Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations of Asthma

This study material explains the pathogenesis causing the clinical manifestations of asthma. It discusses the symptoms, triggers, and treatment options for asthma. It also explores the benefits of positioning a patient with acute asthma in a High Fowlers position. The material provides information on determining the clear medication for asthma and offers nursing considerations for each medication. The study concludes with a summary of the key findings.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
Explain the pathogenesis causing the clinical manifestations with which Poppy presents.....1
How does positioning a patient with acute asthma in a High Fowlers position assist to
alleviate respiratory distress?....................................................................................................1
Determining the clear medication...............................................................................................2
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................4

MAIN BODY
Explain the pathogenesis causing the clinical manifestations with which Poppy presents.
Poppy is a 9 year old female who has worsening respiratory systems. She has been given
nebulised Salbutamol with 6LPM of O2, IVF. Poppy has been acknowledged to the ICU
because of her deteriorating respiratory function and has also been diagnosed with acute
exacerbation of asthma disease. Asthma is referred to as one of the long term inflammatory
disease linked with the airways of the lungs. It is usually caused by the various recurring and
variable symptoms, easily triggered bronchospasms and reversible airflow obstruction
(Kleniewska & Pawliczak, (2017)). The key symptoms associated with the asthma are coughing,
shortness of breath, wheezing, chest tightening and coughing. The parental disease of the
Asthma is Obstructive lung disease. Poppy is also exposed to the accessory muscle use, tracheal
tug and shoulder shrugging on inspiration. The key reason associated with the shortening of
breath is allergic triggers. Airflow limitation in turn is considered to be as one of the most crucial
factor which in turn eventually leads to airflow limitation. Acute exacerbation of asthma means
that, there seems to be an increase in the more typical symptoms associated with the wheezing
which helps in accompanying the decrease in the expiratory flow. Asthma in turn is considered
to be as one of the interactive and complex procedure which in turn is largely dependent on the
interactions between various environmental exposures which in turn tends to occur in the crucial
time (Jartti, & Gern, (2017)). The key reason for the occurrence of the asthma among patient is
mainly linked with the genetics, environmental factors, sex, allergens, children, respiratory
infections, etc. Asthma in turn is considered to be as one of the variable disease which in turn
largely varies from individual to individual. Poppy has the history of asthma from the age of 2
which in turn has eventually resulted in the increase in severity among the patient. Increase in the
symptoms of asthma largely results in high degree of asthmatic symptoms which accompanies
progressive reduction in the function of lungs.
How does positioning a patient with acute asthma in a High Fowlers position assist to
alleviate respiratory distress?
High Fowlers position to Poppy is considered to be very useful in alleviating the
compression of chest which in turn tends to occur because of the gravity. High Fowlers position
is very useful in increasing the comfort zone of the patient at the time of eating and various other
set of activities. It us very useful among the post- partum women in order to effectively improve
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the uterine drainage (Zahran, & et.al. (2018)). It is very useful in feeding the patient Poppy and
also for the radiology in order to take x- rays at the sides of the bed when breathing treatment has
to be given to the patient (Riiser, (2015)). It is considered to be as one of the most effective
position which is very useful in alleviation the respiratory distress among the patient. This
position is useful as where the upper half of the body of the patient is between 60 to 90 degrees
when compared with the lower half of the patient body .
Titration of the oxygen therapy in turn is considered to be every useful at the time of
bronchodilator administration. This way it is very useful in the attainment of the 88 to 92% of the
target oxygen. Adequate amount of oxygen in turn must be given to the patient in order to relieve
hypoxia (What is the benefit of titrated oxygen treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD)?, 2020). Moreover, titrated oxygen treatment in turn is considered to be very
useful in significantly reduced mortality, respiratory acidosis and hypercapnia. The titrated
oxygen treatment helps the health care practitioners in effectively evaluating the need of the
oxygen within patient during exercise and at rest. Supplemental oxygen in turn is considered to
be very useful improving the organ function and is also useful in improving the symptoms
(Rothers & et.al. (2018)). This way it helps Poppy in relieving from the shortness of breath,
dizziness, etc. Oxygen therapy is carried out through mask or nasal canula. It is useful in
effectively providing people with extra set of oxygen and helps in opening up the airways by
reducing negative drain on health.
Determining the clear medication.
Salbutamol via nebulizer: It is an effective medication which in turn is very useful in the
complete routine management of the acute exacerbation of asthma. The key nursing
consideration associated with the Salbutamol via nebulizer is that, it is not used by the individual
who has hypersensitivity to adrenergic (Looijmans-Van den Akker, van Luijn & Verheij (2016)).
Complete medical assessment in turn must be carried out at the time of treatment. Salbutamol
nebulizer is used in order to treat the acute exacerbation of asthma of the patient. It is considered
to be one of the most effective medicine which is used in order to rescue inhalers and also helps
in alleviating asthma attacks.
Hydrocortisone intravenous: The poppy is taking Hydrocortisone 100mg which in turn is
considered to be very useful in resolving severe acute asthma problems. Hydrocortisone is very
useful in treating various set of severe allergic reactions (Coffey, Torretti, & Mancuso, (2015)).
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The key side effects of the Hydrocortisone tends to cause drowsiness, headache, nausea,
increased number of sweating, weight gain, rash, skin changes, upset stomach, etc. which in turn
largely influence the patient health (Rothers & et.al. (2018)). The key nursing consideration is
that this medication is to be taken with meals. The patient must first tell about all the medications
which in turn has been taken by the patient.
Ipratropium bromide: It is an effective steroid which is very useful in enlarging the airways of
the specific lungs. It is considered to be as one of the most effective procedure as this way it
helps in treating various symptoms of asthma the key nursing consideration associated with the
Ipratropium bromide is that, it is highly advisable to the patient in order to not exceed the certain
prescribed set of dose which has been given to the patient. The patient is also requested to rinse
the mouth after every use of the in haler (Abrams, Hoch, Becker & Szefler. (2020)). Moreover,
use of the sugar free gum and frequent consumption of the water in turn is considered to be one
of the most appropriate approach which is very useful in saving patient from dry mouth. Another
effective nursing consideration is that, the Poppy must also focus on seeking the various set of
medical attention in order to attain better care results and outcomes.
The patient Poppy in turn must focus on continuously carrying out the clinical
observation through Ipratropium bromide which in turn helps in gaining the best possible care
and outcomes to the patient. This study summarized that, Asthma is referred to as one of the long
term inflammatory disease linked with the airways of the lungs. The key symptoms related with
the asthma are coughing, shortness of breath, wheezing, chest tightening and coughing. High
Fowlers position is very useful in increasing the comfort zone of the patient at the time of eating
and various other set of activities. The supplemental oxygen in turn is considered to be very
useful improving the organ function and is also useful in improving the symptoms. It has been
concluded that, Ipratropium bromide which in turn helps in gaining the best possible care and
outcomes to the patient.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Abrams, E. M., Hoch, H. E., Becker, A. B., & Szefler, S. J. (2020). Potential Therapeutic
Options for Severe Asthma in Children: Lessons from Adult Trials. In Severe Asthma in
Children and Adolescents (pp. 287-312). Springer, Cham.
Coffey, M. J., Torretti, B., & Mancuso, P. (2015). Adipokines and cysteinyl leukotrienes in the
pathogenesis of asthma. Journal of allergy, 2015.
Jartti, T., & Gern, J. E. (2017). Role of viral infections in the development and exacerbation of
asthma in children. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 140(4), 895-906.
Kleniewska, P., & Pawliczak, R. (2017). The participation of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis
of bronchial asthma. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 94, 100-108.
Looijmans-Van den Akker, I., van Luijn, K., & Verheij, T. (2016). Overdiagnosis of asthma in
children in primary care: a retrospective analysis. Br J Gen Pract, 66(644), e152-e157.
Riiser, A. (2015). The human microbiome, asthma, and allergy. Allergy, Asthma & Clinical
Immunology, 11(1), 35.
Rothers, J & et.al. (2018). Maternal cytokine profiles during pregnancy predict asthma in
children of mothers without asthma. American journal of respiratory cell and molecular
biology, 59(5), 592-600.
Zahran, H. S & et.al. (2018). Vital signs: asthma in children—United States, 2001–
2016. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 67(5), 149.
Online
What is the benefit of titrated oxygen treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD)?. 2020. [ONLINE]. Available through<https://www.medscape.com/answers/807143-
52674/what-is-the-benefit-of-titrated-oxygen-treatment-for-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-
disease-copd >
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