health promotion campaign supports health promotion strategies.................9
CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES...................................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Health promotion is basically concerned with providing better care services to all the
individuals in a society (Anderson and McFarlane, 2010). It is very necessary to promote health
because it helps in maintaining proper well being which can keep a balance between physical,
mental and emotional state of mind. It has been noticed that due to unhealthy lifestyle and improper
dietary habits there are many diseases that are caused to individuals. By developing health
promotion strategies all the health organisation can promote the well being of people so that they
are able to live a healthy life. Government of UK has adopted various health promotion strategies so
that both mental and physical health of all the citizens is improved and enhanced (What is Health
Promotion & Behavior?, 2015).
In this report, various health promotion aspects will be discussed which will mainly focus on
socio-economic difference that have both positive and negative impact on health of individuals.
Further it will also explore different types of health promotion models that are used in enhancing
health and well-being of people in UK. At the end a link between health promotion strategies and
health promotion campaigns will be included in the study.
TASK 1
1.1 Impacts of socio-economic situations on health
Due to greater pace of life, many aspects of life changed. Due to this there has been an
impact on health and well-being of all the individuals living in UK (Jeffreys, 2015). Socio-
economic difference have played a major role affecting the lifestyles of all the individuals. In this
section various socio-economic situations and their impact on health have been discussed below.
Unemployment for longer period: Employment plays a significant role in life. If a person is
employed then he will be able to look after all his expenses (Morse, Bracker and Cook, 2013). But
if a person is not employed for a very longer period then it naturally have an impact on his mental
and physical health. It can lead to develop unusual perpetual bad habits such as consumption of
alcohol and substance abuse. Further, a long term unemployment tends to develop depression in a
person's mind which has a negative impact on an individual's life (Potter and Perry, 2006).
Single parenting: It is very important to be educated because it reflects the quality of life a person
is living. If a family member or a parent is not educated properly then it will have an impact on both
children and on their family. Without education it is very difficult to earn livelihood for a single
parents. This all circumstances lead to negative consequences in life (Power, Chris and et al, 2007).
Financial security for a large family: If a family contains more than 2 children then it becomes
very difficult for parents to give proper attention and care to their children. In order to meet the
demands and requirements of house it is very necessary for both the parents to earn. This produces a
a negative impact on children.

1.2 Assess the relevance of government sources in reporting on inequalities in health
It is very necessary for government sources to report the presence of inequalities in health
sectors because these inequalities produces hindrances in accessing healthcare facilities (Szczepura
and Ala, 2005). There are many types of health inequalities present in UK which are very necessary
to be addressed so that health and welfare of all the individuals is enhanced to maximum level.
Inequalities can be gender based, religion based or colour bases. According to survey conducted by
UK government it has been reported that due to difference in economic levels and social group
more than 14% of UK citizens are not able to access all the healthcare facilities which are available
to normal citizens of the nation (Examples Health & lifestyle surveys, 2015). This inequalities has
also increased mortality rate as everyone is not treated equally. All the information which gathered
by conducting various surveys should be taken into consideration so that government of UK is able
to devise various strategies that are beneficial for all the people of society.
The health department of United Kingdom in 1980 published a report which was based on
health inequalities present in UK. This report was known as Black report (Mollica, 2012). The
report expressed in detail the extent to which inequalities in health were present in Britain. The
healthcare facilities were not equally distributed among the population of UK and this
discrimination was widening with time. This inequalities not only attributed the failure of NHS but
it also had a negative impact on various different health organisations. In return the government of
UK enacted various social policies so that they can address these inequalities in an appropriate
manner (Esperat, Hanson‐Turton and Rupinta, 2012).
For further assistance the government should also implement legislations and other laws
which are able to address inequalities so that they can be eliminated in first place (Adler and
Mautes, 2014). If they are not eliminated then this will pose difficulties for the nation and all the
individuals will not be able to get equal type of treatment from various health organisations. This
will also help in providing best care services to all the citizens so that they can lead a healthy life.
1.3 Reasons for barriers to accessing healthcare facilities
All the citizens are not able to access equal health care facilities as compared tp other
individuals due to the presence of various healthcare barriers (Dower, Moore and Langelier, 2013).
It is the duty of all the healthcare officials to reduce down the levels of barriers so that all are treated
equally.
Physical barrier: Physical barrier can be one of the most common barriers in individuals who are
not able to perform different activities on their own (Mollica, 2012). This can be due to physical
impairment such as vision based or mobility based. In these cases, an individual is dependent on
other for their work and activities. Hence, this can be one of the barriers in accessing healthcare
facilities.

Mental barriers: In many cases it has been noted that a person who is suffering from mental
disorder or impairment is not able to cope with the situation or the treatment which is given to
him/her. In such cases, it becomes a barrier and a hindrance due to non-compliance (Wolfe,
Thompson and McKee, 2013). There are can also be violence and aggression exhibited by patients
to the healthcare professionals.
Financial barriers: Treatment for life threatening diseases is usually very expensive. If a person
has an average daily income then he will not be able to afford treatment for such disease. In such
cases the individual is not treated effectively and can succumb to the diseases. This is one of the
financial barrier that is important to be taken care of by the government of UK (Esperat, Hanson‐
Turton and Rupinta, 2012).
TASK 2
2.1 Analyse the links between government strategies and models of health promotion
Through devising various health promotion strategies the main aim of government is to
promote health and well being of all the individuals so that they are able to live a diseased free life
(Guest, Ricciardi and Lang, 2013). For promoting health in UK the government has used various
models that can be directly linked to health promotion strategies that are adopted by UK. They have
been discussed below.
Social model: This model is not concerned with providing medical treatment to any patient. In this
type of model all the various factors are identified which leads to cause a particular condition
(Enright, 2014). For example if a person is addicted to smoking then he will not be prescribed with
different medicines. But with the help of this model it will be identified that what are the factors
which leads to smoking.
Medical model: In this type of model, all the healthcare professionals identifies the main cause of
disease and then they provide medical treatment which is suitable for curing the particular disease.
Such as if a person is suffering from cancer then he/she will be given treatment according to the
type of cancer he is suffering from (Hermanus, Coulson and Pillay, 2015).
Behavioural model: This model is generally applied in those cases where the health professionals
intends to change the behaviour of a person in a particular situation. One of the best application of
behavioural model is in the case of mental ailment patients which seeks counselling sessions for
recovery.
Self empowerment model: This model is based on individual ability to control own health as
possible within the environment. Further, main motive is to increase individual sense of personal
identity and overall development of life skills which takes into consideration problem solving,
decision making etc. Further, government of UK has also developed some effective strategies where
individual is capable enough of managing one’s own operations. This model strictly complies with

the acts of government where every individual can be easily empowered and in turn overall
capability to carry out operations can be enhanced easily.
Collective action model: This approach undertakes interrelationship taking place between
individual and the environment. It is based on the belief that health is determined by presence of
factors that are not under control of individual. This model encompasses idea of community
empowerment which requires every individual to acquire knowledge along with skill. So, this
model is also considered to be most significant and strictly complies with the government
regulations in association with safeguarding health.
2.2 Explain the role of professionals in meeting government targets for health promotion
Various healthcare professionals in UK plays a very important role in promoting health and
well-being in individuals who are living in UK (Lingard, 2013). Generally it is noted that dreadful
diseases such as Cancer and diabetes are very common in UK hence government should implement
those strategies that can reduce the impact of caner and diabetes on patients. Healthcare
professionals can conduct various healthcare campaigns related to side-effects of smoking. This will
help in creating awareness about various health consequences that can occur due to smoking
(Vimal, Vinodh and Raja, 2015). They can also provide counselling and therapy sessions to all
those patients who are addicted to smoking and excess of alcohol consumption. In many cases it has
been noted that change in lifestyle patterns are also responsible for causing various types of
diseases.
In many parts of UK it is very common to smoke. This is one of the main reasons which has
increased the rate of cancer in UK in recent times. According to survey it has been noted that more
than 13% of total population of the nation is engaged in smoking. The government has adopted
various strategies so that they are able to reduce down the cases of smoking to less than 5% in
coming years (Zhang and et.al, 2013). This can also be done through conducting various healthcare
campaigns related to anti-smoking. This will certainly help in reducing down the number of cancer
cases to minimum.
2.3 Discuss the role of routines in promoting healthy living
If a person is not establishing various routines in his/her life then it becomes very difficult
for them to manager their day to day activities effectively (Anderson and McFarlane, 2010). Hence
it is very necessary to maintain a schedule so that they can themselves promote healthy living. In
UK it has been notices that almost all the parents of a family are employed so that they can earn
their livelihood and pay their expenses. In such cases they are not able to maintain a proper balance
between their personal and professional life. This is the reason that creates an hindrance in
promoting health and well-being in people of UK (Goodson, 2010). To eradicate this problem it is
very necessary for all the individuals to develop a proper routine so that they are able to focus on

different activities that should be conducted. For example if a person is developing proper plans
and routines then it will remind him of taking all his medicines on time after all the meals. This will
also promote health in positive ways.
On other hand, it is also very necessary to maintain proper hygiene and sanitation, because
if it is not maintained then it can lead to many diseases such as bacterial, viral and other infections
(Jeffreys, 2015). Routine development also helps in maintaining proper hygienic condition so that
health and well-being among all the individuals is promoted. This will also help in reducing down
the cases of unhealthy individuals in UK.
TASK 3
3.1 Explain how health beliefs relate to theories of health behaviour
There are many ways in which health beliefs can be related to health behaviour in health and
social care. Different health belief models have been discussed below.
Health Belief Model: This model of health promotion helps in reviewing all the health related
issues that exists in UK (Morse, Bracker and Cook, 2013). According to this model it has been
stated that a behaviour of a person is completely influenced by his or her own perceptions and
thoughts. If his thought are positive and optimistic then it will lead to develop in a positive way. But
if he is not positive then it will lead to negative consequences in his life. Hence, it is very necessary
to develop positive perceptions so that it can help in health promotion. This model has supported in
knowing the behaviour of any specific person like how he or she behaves in particular situation.
Apart from this, the present model is considered to be most significant while knowing the current
state of health of person.
Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA):This model helps in determining different types of behaviour
that is exhibited by individuals in different situations (Potter and Perry, 2006). This model is more
beneficial in reviewing the sexual behaviour that is produced by adolescents in UK.
Health Action Model: This model is also known as psychological model which is usually used to
treat patients who have psychological issues. This is also helpful in changing the behavioural
patterns of people so that they are adapted according to the situations (Power, Chris and et al,
2007).
3.2 Discuss the possible effects of potential conflicts with local industry on health promotion
The primary purpose of health promotion is to enhance health and well-being of all the
individuals so that they can live a healthy life. But is noticed that there are many conflicts that can
take place while promoting health and welfare of all the people in UK(Szczepura and Ala, 2005).
For example if a healthcare organisation is organising a campaign to stop smoking in UK then it
will certainly have negative impact on retail shops that sells cigarettes. It is well known that
smoking of cigarettes causes cancer and many people have been affected through it. By

undertaking these campaigns the sales of cigarette in market is reduced to minimum and nobody is
encouraged to buy them.
This is one of the main conflict that can take place between local industries while promoting
health (Welch and Fernandes, 2010). It is very necessary for the local authorities and other
individuals to understand that if health is not promoted than it will certainly increase the number of
ill people in the nation and it will produce negative consequences on health conditions of the
country. Hence, it is very necessary for various health organisation to adopt effective health
promotion strategies so that they are able to promote health in a better way. This will certainly help
in improving the health outcomes so that all the individuals are safe and live a healthy life.
3.3 Explain the importance of providing relevant health-related information to the public
Providing relevant health education is very necessary because it helps in creating awareness
among all the individuals related to different health concerns (Adler and Mautes, 2014). It has been
noticed that many individuals are not literate and do not understand what is best to promote health.
In such case it is the duty of all the health professionals to guide them and provide relevant
information so that their health is also promoted in a better way. Many times it happens that a
person tends to develop a particular habit but is not aware of its advantages and disadvantages
which can be produced on health (Dower, Moore and Langelier, 2013). So to create an awareness
about advantages and disadvantages of these habits it is very necessary for healthcare professionals
to guide and provide counselling to them so that they become aware. One of the main motive of
providing relevant health related information to the public is health promotion where individuals
living in the society can easily know what all are the main disease or other sort of challenges
prevailing in the society. Moreover, what are the real challenges faced along with measures taken to
deal with such issues. Providing relevant health related information to public is most important and
in turn assist in developing awareness in the society linked with health related issues. So, this
directly highlights the significance of providing health related information to the public.
For example, if a person is unaware about the health consequences of long term smoking
then he will not quit smoking in any form (Mollica, 2012). In such cases it becomes the
responsibility of health organisation and care providers to provide him guidance and knowledge
about health consequences so that he is can stop smoking easily. Further it can also be stated that
nowadays teenagers are involved in developing sexual relationship which have increased the
frequency of encountering sexually transmitted disease. In this situation, health care providers
should impart sex education to them so that they can maintain a healthy sexual relationship (Wolfe,
Thompson and McKee, 2013).

TASK 4
4.1 Plan a health promotion campaign to meet specific objectives
Before organising a campaign for promoting health it is very necessary form specific
objectives that can be fulfilled. A plan for health promotion campaign have been discussed below.
 One of the major health problem that exist in UK is Cancer that is caused due to chewing
and smoking of tobacco. Different health organisation can conduct an health promotion
campaign that can easily create and awareness about anti-smoking strategies (Esperat,
Hanson‐Turton and Rupinta, 2012).
 This will be more beneficial for those individuals who are not aware of health outcomes that
can be achieved due to smoking.
 The campaigns or health promotion camps should provide basic information about different
types of diseases that can be caused due to smoking such as COPD, cardiovascular disease,
asthma and respiratory disorders (Guest, Ricciardi and Lang, 2013).
 All these knowledges and awareness will help in changing the perspectives and thoughts of
all the individuals who are involved in smoking. They can be prevented from encountering
life threatening diseases such as cancer and COPD.
 Further, it will also help in promoting health in better ways so that mortality rate in United
Kingdom is decreased and life expectancy years are increased (Enright, 2014).
 By conducting various campaigns in UK, all the health conditions will be improved and the
number of person suffering from various diseases will also be reduced.
4.2 Explain how the health promotion campaign supports health promotion strategies
In order to conduct all the health promotion campaigns successfully it is equally important
to formulate effective health promotion strategies (Hermanus, Coulson and Pillay, 2015). This will
basically help in creating awareness about different health campaigns in UK. For example if an
organisation is conducting anti-smoking campaign for promoting health and well-being then they
should provide necessary information through advertisement, television, newspapers and
magazines. These are some common sources which will create and awareness among people about
the campaigns (Lingard, 2013). Awareness about the campaigns can also be increased through
formulating campaigns so that people can attend those campaigns in proper manner. These are some
of the ways which can be adopted to create knowledge about various healthcare campaigns that are
conducted by different healthcare organisation (Vimal, Vinodh and Raja, 2015). Various campaigns

such as Anti-smoking, anti-cancer and anti-diabetic campaigns can be organised so that people
becomes aware about various health related issues that can exist in UK.
RECOMMENDATIONS
 Although all the healthcare organisation strive to provide effective care services to all the
service users, but still there are many health inequalities present in health and social care
organisation.
 For eliminating these types of health inequalities it is very necessary to adopt various
measures so that all are treated equally. This will also help in distributing the care services to
all the patients irrespective of their religious background, gender and caste.
 Healthcare organisation should devise appropriate strategies so that they are able to treat all
the mentally and physically challenged individuals with effectiveness. Any case of
exploitation or abuse should not be neglected.
 Different types of barriers such as physical, mental and financial barriers should be reduced
so that all the service users and patients are able to access the healthcare facilities to
maximum level.
CONCLUSION
In this report, different aspects of health promotion were considered. The report also
focussed on socio-economic differences that are present in UK due to different reasons. A link
between health promotion strategies and health promotion campaigns were discussed which was
followed by relevance of providing health information to all the individuals in UK.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Adler, G. and Mautes, A. E., 2014. Improvement in behavioral symptoms, motor impairment and
activities of daily living in a patient with the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia
under treatment with methylene blue. Geriatric Mental Health Care. 2(1). pp.11-12.
Anderson, E. T., and McFarlane, J., 2010. Community as Partner: Theory and Practice in Nursing.
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Dower, C., Moore, J. and Langelier, M., 2013. It is time to restructure health professions scope-of-
practice regulations to remove barriers to care. Health Affairs. 32(11). pp.1971-1976.
Enright, P.T., 2014. Work Health & Safety legislation; the fire engineer’s neglected duty?. Case
Studies in Fire Safety. 2. pp.1-8.
Esperat, M.C.R., Hanson‐Turton, T. and Rupinta, C., 2012. Nurse‐managed health centers: Safety‐
net care through advanced nursing practice. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse
Practitioners. 24(1). pp.24-31
Goodson, P., 2010. Theory in Health Promotion Research and Practice: Thinking Outside the Box.
Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
Guest, C., Ricciardi, W. and Lang, I., 2013. Oxford handbook of public health practice. OUP
Oxford.
Hermanus, M., Coulson, N. and Pillay, N., 2015. Mine Occupational Safety and Health Leading
Practice Adoption System (MOSH) examined-the promise and pitfalls of this employer-led
initiative to improve health and safety in South African Mines. Journal of the Southern
African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. 115(8).pp.717-727.
Jeffreys, M. R., 2015. Teaching cultural competence in nursing and health care: Inquiry, action,
and innovation. Springer Publishing Company.
Lingard, H., 2013. Occupational health and safety in the construction industry. Construction
Management and Economics. 31(6). pp.505-514.
Mollica, C., 2012. Considerations of the assessment of autism spectrum disorders in a tertiary level
children's mental health service. Neuropsychiatrie de l'enfance et de l'adolescence. 60(5).
pp.220-221.
Morse, T., Bracker, A. and Cook, M., 2013. Characteristics of effective health and safety
committees: Survey results. American journal of industrial medicine. 56(2). pp.163-179.
Potter, P. A., and Perry, A. G., 2006. Fundamentals of nursing. 6th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Mosby.
Power, Chris and et al., 2007. Life-course influences on health in British adults: effects of socio-
economic position in childhood and adulthood. International journal of epidemiology. 36(3).
pp. 532-539.
Szczepura and Ala, 2005. Access to health care for ethnic minority populations. Postgraduate
Medical Journal. 81(953). pp. 141-147.
Vimal, K.E.K., Vinodh, S. and Raja, A., 2015. Modelling, assessment and deployment of strategies
for ensuring sustainable shielded metal arc welding process–a case study. Journal of Cleaner
Production. 93. pp.364-377.
Welch, N. and Fernandes, A., 2010. Mental health and housing: developing a care and support
pathway, Housing, Care and Support. 13(4). pp.16 – 22.
Wolfe, I., Thompson, M. and McKee, M., 2013. Health services for children in western Europe. The
Lancet. 381(9873). pp.1224-1234.
Zhang, M. and et.al., 2013. Workplace exposure to nanoparticles from gas metal arc welding
process. Journal of nanoparticle research. 15(11). pp.1-14.
Online
Examples Health & lifestyle surveys. 2015. [Online]. Available through:
<http://www.lifestylesurvey.org.uk/03_whylifesyle/whylifestylesurvey.html>. [Accessed on:

24th t June 2016]
What is Health Promotion & Behavior?. 2015. [Online]. Available through:
<https://www.publichealth.uga.edu/hpb/what-health-promotion-behavior>. [Accessed on:
24th June 2016]