Inequalities in Health Care: Assignment

Health Promotion

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1 ...........................................................................................................................................3
1. Explanation of Dahlgren and Whitehead's 1992 'Determinants of Health Model'.................3
2. Government sources reporting inequalities in health..............................................................4
3. Drawing on Tudor-Hart's concept of the 'Inverse Care Law, discuss possible reasons for
barriers in accessing healthcare...................................................................................................5
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
1. Two different models of health promotion used in contemporary practice............................6
2. Two government health strategies connecting with one of health promotion model.............7
3. (a) Role of health professionals in health promotion..............................................................7
3. (b) Importance of routines in maintaining good health...........................................................8
4. (a) Concept of health belief and examine 3 health beliefs present in contemporary UK
society.........................................................................................................................................8
4. (b) Trans theoretical model of Health behaviour and its relationship with Health Belief
theory with example....................................................................................................................9
4. (c) How different political beliefs can influence health promotion strategies........................9
5. Plan a health promotion campaign to educate specific sector of population in UK...............9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Health promotion refers to events for increasing awareness of people about health
problems or infections and relevant precautions. It can be considered as behavioural science that
draws from biological, environmental, psychological, physical and medical sciences to promote
health and prevent disease (Eldredge and et. al., 2016). The present report is based on health
inequalities which are required to be reduced for promoting better health of people. It is
necessary to maintain equality in society to give access to every person for gaining required care
services for remaining disease free. This assignment will focus on government sources reporting
inequalities and possible reasons for barriers in accessing healthcare. It will also includes role of
health professionals in health promotion and importance of routines to maintain good health.
TASK 1
1. Explanation of Dahlgren and Whitehead's 1992 'Determinants of Health Model'
Health promotion is an important aspect which should be conduct in society on regular
basis for increasing awareness of people to take effective precautions for remaining healthy. It
includes to organise an appropriate campaign or events for providing information to people about
specific problems and encourage them put efforts for reducing the same. However, it has been
analysed that the factor of inequality is responsible creating a major issue for individuals belongs
to few of communities as they face difficulty while seeking for care facilities. They always get
low class treatment and delayed services which may develop complications for them. According
to framework given by Dahlgren and Whitehead 'Rainbow Model', number of factors are
considered by people which results into inequality among citizens including social, economic
and environmental. This discrimination can identify risk of people to get sick, their capability to
prevent illness and access to effective treatments (Sharma, 2016).
The general socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions consist several factors
such as living situations, unemployment, water & sanitation, housing, agriculture & food
production and education. It also consist age, sex and hereditary factors that become basis pf
discrimination which has been done by people and it impacts negatively on health status of
individuals. Meanwhile, it is necessary to organise an effective health promotion campaign to
encourage people for avoiding inequalities that helps to vulnerable people to get treatment easily.

(Source: Main Determinants of Health, 2016)
Some of communities in UK get discriminated while seeking for health care services
which create complexities in their condition. It is essential for government to provide guidelines
to authorities of healthcare sector for improving mindset of care practitioners to encourage
people for avoiding factors of inequality (Edelman, Mandle and Kudzma, 2017). Moreover, it
has been analysed that health promotion campaign should be much effective to remove the threat
of discrimination from healthcare sector and society which facilitate to improve entire health
status of population of the nation.
2. Government sources reporting inequalities in health
Government sources can be described as articles or report which are available to analyse
the range of inequality faced by people along with causes of the same. It is necessary to analyses
government reports to evaluate desired information related to inequalities in order to establish
efficient practices and strategies for reducing it in society. Meanwhile, these report are helpful to
formulate appropriate strategies to conduct health promotion campaign for reducing factor of
discrimination in healthcare.
Illustration 1: Main Determinants of Health

The Black Report (1980) – Considering the Black report, it has been analysed that social
inequalities are responsible for influencing health, income, education, housing, diet, employment
and conditions of work. Individuals belongs to vulnerable communities face discrimination while
seeking of related services as mentioned here which impacts negatively on their health (Hubley
and Copeman, 2018). This report is submitted by a research committed into health inequality
chaired by Sir Douglas Black in which main reason behind inequalities of society consist the
economic inequality among people.
The Acheson Report (1998) – This report has a title of 'Independent Inquiry into
Inequalities in Health Report' published by UK Inquiry headed by Donald Acheson. It has a
purpose to develop government's public health strategy and specific recommendations including
appointing directors in every health authority. However, it includes to place partnership duty on
NHS executive and regional government to make sure about local partnerships between health &
local government. Moreover, it is beneficial ensure about implemented practices for reducing
inequality and facilitate delivery of desired services to every person.
The Marmot Review (2010) – This consist the phrase of 'Fair Society, Healthy Lives'
which means their maintain equality among people to gain various services for achieving better
health status of entire population. It includes certain findings and recommendations in context of
inequality in society (Park, Reber and Chon, 2016). However it has been founded that many
people are helpless to stay in poor neighbourhood due to which they die before seven years and
they spend their lives with disabilities. Moreover, it is essential to present the factor of inequality
and provide access of proper education, income, housing and health services to every citizens for
make overall population of country healthy.
3. Drawing on Tudor-Hart's concept of the 'Inverse Care Law, discuss possible reasons for
barriers in accessing healthcare
According to Tudor-Hart's concept of the 'Inverse Care Law', The availability of good
medical care tends to vary inversely with the need for it in the population served. He further
states that “To the extent that health care becomes a commodity it becomes distributed like
champagne” that means rich people get a lots of it but poor people do not get any of it. However,
it has been analyse that inequality in health care sector considered several factors that works a
barriers in context of getting access of these facilities easily. Some of reasons for barriers in
accessing healthcare services are explained further.

Low income – This can be described as a potential reasons which is responsible for
creating a barriers to gain access for health care services because low income is bot sufficient to
get proper treatment for particular health problem. It consist the fact that vulnerable people are
not able to have better employment opportunity due to which they did not gain much funds due
to discrimination which are not sufficient to gain expensive treatment to get rid off particular
complicated disease (Korhonen and Pihlanto–Leppälä, 2016). However, lack of treatment create
more complexities on their condition or may lead to death of the patient in country.
Discrimination by care practitioners – The attempt of discrimination is not limited to
common people of society but care practitioners also consider the same while providing services
to people. It has been evaluated that care professionals also differentiate vulnerable citizens as
they give low quality of facility or provide delayed services which is not appropriate to make
them well being.
Lack of information – This consist the criterion of people do not have information about
effective health campaign or programs which are establish for vulnerable people by government
to provide care facilities for free of cost. It is necessary to make them aware of such services so
that they gain gamin access to desired medical facilities to solve their health problem easily.
TASK 2
1. Two different models of health promotion used in contemporary practice
Health promotion plays an important role to encourage people for improving their habits
and reduce those determinants in society which are responsible decreasing health status of entire
population (Byrne and et. al., 2016). It includes to utilise appropriate health promotion model in
order of fulfil actual criterion of specific promotional events related to particular topic. In context
of reduce factor of inequality for improving health of people living in country, it is essential to
utilise effective model to gain desired outcomes. Some of model that are used in contemporary
practices are described here.
The Behavioural Change Model of Health promotion – This model is very much
effective to conduct an efficient health promotion programs as it focus on risk behaviours and
health lifestyles to be promoted. It includes the criterion of emphasises health education in order
to change skills, knowledge and attitudes to maintain better health condition of people.

Moreover, it concentrate on responsibility of an individual and treats people in isolation of their
environments to encouraging them to use appropriate lifestyle for remaining well being.
The Social Cognitive Model of Health Promotion – The social models focus on
addressing the broader determinants of health and consider inter sectoral collaboration for
conducting health promotion programs. It includes the criterion of taking action to reduce
inequalities of society to facilitate delivery of required care facility to every citizen of country for
boosting up health status of entire population. However, it is helpful to empower people and
communities to gain easy access to health care services (Fletcher and et. al., 2018).
2. Two government health strategies connecting with one of health promotion model
The government health strategies plays an important role for developing better
opportunities for people to gain desired services easily. It consist the regulations of policies of
government which are helpful to reduce the factor of discrimination from society in order to
facilitate delivery of required medical facilities to every individual of the country.
Equality Act 2010 – This can be considered as a government strategy which is helpful to
reduce the inequality among people so that they can gain proper health care facilities to
overcome with specific disease. It is linked with The Social Cognitive Model of Health
Promotion as it focus on reducing discrimination in society to facilitate delivery of care facilities
in equal manner to vulnerable people (Lavie and et. al., 2018).
Care Act 2014 – The care act states that care professionals has a responsibility to protect
patients from any kind of abuse of neglect which facilitate to avoid problem of delayed services
to vulnerable people. It is also connected with The Social Cognitive Model of Health Promotion
as it provide support to remove the discriminating behaviour of professionals which results into
delivery facilities of immediately.
3. (a) Role of health professionals in health promotion
The health care professionals plays an important role in context of health promotion by
encouraging people at their own level. Initially, nurses provide appropriate information to people
by visiting in communities and camps to motivate them for avoiding the discrimination and
maintain equality in society by giving assurance about better health condition of them. Secondly,
care professionals place promotional posters or charts on display boards to motivate people for
adopting healthy habits to remain disease free. Thirdly, doctors can change behaviour and
attitudes of individuals by motivating them through health perspectives in order to remove threat

of inequality from the society for better health if very person in country. Moreover, overall
health professionals should provide information to people about preventive medicine, disease
management and maintain equality. Additionally, it consist to conduct counselling of citizens
and modify their mindset in order to boost up entire health status of population.
3. (b) Importance of routines in maintaining good health
The people routine is very beneficial for an individual as it helps to maintain better health
condition. It consist the specific time of taking meal, exercise, taking sleep etc. which helps to
maintain appropriate body systems to perform its functions in proper way. However, routine are
important for better health as it provide number of benefits which are defined here.
 It builds good habits like taking balanced diet which reduce risk of occurring problem of
obesity, high blood pressure and diabetes (Kuijken and et. al., 2016).
 It is helpful to increase efficiency and builds stamina of an individual which is supportive
fight with disease for remaining fit.
 It builds momentum and improve strengths of organ systems which is the key of
maintaining good health.
4. (a) Concept of health belief and examine 3 health beliefs present in contemporary UK society
Health belief model can be known as an effective tool that is utilised by scientists in order
to make prediction about health behaviours of people. It has been analysed that this model is
based on the theory that willingness of an individual to change their health behaviours. However,
this model is used to predict about attitudes of people and then establish effective health
promotion strategies to encourage them for following appropriate guidelines provided in related
campaign or events organised by care practitioners.
For example:
 People still discriminate vulnerable individuals on several basis but it is not appropriate
to consider racism, prejudice and political & religious conflicts without considering
differences between fundamental belief systems.
 It is widely assumed that medical practice during 19/20th centuries played a decisive role
in reducing major mortality bases diseases like whooping cough, scarlet fever, measles,
tuberculosis etc.
 People still believes that vulnerable citizens do not have a right to get better quality or
care facilities.

4. (b) Trans theoretical model of Health behaviour and its relationship with Health Belief theory
with example
Trans theoretical model of behaviour changes which is helpful to assess about an
individual's willingness to act on new healthier behaviour and provide effective guidelines to
change it. It consist number of stages of change such as pre contemplation, contemplation,
preparation, action, maintenance and termination.
For instance: The health belief theory is helpful to predict behaviour of an individual
towards specific aspect like smoking and then asses their willingness to change their behaviour
through utilisation of trans theoretical model. Further, effective guidelines are provided to an
individual for modifying their behaviour to maintain better health.
4. (c) How different political beliefs can influence health promotion strategies
Political beliefs refers to different mind set of dissimilar political parties having their own
concepts to establish health promotion strategies. Health care policies get influenced by changing
in government of particular country as they have different target to improve entire health status
of population to increase their goodwill among citizens (Flora, Schooler and Pierson, 2018). For
example, initially the government focus to maintain equality in health care sector to reduce
health problem in order to make people disease free. But when government get changes then they
have differentiated mind set and focus to maintain equality in every sector as they believe that
inequality should be removed from everywhere to provide better lives for vulnerable individuals
which automatically helps them to remain healthy.
5. Plan a health promotion campaign to educate specific sector of population in UK
The health promotion campaign is very important to provide desired information to
people about specific issue for solving it. It includes to educate health care sector to remove the
threat of inequality from society and ensure delivery of required medical services to every citizen
of country.
Purpose: The purpose of this camping is to change behaviour of people to increase
equality while providing health care services to people.
Needs assessment strategy: This consist to conduct effective communication with
patients and establish mutual understanding to make them feel comfortable while gaining
treatment. Care professionals are required to maintain their own health and hygiene by wearing
mask, gloves and taking proper sleep to focus on their work properly.

SMART objectives:
 To increase awareness of own health of care practitioners to improve their performance at
work place.
 To encourage medical practitioners for improving their communication with patients.
Measurement and evaluation: The practice and performance of care professionals can
be monitored to measure and evaluate improvements in their working.
CONCLUSION
The above report has been concluded that health promotion is helpful to improve health
condition of citizens by reducing factor of inequality. It consist to follow government strategies
like equality act and care act for maintain equality and protect patient from any type of abuse or
neglect.

REFERENCES
Books and journals
Eldredge, L.K.B. and et. al., 2016. Planning health promotion programs: an intervention
mapping approach. John Wiley & Sons.
Sharma, M., 2016. Theoretical foundations of health education and health promotion. Jones &
Bartlett Publishers.
Edelman, C.L., Mandle, C.L. and Kudzma, E.C., 2017. Health promotion throughout the life
span-e-book. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Hubley, J. and Copeman, J., 2018. Practical health promotion. John Wiley & Sons.
Park, H., Reber, B.H. and Chon, M.G., 2016. Tweeting as health communication: health
organizations’ use of Twitter for health promotion and public engagement. Journal of
health communication, 21(2), pp.188-198.
Korhonen, H. and Pihlanto–Leppälä, A., 2016. Milk-derived bioactive peptides: Formation and
prospects for health promotion. In Handbook of functional dairy products (pp. 127-
142). CRC Press.
Byrne, D.W. and et. al., 2016. Modifiable healthy lifestyle behaviors: 10-year health outcomes
from a health promotion program. American journal of preventive medicine, 51(6),
pp.1027-1037.
Fletcher, G.F. and et. al., 2018. Promoting physical activity and exercise: JACC health
promotion series. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 72(14), pp.1622-
1639.
Lavie, C.J. and et. al., 2018. Reprint of: Healthy weight and obesity prevention: JACC Health
Promotion Series. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 72(23), pp.3027-
3052.
Kuijken, N.M.J. and et. al., 2016. Healthy living according to adults with intellectual disabilities:
towards tailoring health promotion initiatives. Journal of Intellectual Disability
Research, 60(3), pp.228-241.
Flora, J.A., Schooler, C. and Pierson, R.M., 2018. Effective health promotion among
communities of color: The potential of social marketing. In Social Marketing (pp. 353-
373). Psychology Press.
Online
Main Determinants of Health. 2016. [Online]. Available
through:<https://www.open.edu/openlearn/ocw/mod/oucontent/view.php?
printable=1&id=3738>